The Market Evolution of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Global Supply Chain Analysis and an Application of the Delphi Method in the Mediterranean Area

Ecological compensation mechanism controlled by both river ecological water demand and regional water rights

River ecological protection and rational utilization of water resources provide an important support for the sustainable development for human beings and nature. In view of the lack of ecological compensation research on river ecological water demand and socio-economic water demand, a mechanism and methodology for ecological compensation based on the synergistic control of river ecological water demand and river water rights allocation is proposed. The variable monthly flow method and the improved dynamic calculation method are applied to obtain the river basic and suitable ecological water demands as the river protection threshold. A two-layer decision model for water rights allocation is established, which realizes the cascading allocation of initial water rights from city to counties to sectors, and the socio-economic water usage threshold for each level is obtained based on the model. Developing compensation discrimination guidelines under the dual-threshold synergistic control and using the unilateral water resources value by sub-sector as the compensation standard, realize the quantification and sharing of compensation funds. The Nanyang section of the Bai River basin in China is used as an example. The ecological compensation value for wet year (2011), normal year (2012), and dry years (2014-2013) are 0, 15.09 × 108 and 12.04 × 108 (average value for dry years) RMB. The adoption of suitable ecological water demand thresholds in 2012 increases the ecological protection requirements thus leading to an internal compensation situation between Nanyang County and Xinye County. From 2014 to 2016, river runoff continued to be low, and excessive water intake from upstream lead to a chain of compensation situations in the midstream and downstream. It is essential to establish a basin and regionally nested ecological compensation mechanism. The research results are conducive to improving the eco-compensation theory and provide scientific references for water resources management and high-quality development in the basin.

Characterization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Hydro-Distillation By-Products of Spanish Lamiaceae Plants

Plants of the Lamiaceae family are widely used for the extraction of essential oils, and this industry generates a large number of solid residues as by-products, which contain non-volatile valuable compounds. The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds present in these solid residues from different important Spanish species of Lamiaceae to characterize and valorize them. Forty-seven phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. Different concentrations and types of phenolic compounds were found between the solid residues. The Rosmarinus officinalis extracts showed the highest total phenolic content due to their high phenolic terpene concentrations. The Thymus mastichina extracts were characterized by kaempferol and flavanones, and some flavones were derived from luteolin and apigenin. Finally, the sample Lavandula and Salvia lavandulifolia extracts presented the lowest content of most phenolic compounds, with the exception of some phenolic acids, such as danshensu, salvianolic acid A, and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids. Therefore, this work provides information on the quantification of a large number of phenolic compounds using a simple, sensitive, reproducible, and accurate methodology. In addition, the results indicate that these solid residues still contain important amounts of different polyphenols, which are antioxidants and can be used in different industries.

Changes in phytochemical properties and water use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) using superabsorbent polymer under drought stress

Water consumption management and the application of advanced techniques in the agricultural sector can significantly contribute to the efficient utilization of limited water resources. This can be achieved by improving soil texture, increasing water retention, reducing erosion, and enhancing seedling germination through the use of superabsorbent polymers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Aquasource superabsorbent (AS) on the morphological characteristics, phytochemical properties, antioxidant content, and water use efficiency of peppermint. It was conducted under different irrigation management and using different superabsorbent levels. Therefore, a 3 × 4 factorial design was used to determine the effects of irrigation intervals (2-, 4-, and 6-day) and different levels of AS amount (zero [control], 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%). The effects of these factors on various parameters (morphological characteristics, essential oil percentage, nutrient, protein, proline, carotenoid, antioxidant, and chlorophyll content, leaf area index, relative water content, and water use efficiency [WUE]) were evaluated. The results showed that morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage decreased significantly under drought stress (increasing the irrigation intervals). However, the addition of 0.5 (wt%) AS improved plant growth conditions. Increasing the amount of superabsorbent used to 1 and 2 (wt%) decreased the measured traits, which indicates the creation of unsuitable conditions for plant growth. AS application improved the growth of the root more than the leaf yield of peppermint. A 0.5 (wt%) addition of AS resulted in root length increases of 3, 13, and 15%, respectively, at irrigation intervals of 2, 4, and 6 days, respectively. Additionally, at 0.5 (wt%) AS, root weight increased by 8, 15, and 16% in 2-, 4-, and 6-day irrigation intervals, respectively. Also, the height of the plant increased by 3, 5, and 17% at 2-, 4-, and 6-day irrigation intervals when 0.5 (wt%) of AS was used compared to the control. As well, essential oil percentage increased by 2.14, 2.06, and 1.63% at 2-, 4-, and 6-day irrigation intervals. The nutrient and protein contents decreased as irrigation intervals and AS usage increased, indicating a similar trend. However, compared with the control, the addition of 0.5 (wt%) of AS resulted in some improvements in nutrients and protein. The highest WUE (3.075 kg m-3) was attained in the 4-day irrigation interval and 1 wt% AS addition. This was followed closely by the 2-day irrigation interval with 1 wt% AS addition at 3.025 kg m-3, and the 4-day irrigation interval with 0.5 wt% AS addition, which reached 2.941 kg m-3. Overall, the use of AS in appropriate amounts (0.5 wt%) can reduce water consumption and enhance essential oil yield and WUE in peppermint cultivation in water-scarce arid and semi-arid regions.

