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Huertas V, Jiménez A, Diánez F, Chelhaoui R, Santos M. Importance of Dark Septate Endophytes in Agriculture in the Face of Climate Change. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:329. [PMID: 38786684 PMCID: PMC11122602 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a notable challenge for agriculture as it affects crop productivity and yield. Increases in droughts, salinity, and soil degradation are some of the major consequences of climate change. The use of microorganisms has emerged as an alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change. Among these microorganisms, dark septate endophytes (DSEs) have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Dark septate endophytes have shown a capacity for mitigating and reducing the harmful effects of climate change in agriculture, such as salinity, drought, and the reduced nutrient availability in the soil. Various studies show that their association with plants helps to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increases the nutrient availability, enabling the plants to thrive under adverse conditions. In this study, the effect of DSEs and the underlying mechanisms that help plants to develop a higher tolerance to climate change were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mila Santos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (V.H.); (A.J.); (F.D.); (R.C.)
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2
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Sun J, Rong Z, Yang L, Zhu Q, Yuan Y, Feng Z, Li L, Li N, Zhang L, Guo S. Effects of AMF inoculation on the growth, photosynthesis and root physiological morphology of root-pruned Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad130. [PMID: 37847604 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Root pruning hinders the absorption and utilization of nutrients and water by seedlings in the short term. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important source of nutrient and water for seedlings except for the root system. However, the mechanism by which AMF affect the physiological growth of seedlings after root pruning has rarely been studied. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted through a three-compartment partition system to clarify the effects of Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) strain BGC XJ07A on the physiological growth of root-pruned Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings. Five root pruning treatments (zero, one-fifth, one-fourth, one-third and one-half of the taproot length were removed) were applied to noninoculated seedlings and those inoculated with F. mosseae. The results showed that the presence of F. mosseae significantly increased the shoot and root biomasses, leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The root projected area, root surface area, average root diameter, root density, root volume and number of root tips of the inoculated seedlings were higher than those without inoculation in all root pruning treatments. The root cytokinin, gibberellins and indole-3-acetic acid concentrations, but root abscisic acid concentration, were higher than those measured in the absence of inoculation in all root pruning treatments. Moreover, the changes in the root endogenous hormone concentrations of the seedlings were closely related to the root morphological development and seedling biomass. The AMF increased the soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, soil available potassium and soil organic matter concentrations compared with the noninoculated treatment. These results indicate that AMF can alleviate the adverse effects of root pruning on the physiological growth of R. pseudoacacia and soil properties, and can provide a basis for AMF application to forest cultivation and the sustainable development of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Sun
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Rong
- Henan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 10 Xueli Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qimeng Zhu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yabo Yuan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhipei Feng
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Limei Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nixuan Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shaoxin Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road of Jinshui District in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Pinchi-Davila XJ, Vargas-Hernández D, Romero-Jiménez MJ, Jumpponen A, Rudgers JA, Herrera J, Hutchinson M, Dunbar JM, Kuske C, Porras-Alfaro A. Pleoardoris graminearum, gen. et sp. nov., a new member of Pleosporales from North American Plains, its biogeography and effects on a foundation grass species. Mycologia 2023; 115:749-767. [PMID: 37874894 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2258269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Diverse fungi colonize plant roots worldwide and include species from many orders of the phylum Ascomycota. These fungi include taxa with dark septate hyphae that colonize grass roots and may modulate plant responses to stress. We describe a novel group of fungal isolates and evaluate their effects on the grass Bouteloua gracilis in vitro. We isolated fungi from roots of six native grasses from 24 sites spanning replicated latitudinal gradients in the south-central US grasslands and characterized isolates phylogenetically using a genome analysis. We analyzed 14 isolates representing a novel clade within the family Montagnulaceae (order Pleosporales), here typified as Pleoardoris graminearum, closely related to the genera Didymocrea and Bimuria. This novel species produces asexual, light brown pycnidium-like conidioma, hyaline hyphae, and chlamydospores when cultured on quinoa and kiwicha agar. To evaluate its effects on B. gracilis, seeds were inoculated with one of three isolates (DS304, DS334, and DS1613) and incubated at 25 C for 20 d. We also tested the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the same isolates on B. gracilis root and stem lengths. Isolates had variable effects on plant growth. One isolate increased B. gracilis root length up to 34% compared with uninoculated controls. VOCs produced by two isolates increased root and stem lengths (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Internal transcribed spacer ITS2 metabarcode data revealed that P. graminearum is distributed across a wide range of sites in North America (22 of 24 sites sampled), and its relative abundance is influenced by host species identity and latitude. Host species identity and site were the most important factors determining P. graminearum relative abundance in drought experiments at the Extreme Drought in the Grasslands Experiment (EDGE) sites. Variable responses of B. gracilis to inoculation highlight the potential importance of nonmycorrhizal root-associated fungi on plant survival in arid ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Jose Herrera
