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Moura Dias F, Teruya MM, Omae Camalhonte S, Aragão Tejo Dias V, de Oliveira Guardalini LG, Leme J, Consoni Bernardino T, Sposito FS, Dias E, Manciny Astray R, Tonso A, Attie Calil Jorge S, Fernández Núñez EG. Inline Raman spectroscopy as process analytical technology for SARS-CoV-2 VLP production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2025; 48:63-84. [PMID: 39382655 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The present work focused on inline Raman spectroscopy monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 VLP production using two culture media by fitting chemometric models for biochemical parameters (viable cell density, cell viability, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, ammonium, and viral titer). For that purpose, linear, partial least square (PLS), and nonlinear approaches, artificial neural network (ANN), were used as correlation techniques to build the models for each variable. ANN approach resulted in better fitting for most parameters, except for viable cell density and glucose, whose PLS presented more suitable models. Both were statistically similar for ammonium. The mean absolute error of the best models, within the quantified value range for viable cell density (375,000-1,287,500 cell/mL), cell viability (29.76-100.00%), glucose (8.700-10.500 g/), lactate (0.019-0.400 g/L), glutamine (0.925-1.520 g/L), glutamate (0.552-1.610 g/L), viral titer (no virus quantified-7.505 log10 PFU/mL) and ammonium (0.0074-0.0478 g/L) were, respectively, 41,533 ± 45,273 cell/mL (PLS), 1.63 ± 1.54% (ANN), 0.058 ± 0.065 g/L (PLS), 0.007 ± 0.007 g/L (ANN), 0.007 ± 0.006 g/L (ANN), 0.006 ± 0.006 g/L (ANN), 0.211 ± 0.221 log10 PFU/mL (ANN), and 0.0026 ± 0.0026 g/L (PLS) or 0.0027 ± 0.0034 g/L (ANN). The correlation accuracy, errors, and best models obtained are in accord with studies, both online and offline approaches while using the same insect cell/baculovirus expression system or different cell host. Besides, the biochemical tracking throughout bioreactor runs using the models showed suitable profiles, even using two different culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Moura Dias
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Bioprocessos. Escola de Artes, Ciências E Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP, CEP 03828-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Milena Miyu Teruya
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Bioprocessos. Escola de Artes, Ciências E Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP, CEP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Samanta Omae Camalhonte
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Aragão Tejo Dias
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Bioprocessos. Escola de Artes, Ciências E Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP, CEP 03828-000, Brazil
| | | | - Jaci Leme
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Thaissa Consoni Bernardino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Sposito
- Merck Brasil, Alameda Xingu, 350, Alphaville Industrial, São Paulo, SP, CEP 06455-030, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Dias
- Merck Brasil, Alameda Xingu, 350, Alphaville Industrial, São Paulo, SP, CEP 06455-030, Brazil
| | - Renato Manciny Astray
- Laboratório Multipropósito, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Aldo Tonso
- Laboratório de Células Animais, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, Travessa Do Politécnico, 380, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Soraia Attie Calil Jorge
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Bioprocessos. Escola de Artes, Ciências E Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP, CEP 03828-000, Brazil.
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Vuitika L, Côrtes N, Malaquias VB, Silva JDQ, Lira A, Prates-Syed WA, Schimke LF, Luz D, Durães-Carvalho R, Balan A, Câmara NOS, Cabral-Marques O, Krieger JE, Hirata MH, Cabral-Miranda G. A self-adjuvanted VLPs-based Covid-19 vaccine proven versatile, safe, and highly protective. Sci Rep 2024; 14:24228. [PMID: 39414952 PMCID: PMC11484777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-76163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has played a critical role in mitigating COVID-19. Despite the availability of licensed vaccines, there remains a pressing need for improved vaccine platforms that provide high protection, safety, and versatility, while also reducing vaccine costs. In response to these challenges, our aim is to create a self-adjuvanted vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, utilizing Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) as the foundation. To achieve this, we produced bacteriophage (Qβ) VLPs in a prokaryotic system and purified them using a rapid and cost-effective strategy involving organic solvents. This method aims to solubilize lipids and components of the cell membrane to eliminate endotoxins present in bacterial samples. For vaccine formulation, Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) antigens were conjugated using chemical crosslinkers, a process compatible with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the expected folding and spatial configuration of the QβVLPs vaccine. Additionally, vaccine formulation assessment involved SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, Western blotting, and stereomicroscopic experiments. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the vaccine formulation were conducted to assess its capacity to induce a protective immune response without causing side effects. Vaccine doses of 20 µg and 50 µg stimulated the production of neutralizing antibodies. In in vivo testing, the group of animals vaccinated with 50 µg of vaccine formulation provided complete protection against virus infection, maintaining stable body weight without showing signs of disease. In conclusion, the QβVLPs-RBD vaccine has proven to be effective and safe, eliminating the necessity for supplementary adjuvants and offering a financially feasible approach. Moreover, this vaccine platform demonstrates flexibility in targeting Variants of Concern (VOCs) via established conjugation protocols with VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson Côrtes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Malaquias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline D Q Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Lira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wasim A Prates-Syed
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29., University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Luz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- São Paulo School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Balan
- Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29., University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- DO'R Institute for research, São Paulo, Brazil, IDOR, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Krieger
- Heart Institute, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario H Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liao W, Liang H, Liang Y, Gao X, Liao G, Cai S, Liu L, Chen S. Factors Associated with IgG/IgM Levels after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:234. [PMID: 39453261 PMCID: PMC11511189 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the factors influencing IgG/IgM antibody levels in 120 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) following vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Each patient's demographic and clinical data were documented, and serum IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using a commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay kit. The results indicated that while all patients had received at least one vaccine dose, 95 tested positive for IgG and 25 were negative. A higher proportion of IgG-positive patients had received three vaccine doses. Comparatively, gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were elevated in IgM-negative patients. The study further differentiated patients based on their treatment status: 46 were treatment-naive and 74 had received chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICT) at enrollment. Despite similar baseline characteristics and time from vaccination to antibody detection, IgM positivity was significantly lower in the ICT group, with no significant difference in IgG positivity between the treatment-naive and ICT groups. A multivariable analysis identified the number of vaccine doses as an independent factor of IgG positivity, while ICT emerged as an independent risk factor for IgM positivity. Additionally, IgG titers generally declined over time, although patients with higher baseline IgG levels maintained higher titers longer. In conclusion, ICT in patients with HNC does not significantly affect IgG levels post-vaccination. However, booster vaccinations have been shown to be associated with higher IgG positivity, although these levels gradually decrease over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (X.G.); (L.L.)