A comprehensive review on Saraca asoca (Fabaceae) - Historical perspective, traditional uses, biological activities, and conservation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saraca asoca (Roxb.)W.J.de Wilde, (Fabaceae) is a plant of significant medicinal value in traditional Indian medicine, with a long history of use in the treatment of gynaecological disorders and other ailments, and is held in high esteem. This plant has long existed in Indian tradition and is revered as sacred.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This work aimed to explore the taxonomic revision of Saraca asoca from ancient times to the present and to evaluate the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological information associated with traditional use and develop a roadmap for conservative strategies of species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study draws on a comprehensive range of herbal, traditional, ethnobotanical, and ethnopharmacological information, including ancient Ayurvedic textbooks and various databases, using a single keyword or a combination of multiple keywords.

RESULTS

This review establishes a roadmap for understanding the traditional history of medicinal plants, particularly Saraca, and highlights the transfer of traditional knowledge from pharmacopoeias, materia medica, and classical textbooks over many centuries. The study also emphasises the importance of conservation strategies to protect Saraca as a valuable resource for healthcare and suggests that more research is needed to systematically evaluate its phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical properties, as well as to develop safety, pharmacology, and toxicology reports for traditional formulations.

CONCLUSIONS

In light of this study, S. asoca could be considered an important source of potential herbal drugs. The review concludes with a call for further research and conservation efforts to protect Saraca and other traditional medicinal plants for the benefit of current and future generations.

Breeding Substrate Containing Distillation Residues of Mediterranean Medicinal Aromatic Plants Modulates the Effects of Tenebrio molitor as Fishmeal Substitute on Blood Signal Transduction and WBC Activation of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in conventional (TM-10) or MAP-enriched substrates (MAP-TM-10) as fish meal replacements (10%) in the diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish (n = 4500; 207.19 ± 1.47 g) were divided into three groups with triplicates: control (fed conventional diet), TM-10, and MAP-TM-10 groups. The fish were reared in floating cages for 12 weeks and the dietary effects on white blood cell activation, heat shock proteins, MAPKs, and apoptosis of the fish were evaluated. The MAP-TM-10 group exhibited the highest eosinophilic induction. Phosphorylated levels of p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPK, HSP70, and HSP90 increased in the TM-10 and MAP-TM-10 groups. In terms of apoptosis, Bax levels were lower in the TM groups compared to the control, and the MAP-TM-10 group showed even lower levels than the TM-10 group. Bcl-2 levels increased in the TM-10 group compared to the control, and further increased in the MAP-TM-10 group. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an apoptosis indicator, decreased in the TM groups, with the MAP-TM-10 group showing a further decrease compared to TM-10. These findings suggest that insects' breeding substrate being enriched with MAPs modulated the effect of TM on cellular stress and apoptosis.

Monitoring Genetic Erosion of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Species in Alentejo (South Portugal)

The main goal of this work was to study the genetic erosion risk of plants with aromatic, medicinal and gastronomic applications in Portugal, particularly in the Alentejo region. The target species were coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), hart's pennyroyal (Mentha cervina L.) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). The methodology involved direct observations and surveys (2002/2003 and 2011). The GE formula applied in Hammer's studies was used to estimate genetic erosion. The main factors causing genetic erosion were the primary drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, invasive species, and overexploitation influenced by human intervention such as the clearing of watercourses, vegetation control, grazing and desertification. The results indicate a reduction in individuals per species in Alentejo, with a net erosion loss of 11% for M. pulegium, 32% for M. cervina and 33% for C. sativum. The overall loss of accessions (genetic erosion risk) was higher in cultivated accessions (33%) than in wild accessions (11%), with an annual genetic erosion rate of 3.7% and 1.2%, respectively. The annual risk of genetic erosion for M. pulegium accessions collected in a natural habitat was 0.6%, which is much lower than the 3.7% for M. cervina. These results consolidate the importance of collecting and conserving genetic resources.