- Office of the Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 50614
| | | | - John M Dunbar
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545
| | - Cheryl Kuske
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545
| | - Andrea Porras-Alfaro
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
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Meng F, Zhang T, Yin D. The effects of soil drought stress on growth characteristics, root system, and tissue anatomy of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14578. [PMID: 36643639 PMCID: PMC9835711 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to study the changes in growth, root system, and tissue anatomical structure of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica under soil drought conditions. In this study, the growth indexes and photosynthesis of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings under soil drought stress were studied by pot cultivation. Continuous pot water control experiment of the indoor culture of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was carried out, ensuring that the soil water content of each treatment reached 80%, 40%, and 20% of the field moisture capacity as control, moderate drought and severe drought, respectively. The submicroscopic structures of the needles and roots were observed using a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. The response of soil roots to drought stress was studied by root scanning. Moderate drought stress increased needle stomatal density, while under severe drought stress, stomatal density decreased. At the same time, the total number of root tips, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of seedlings decreased with the deepening of the drought. Furthermore, moderate drought and severe drought stress significantly reduced the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content in P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings compared to the control group. The needle cells were deformed and damaged, and chloroplasts and mitochondria were damaged, gradually disintegrated, and the number of osmiophiles increased. There was also an increase in nuclear vacuolation.
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Nataraja KN, Dhanyalakshmi KH, Govind G, Oelmüller R. Activation of drought tolerant traits in crops: endophytes as elicitors. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2120300. [PMID: 36373371 PMCID: PMC9665085 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought challenges crop production worldwide. The issue is aggravated by frequent drought episodes and unpredictable rainfall patterns associated with global climate change. While the efforts to breed drought-resistant crop varieties are progressing, the need of the hour is immediate strategies to sustain the yields of existing ones. As per recent studies, stress adaptive traits can be activated using specific elicitors. Endophytes that inhabit host plants asymptomatically are natural elicitors/bio-stimulators capable of activating host gene expression, conferring several benefits to the hosts. This review discusses the scope of using trait-specific endophytes in activating drought adaptive traits in crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karaba N Nataraja
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore (UASB), GKVK Bengaluru, India
| | - KH Dhanyalakshmi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Regional Agricultural Research Station Pattambi, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Geetha Govind
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, UASB, Hassan, India
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular, Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Poveda J, Rodríguez VM, Díaz-Urbano M, Sklenář F, Saati-Santamaría Z, Menéndez E, Velasco P. Endophytic fungi from kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) modify roots-glucosinolate profile and promote plant growth in cultivated Brassica species. First description of Pyrenophora gallaeciana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981507. [PMID: 36274741 PMCID: PMC9580329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi of crops can promote plant growth through various mechanisms of action (i.e., improve nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency, and produce and modulate plant hormones). The genus Brassica includes important horticultural crops, which have been little studied in their interaction with endophytic fungi. Previously, four endophytic fungi were isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), with different benefits for their host, including plant growth promotion, cold tolerance, and induction of resistance to pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris) and pests (Mamestra brassicae). In the present work, the molecular and morphological identification of the four different isolates were carried out, describing them as the species Acrocalymma vagum, Setophoma terrestris, Fusarium oxysporum, and the new species Pyrenophora gallaeciana. In addition, using a representative crop of each Brassica U’s triangle species and various in vitro biochemical tests, the ability of these fungi to promote plant growth was described. In this sense, the four fungi used promoted the growth of B. rapa, B. napus, B. nigra, B. juncea, and B. carinata, possibly due to the production of auxins, siderophores, P solubilization or cellulase, xylanase or amylase activity. Finally, the differences in root colonization between the four endophytic fungi and two pathogens (Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and the root glucosinolate profile were studied, at different times. In this way, how the presence of progoitrin in the roots reduces their colonization by endophytic and pathogenic fungi was determined, while the possible hydrolysis of sinigrin to fungicidal products controls the colonization of endophytic fungi, but not of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
| | - Víctor M. Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Urbano
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - František Sklenář
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zaki Saati-Santamaría
