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Marcobal AM, McConnell BR, Drexler RA, Ng KM, Maldonado-Gomez MX, Conner AMS, Vierra CG, Krishnakumar N, Gerber HM, Garcia JKA, Cerney JP, Amicucci MJ. Highly Soluble β-Glucan Fiber Modulates Mechanisms of Blood Glucose Regulation and Intestinal Permeability. Nutrients 2024; 16:2240. [PMID: 39064683 PMCID: PMC11279855 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
β-glucans found in cereal grains have been previously demonstrated to improve blood glucose control; however, current understanding points to their high viscosity as the primary mechanism of action. In this work, we present a novel, highly soluble, low-viscosity β-glucan fiber (HS-BG fiber) and a preclinical dataset that demonstrates its impact on two mechanisms related to the prevention of hyperglycemia. Our results show that HS-BG inhibits the activity of two key proteins involved in glucose metabolism, the α-glucosidase enzyme and the SGLT1 transporter, thereby having the potential to slow starch digestion and subsequent glucose uptake. Furthermore, we demonstrate in a multi-donor fecal fermentation model that HS-BG is metabolized by several different members of the gut microbiome, producing high amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), known agonists of GPR43 receptors in the gut related to GLP-1 secretion. The production of SCFAs was verified in the translational gut model, SHIME®. Moreover, HS-BG fiber fermentation produces compounds that restored permeability in disrupted epithelial cells, decreased inflammatory chemokines (CXCL10, MCP-1, and IL-8), and increased anti-inflammatory marker (IL-10), which could improve insulin resistance. Together, these data suggest that the novel HS-BG fiber is a promising new functional ingredient that can be used to modulate postprandial glycemic responses while the high solubility and low viscosity enable easy formulation in both beverage and solid food matrices.
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Korčok M, Calle J, Veverka M, Vietoris V. Understanding the health benefits and technological properties of β-glucan for the development of easy-to-swallow gels to guarantee food security among seniors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11504-11521. [PMID: 35766942 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2093325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is growing rapidly and the number of elderly people with undernutrition and malnutrition is increasing. Common health problems among seniors are cardiovascular, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, and cognitive disorders, cancer, diabetes, psychological and dental problems. The food industry is trying to meet the demands of an aging society, but these efforts are not sufficient. New strategies are needed, and they demand foods development with modified textures that are easy to swallow, such as gels suitable for seniors. Depending on the specific needs of the elderly, bioactive compounds with health benefits should be included in food systems. Novel foods may play an important role in the prevention, maintenance, and treatment of age-related diseases. One of the most studied bioactive compound is β-glucan, a polysaccharide with approved health claims confirmed by clinical trials, such as "β-glucan contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels" and "the consumption of β-glucan from oats or barley contributes to the reduction of postprandial glucose spikes." In this review, the health benefits, and technological properties of β-glucan for the development of senior-friendly ready-to-swallow gels were described. In addition, some patents and studies conducted in connection with the development of the gel systems were collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Korčok
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jehannara Calle
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
- Food Research Institute for the Food Industry (IIIA), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Vladimir Vietoris
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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Tang L, Xiao M, Cai S, Mou H, Li D. Potential Application of Marine Fucosyl-Polysaccharides in Regulating Blood Glucose and Hyperglycemic Complications. Foods 2023; 12:2600. [PMID: 37444337 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become the world's third major disease after tumors and cardiovascular disease. With the exploitation of marine biological resources, the efficacy of using polysaccharides isolated from marine organisms in blood glucose regulation has received widespread attention. Some marine polysaccharides can reduce blood glucose by inhibiting digestive enzyme activity, eliminating insulin resistance, and regulating gut microbiota. These polysaccharides are mainly fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides from algae and sea cucumbers. It follows that the hypoglycemic activity of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides is closely related to their structure, such as their sulfate group, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and glycosidic bond type. However, the structure of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides and the mechanism of their hypoglycemic activity are not yet clear. Therefore, this review comprehensively covers the effects of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides sources, mechanisms and the structure-activity relationship on hypoglycemic activity. Moreover, the potential regulatory effects of fucosyl-polysaccharides on vascular complications caused by hyperglycemia are also summarized in this review. This review provides rationales for the activity study of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides and new insights into the high-value utilization of marine biological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shenyuan Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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Research on the Properties of Polysaccharides, Starch, Protein, Pectin, and Fibre in Food Processing. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020249. [PMID: 36673341 PMCID: PMC9857836 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As food components, polysaccharides, starch, protein, pectin, and fibre are often used in the food industry due to their particular functional properties, as well as their efficient, safe, and green characteristics [...].
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Karuppusamy S, Rajauria G, Fitzpatrick S, Lyons H, McMahon H, Curtin J, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell C. Biological Properties and Health-Promoting Functions of Laminarin: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:772. [PMID: 36547919 PMCID: PMC9780867 DOI: 10.3390/md20120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algal species comprise of a large portion of polysaccharides which have shown multifunctional properties and health benefits for treating and preventing human diseases. Laminarin, or β-glucan, a storage polysaccharide from brown algae, has been reported to have potential pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and neuroprotective potential. It has been widely investigated as a functional material in biomedical applications as it is biodegradable, biocompatible, and is low toxic substances. The reported preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the potential of laminarin as natural alternative agents in biomedical and industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, functional food, drug development/delivery, and cosmeceuticals. This review summarizes the biological activities of laminarin, including mechanisms of action, impacts on human health, and reported health benefits. Additionally, this review also provides an overview of recent advances and identifies gaps and opportunities for further research in this field. It further emphasizes the molecular characteristics and biological activities of laminarin in both preclinical and clinical settings for the prevention of the diseases and as potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugapriya Karuppusamy
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Clash, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
| | | | - Henry Lyons
- Nutramara Ltd., Beechgrove House Strand Street, V92 FH0K Tralee, Ireland
| | - Helena McMahon
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
| | - James Curtin
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, D01 K822 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh K. Tiwari
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Donnell
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Gong PX, Wu YC, Liu Y, Lv SZ, You Y, Zhou ZL, Chen X, Li HJ. Structure and hypoglycemic effect of a neutral polysaccharide isolated from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:14-23. [PMID: 35780917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its high nutritious value, sea cucumber has been recognized by folk medicine for a long time. This study investigated the structure and hyperglycemic activity of a neutral polysaccharide (NPsj) from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, whose molecular weight was determined as 301.75 kDa by HPGPC method. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that NPsj is a glucan. The structure of NPsj was obtained by combining the analysis of methylation analysis, FTIR, NMR, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and ESI-MS, which is mainly composed of (1 → 4)-α-d-glucoses with β-d-glucose(1→) branches substituted at O-6 every 7-9 of 1,4 linked glucoses. An in vitro insulin resistance Hep G2 cells model and a 3 T3-L1 cells model were established, and the NPsj has significant effect to increase glucose consumption with no toxicity at 10-100 μg/mL. Furthermore, NPsj upregulates the phosphorylation of Akt1 and down-regulated GSK3β, and then reduces the phosphorylation of GS, indicating its mechanism of ameliorating insulin resistance via Akt/GSK3β/GS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xian Gong
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| | - Shi-Zhong Lv
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yue You
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhou
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Key Laboratory of Active Factor of Marine Products, Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China; Weihai Huiankang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai 264200, PR China.
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