Optimizing Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) by Integrative Application of Biofertilizer and Stress-Modulating Nanoparticles under Drought Stress Conditions

Drought stress (DS) negatively affects plant growth, productivity, and quality in semi-arid and arid regions. Nowadays, application of biofertilizers and stress-modulating nanoparticles (NPs) improves plant performance under stressful conditions. The study evaluated the impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Myco-Root) and TiO₂ NPs on the nutrient uptake, dry yield, essential oil (EO) productivity, and EO quality of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under different irrigation regimes. The treatments included three irrigation regimes containing irrigation after 20% (I₂₀, well-watered), 40% (I₄₀, mild DS), and 60% (I₆₀, severe DS) maximum allowable depletion (MAD) percentage of the soil's available water as well as four fertilizer sources contain no fertilization (control), Myco-Root biofertilizer, TiO₂ NPs, and an integrative application of Myco-Root + TiO₂ NPs. The results demonstrated that the highest (195.72 g m^-2) and the lowest dry yield (78.76 g m^-2) of peppermint was obtained in well-watered conditions with integrative application of Myco-Root + TiO₂ NPs and severe drought stress (I₆₀) without fertilization, respectively. The dry yield of peppermint was reduced by 27.7 and 53.4% in mild (I₄₀) and severe drought stress (I₆₀), respectively. The maximum EO content (1.49%) and EO yield (2.30 g m^-2) was recorded in mild drought stress (I₄₀) treated with Myco-Root + TiO₂ NPs. Based on the GC-MS and GC-FID analysis, 29 constituents were identified in peppermint EO, with the major constituents being menthol (38.99-52%), menthone (12.72-20.13%), 1,8-cineole (6.55-7.84%), and neo-menthol (3.14-4.52%), respectively. The maximum content of menthol, 1,8-cineole, and neo-menthol was obtained under mild drought stress (I₄₀) fertilized with Myco-Root + TiO₂ NPs. The results indicate that the integrative application of Myco-Root + TiO₂ NPs could be used as an alternative method of using chemical fertilizers in sustainable agricultural systems for improving the EO quantity and quality of peppermint grown under drought stress conditions.

Plant Use Adaptation in Pamir: Sarikoli Foraging in the Wakhan Area, Northern Pakistan

The study recorded the food uses of wild food plants (WFPs) among the Sarikoli diaspora and the dominant Wakhi in Broghil Valley, North Pakistan, to understand their food adaptation, mainly by looking through the lens of food ethnobotanies. A total of 30 participants took part in the study, which included 15 elderly individuals from each ethnic group. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. We recorded 29 WFPs, mostly used as cooked vegetables and snacks. The food uses, as well as the local plant nomenclatures, linked to WFPs of the two studied groups were completely homogenized, which could be attributed to the cultural assimilation of the Sarikoli people to Wakhi culture. We found that although traditional knowledge on WFPs has been homogenized, social change in nearby regions is also threatening the traditional knowledge of the two communities, as evidenced by the smaller number of plants reported compared to that of all other field ethnobotanical studies conducted in nearby regions. Moreover, the growth of legal restrictions and sanctions on accessing natural resources are posing serious challenges to cultural resilience in the valley, and the restrictions on cross-border movement in particular are creating challenges for those who have cross-border kinship relationships between the two groups. We suggest specific measures, such as the promotion of food tourism and educational activities, to protect traditional knowledge and bicultural heritage from further erosion in the region.

Territorial Marketing Based on Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) to Enhance Sustainable Tourism in Rural Areas: A Literature Review

It is often seen how a distinctive feature of a territory is used as a brand to create an image that attracts tourists to the region. This is so-called “territorial marketing”, and together with this brand, connected products and services, usually related to recreation, gastronomy and well-being, are offered. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs), such as mushrooms, truffles, aromatic and medicinal plants, nuts and berries, are natural products connected to local traditions that contribute to rural economies, culture and society. This becomes particularly prominent when used as elements of identity to brand specific geographical areas such as the “Chestnut Route”, the “Cranberry Valley” or the “Truffle Way”. This review aims to delve into the understanding of this link between NWFPs and sustainable tourism through territorial marketing and to discuss the different perspectives that address this field, including the methodologies used for the studies, as well as to identify the main research topics tackled in the literature, territorial marketing models and the challenges for its development. The results show the multidisciplinary nature of this field of research, addressed primarily by economists through qualitative surveys and case studies. Most authors emphasize the growing interest in territorial marketing in rural areas as well as the importance of involving the local population in the implementation process. Several studies offer a territorial marketing process model, among which stakeholders’ participation, place identity and image, as well as their interaction, are main aspects to be considered when developing this strategy. A new territorial marketing model is proposed. While it is an emergent research field, studies focused on territorial marketing based on NWFPs to attract tourism remain a research niche.