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Menéndez
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
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Malicka M, Magurno F, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Plant association with dark septate endophytes: When the going gets tough (and stressful), the tough fungi get going. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134830. [PMID: 35525444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) comprise a diverse and ubiquitous group of fungal generalists with broad habitat niches that robustly colonize the roots of plants in stressful environments. DSEs possess adaptation strategies that determine their high tolerance to heavy metal (HM) contamination, drought, and salinity. Most DSEs developed efficient melanin-dependent and melanin-independent mechanisms of HM detoxification and osmoprotection, including intracellular immobilization and extracellular efflux of HMs and excess ions, and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. DSEs form mutualistic relationship with plants according to the hypothesis of "habitat-adapted associations", supporting the survival of their hosts under stressful conditions. As saprophytes, DSEs mineralize a complex soil substrate improving plants' nutrition and physiological parameters. They can protect the host plant from HMs by limiting HM accumulation in plant tissues and causing their sequestration in root cell walls as insoluble compounds, preventing further HM translocation to shoots. The presence of DSE in drought-affected plants can substantially ameliorate the physiology and architecture of root systems, improving their hydraulic properties. Plant growth-promoting features, supported by the versatility and easy culturing of DSEs, determine their high potential to enhance phytoremediation and revegetation projects for HM-contaminated, saline, and desertic lands reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Franco Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduce Cadmium Leaching from Sand Columns by Reducing Availability and Enhancing Uptake by Maize Roots. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080866. [PMID: 36012853 PMCID: PMC9409915 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the environmental migration of cadmium (Cd), a sand column-maize system containing 20 mg·L−1 Cd solution was used to investigate the AMF effect on maize growth, Cd uptake by maize, Cd adsorption by sand and Cd leaching loss. The results showed that AMF significantly increased the content of EE-GRSP and T-GRSP by 34.9% and 37.2%, respectively; the secretion of malonic acid, oxalic acid and succinic acid increased by 154.2%, 54.0% and 11.0%, respectively; the secretion of acetic acid and citric acid increased by 95.5% and 59.9%, respectively; and the length, surface area, volume, tip number and cross number of maize roots decreased by 10%, 15%, 17%, 20% and 36.4%, respectively. AMF significantly increased Cd adsorption by sand by 6.2%, Cd uptake by maize by 68.1%, and Cd leaching loss by 84.6%. In the sand column-maize system, 92.3% of the total Cd was adsorbed by sand, 5.9% was taken up by maize and 1.8% was lost due to leaching. Moreover, Cd adsorption by sand was significantly positively correlated with the GRSP content and oxalic acid secretion, and Cd uptake by roots was significantly negatively correlated with Cd leaching loss. Overall, AMF reduced the loss of Cd in the leaching solution by promoting the release of oxalic acid and GRSP, increasing the adsorption of Cd in the sand and fixing the Cd in the plant to the roots.
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Improved Tolerance of Artemisia ordosica to Drought Stress via Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) Symbiosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070730. [PMID: 35887485 PMCID: PMC9320036 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) usually colonize plant roots, especially in stress environments. However, their relationship with plants ranges from beneficial to harmful and has remained largely uncharacterized. In the present study, 14 DSE species grouped into 11 genera were isolated from the roots of a desert plant, Artemisia ordosica, which is widely distributed in northwest China. Three dominant DSE species—Paraphoma chrysanthemicola (Pc), Alternaria chartarum (Ac), and Acrocalymma vagum (Av)—were selected and tested for their resistance to drought in vitro. Furthermore, we characterized the responses of A. ordosica under drought conditions in relation to the presence of these DSEs following inoculation. The results showed that all three strains grew well under in vitro drought stress, and the biomass of Ac and Av was significantly higher than that of the unstressed control. The effects of DSE inoculation on the growth of A. ordosica under drought stress varied according to the different DSE species but were generally beneficial. Under drought stress, Av and Pc promoted plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, and root development of the hosts. The Ac strain conferred obvious positive effects on the antioxidant enzyme activity of the hosts. In general, Av and Pc demonstrated better application potential for improving the drought resistance of A. ordosica.
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Insights into the beneficial roles of dark septate endophytes in plants under challenging environment: resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:79. [PMID: 35332399 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) exert a plethora of effects in regulating plant growth, signalling and stress tolerance. The advent of metagenomics has led to the identification of various species of DSE to be associated with plant organs. They are known to modulate growth, nutrient uptake, phytohormone biosynthesis and production of active bioconstituents in several plants. The interactions between the DSE and host plants are mostly mutualistic but they can also be neutral or exhibit negative interactions. The DSE has beneficial role in removal/sequestration of toxic heavy metals from various environmental sites. Here, we discuss the beneficial role of DSE in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, drought conditions, high salinity and protection from various plant pathogens. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of stress resilience facilitated by DSE-plant interaction has also been discussed. The article also provides insights to some important future perspectives associated with DSE-mediated phytoremediation and reclamation of polluted land worldwide thus facilitating sustainable agriculture.