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (X.G.); (L.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yujian Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Xianlu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (X.G.); (L.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guichan Liao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Shaohang Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (X.G.); (L.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (X.G.); (L.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Davis DA, Nair A, Astter Y, Treco E, Peyser B, Gussio R, Nguyen T, Eaton B, Postnikova E, Murphy M, Shrestha P, Bulut H, Hattorri SI, Mitsuya H, Yarchoan R. Discovery of a nasal spray steroid, tixocortol, as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:d4md00454j. [PMID: 39371432 PMCID: PMC11450544 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses rely on the viral-encoded chymotrypsin-like main protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) for replication and assembly. Our previous research on Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 identified cysteine 300 (Cys300) as a potential allosteric site of Mpro inhibition. Here, we identified tixocortol (TX) as a covalent modifier of Cys300 which inhibits Mpro activity in vitro as well as in a cell-based Mpro expression assay. Most importantly TX inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in ACE2 expressing HeLa cells. Biochemical analysis and kinetic assays were consistent with TX acting as a non-competitive inhibitor. By contrast, TX was a weaker inhibitor and modifier of C300S Mpro, confirming a role for Cys300 in inhibition of WT Mpro but also providing evidence for an additional Cys target. TX pivalate (TP), a prodrug for TX that was previously marketed as a nasal spray, also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in HeLa-ACE2 cells at low micromolar IC50s. These studies suggest that TX and/or TP could possibly be repurposed for the prevention and/or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Ashwin Nair
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Yana Astter
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Emma Treco
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Brian Peyser
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health USA
| | - Rick Gussio
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD 21702 USA
- Computational Institute for Health and Environmental Research, (CIFHER.ORG) Riverside 5, RM 4076, 8490 Progress Dr. Frederick MD 21701 USA
| | - Tam Nguyen
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick 8200 Research Plaza Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick 8200 Research Plaza Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick 8200 Research Plaza Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Prabha Shrestha
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Haydar Bulut
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattorri
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
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Tofaute M, Weller B, Graß C, Halder H, Dohai B, Falter-Braun P, Krappmann D. SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 MTase activity is critical for inducing canonical NF-κB activation. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231418. [PMID: 38131452 PMCID: PMC10776897 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with severe forms of COVID-19 often suffer from a dysregulated immune response and hyperinflammation. Aberrant expression of cytokines and chemokines is associated with strong activation of the immunoregulatory transcription factor NF-κB, which can be directly induced by the SARS-CoV-2 protein NSP14. Here, we use NSP14 mutants and generated cells with host factor knockouts (KOs) in the NF-κB signaling pathways to characterize the molecular mechanism of NSP14-induced NF-κB activation. We demonstrate that full-length NSP14 requires methyltransferase (MTase) activity to drive NF-κB induction. NSP14 WT, but not an MTase-defective mutant, is poorly expressed and inherent post-translational instability is mediated by proteasomal degradation. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 NSP10 or addition of the co-factor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) stabilizes NSP14 and augments its potential to activate NF-κB. Using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered KO cells, we demonstrate that NSP14 stimulation of canonical NF-κB activation relies on NF-κB factor p65/RELA downstream of the NEMO/IKK complex, while c-Rel or non-canonical RelB are not required to induce NF-κB transcriptional activity. However, NSP14 overexpression is unable to induce canonical IκB kinase β (IKKβ)/NF-κB signaling and in co-immunoprecipitation assays we do not detect stable associations between NSP14 and NEMO or p65, suggesting that NSP14 activates NF-κB indirectly through its methyltransferase activity. Taken together, our data provide a framework how NSP14 can augment basal NF-κB activation, which may enhance cytokine expression in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. Tofaute
- Research Unit Signaling and Translation, Group Signaling and Immunity, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weller
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carina Graß
- Research Unit Signaling and Translation, Group Signaling and Immunity, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hridi Halder
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bushra Dohai
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Signaling and Translation, Group Signaling and Immunity, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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