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11
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Li M, Hou L, Liu J, Yang J, Zuo Y, Zhao L, He X. Growth-promoting effects of dark septate endophytes on the non-mycorrhizal plant Isatis indigotica under different water conditions. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Xie L, Bi Y, Ma S, Shang J, Hu Q, Christie P. Combined inoculation with dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: synergistic or competitive growth effects on maize? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:498. [PMID: 34715790 PMCID: PMC8555310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects on maize were assessed of dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other plant species. METHODS Suspensions of DSE isolated from Stipa krylovii were prepared at different densities (2, 4, and 8 × 105 CFU mL- 1) and inoculated separately (AMF or DSE) or together (AMF + DSE), to explore their effects on maize growth. RESULTS Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology. Differences in plant growth were attributable to differences in DSE density, with negative DSE inoculation responsiveness at low density. AMF promoted plant above-ground growth more than DSE and the high density of DSE promoted root development more than AMF. Combined inoculation might lead to synergistic growth effects on maize at low density of DSE and competitive effects at medium and high DSE densities. CONCLUSIONS AMF and DSE co-colonized maize roots and they had positive effects on the host plants depending on DSE density. These findings indicate the optimum maize growth-promoting combination of AMF and DSE density and provide a foundation for further exploration of potentially synergistic mechanisms between AMF and DSE in physiological and ecological effects on host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinli Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Restoration in Mining Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Shaopeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianxuan Shang
- Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710076, China
| | - Qincheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Restoration in Mining Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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13
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Verma SK, Sahu PK, Kumar K, Pal G, Gond SK, Kharwar RN, White JF. Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2161-2177. [PMID: 33893707 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with regard to how endophytic microbes interact with plants to modulate root development, branching, root hair formation and their implications in overall plant development. Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum. Further, plant roots internalize microbes and oxidatively extract nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle. The oxidative interactions between endophytes and plants result in the acquisition of nutrients by plants and are also instrumental in oxidative stress tolerance of plants. It is evident that plants actively cultivate microbes internally, on surfaces and in soils to acquire nutrients, modulate development and improve health. Understanding this continuum could be of greater significance in connecting endophytes with the hidden half of the plant that can also be harnessed in applied terms to enhance nutrient acquisition through the development of favourable root system architecture for sustainable production under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Verma
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P K Sahu
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganism, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Pal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K Gond
- Botany Section, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R N Kharwar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Zhang Q, Gong M, Liu K, Chen Y, Yuan J, Chang Q. Rhizoglomus intraradices Improves Plant Growth, Root Morphology and Phytohormone Balance of Robinia pseudoacacia in Arsenic-Contaminated Soils. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1428. [PMID: 32754125 PMCID: PMC7366350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve the resistance of host plants against various heavy metal stresses. However, the arsenic (As) resistance mechanism of AMF-inoculated woody legumes remains unclear. In this study, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings were cultivated in potted soils inoculated with or without AMF Rhizoglomus intraradices under three different levels of As stress (0, 100, and 200 mg As kg–1 soil) over 4 months. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of AMF on plant growth, root morphology, and the content and ratio of endogenous phytohormones and soil glomalin under As stress condition. As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth, and the content of soil glomalin and changed the morphological characteristics of the roots and the balance of endogenous hormone levels in plants. However, R. intraradices inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weights, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and the number of root forks and tips across all As treatments. R. intraradices inoculation obviously decreased the percentage of root length in the 0- to 0.2-mm diameter class and increased those in the 0.5- to 1.0-mm and >1.0-mm diameter classes; the percentages in the 0.2- to 0.5-mm diameter class were less affected by R. intraradices inoculation. The concentrations of the easily extractable glomalin-related (EE-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP) were higher in the of R. intraradices-inoculated seedlings than those in the non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, R. intraradices inoculation increased the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), but decreased the concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR). The phytohormone ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and (IAA + GA + ZR)/IAA in the R. intraradices-inoculated seedlings were lower than those in the non-inoculated seedlings. These results indicated that R. intraradices alleviated As toxicity in R. pseudoacacia seedlings by improving their plant growth, altering root morphology, regulating the concentrations and ratios of phytohormones, and increasing the concentration of soil glomalin. The results suggested that AMF-inoculated R. pseudoacacia seedlings would be a critical factor in successful vegetation restoration and soil development in As-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiaoMing Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Minggui Gong
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kaiyang Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanlan Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yuan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qingshan Chang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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