1
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Gao Y, Zhao Y, Wang T. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel Containing Inorganic Salts for Forest Fire Suppression. Gels 2024; 10:390. [PMID: 38920936 PMCID: PMC11202437 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective forest fire suppression remains a critical challenge, necessitating innovative solutions. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels represent a promising avenue in this endeavor. Traditional firefighting methods often struggle to address forest fires efficiently while mitigating ecological harm and optimizing resource utilization. In this study, a novel intelligent temperature-sensitive hydrogel was prepared specially for forest fire extinguishment. Utilizing a one-pot synthesis approach, this material demonstrates exceptional fluidity at ambient temperatures, facilitating convenient application and transport. Upon exposure to elevated temperatures, it undergoes a phase transition to form a solid, barrier-like structure essential for containing forest fires. The incorporation of environmentally friendly phosphorus salts into the chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel system enhances the formation of temperature-sensitive hydrogels, thereby enhancing their structural integrity and firefighting efficacy. Morphological and thermal stability analyses elucidate the outstanding performance, with the hydrogel forming a dense carbonized layer that acts as a robust barrier against the spread of forest fires. Additionally, comprehensive evaluations employing rheological tests, cone calorimeter tests, a swelling test, and infrared thermography reveal the multifaceted roles of temperature-sensitive hydrogels in forest fire prevention and suppression strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Gao
- Aulin College, Northeastern Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuzhou Zhao
- Aulin College, Northeastern Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Aulin College, Northeastern Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
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2
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Song W, Li L, Liu X, Zhu Y, Yu S, Wang H, Wang L. Hydrogel microrobots for biomedical applications. Front Chem 2024; 12:1416314. [PMID: 38841335 PMCID: PMC11150770 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1416314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a surge in the application of microrobots within the medical sector, with hydrogel microrobots standing out due to their distinctive advantages. These microrobots, characterized by their exceptional biocompatibility, adjustable physico-mechanical attributes, and acute sensitivity to biological environments, have emerged as pivotal tools in advancing medical applications such as targeted drug delivery, wound healing enhancement, bio-imaging, and precise surgical interventions. The capability of hydrogel microrobots to navigate and perform tasks within complex biological systems significantly enhances the precision, efficiency, and safety of therapeutic procedures. Firstly, this paper delves into the material classification and properties of hydrogel microrobots and compares the advantages of different hydrogel materials. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive review of the principal categories and recent innovations in the synthesis, actuation mechanisms, and biomedical application of hydrogel-based microrobots. Finally, the manuscript identifies prevailing obstacles and future directions in hydrogel microrobot research, aiming to furnish insights that could propel advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Leike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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3
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Olteanu G, Neacșu SM, Joița FA, Musuc AM, Lupu EC, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Lupuliasa D, Mititelu M. Advancements in Regenerative Hydrogels in Skin Wound Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3849. [PMID: 38612660 PMCID: PMC11012090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review explores the emerging field of regenerative hydrogels and their profound impact on the treatment of skin wounds. Regenerative hydrogels, composed mainly of water-absorbing polymers, have garnered attention in wound healing, particularly for skin wounds. Their unique properties make them well suited for tissue regeneration. Notable benefits include excellent water retention, creating a crucially moist wound environment for optimal healing, and facilitating cell migration, and proliferation. Biocompatibility is a key feature, minimizing adverse reactions and promoting the natural healing process. Acting as a supportive scaffold for cell growth, hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, aiding the attachment and proliferation of cells like fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Engineered for controlled drug release, hydrogels enhance wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and preventing infection. The demonstrated acceleration of the wound healing process, particularly beneficial for chronic or impaired healing wounds, adds to their appeal. Easy application and conformity to various wound shapes make hydrogels practical, including in irregular or challenging areas. Scar minimization through tissue regeneration is crucial, especially in cosmetic and functional regions. Hydrogels contribute to pain management by creating a protective barrier, reducing friction, and fostering a soothing environment. Some hydrogels, with inherent antimicrobial properties, aid in infection prevention, which is a crucial aspect of successful wound healing. Their flexibility and ability to conform to wound contours ensure optimal tissue contact, enhancing overall treatment effectiveness. In summary, regenerative hydrogels present a promising approach for improving skin wound healing outcomes across diverse clinical scenarios. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits, mechanisms, and challenges associated with the use of regenerative hydrogels in the treatment of skin wounds. In this review, the authors likely delve into the application of rational design principles to enhance the efficacy and performance of hydrogels in promoting wound healing. Through an exploration of various methodologies and approaches, this paper is poised to highlight how these principles have been instrumental in refining the design of hydrogels, potentially revolutionizing their therapeutic potential in addressing skin wounds. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting potential avenues for future research, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Olteanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Sorinel Marius Neacșu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Florin Alexandru Joița
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Elena Carmen Lupu
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.O.); (M.M.)
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4
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Kaku Y, Okada S, Fujisawa S, Saito T, Isobe N. Low solid content mouldable chitin physical hydrogel prepared by atypical rupture-free swelling. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1245-1252. [PMID: 38231553 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01542d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the atypical swelling gelation of chitin physical hydrogels was investigated. Just by tuning the amount of the N-acetylation reagent, the degree of acetylation varied and mouldable chitin hydrogels with a wide variety of gel concentrations (0.2-6.4 wt%) were obtained. In response to the gel concentration, the mechanical properties ranged from swollen soft gels to shrunken rigid gels (compressive moduli of 4-310 kPa). The thus-prepared chitin hydrogels, which were composed of only chitin and water, exhibited high transparency and integrity. The swelling gelation of chitin physical hydrogels was achieved owing to both the positive charges of the amino groups inducing the osmotic pressure and the toughness of the crystalline nanofibrous network structure of the chitin hydrogels that endured the large volume change. These previously unnoticed advantageous aspects of chitin have pioneered a novel area of swellable physical gels that has been exclusive to chemical gels so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kaku
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-STAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Isobe
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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5
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Singh AN, Meena A, Nam KW. Gels in Motion: Recent Advancements in Energy Applications. Gels 2024; 10:122. [PMID: 38391452 PMCID: PMC10888500 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gels are attracting materials for energy storage technologies. The strategic development of hydrogels with enhanced physicochemical properties, such as superior mechanical strength, flexibility, and charge transport capabilities, introduces novel prospects for advancing next-generation batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Through a refined comprehension of gelation chemistry, researchers have achieved notable progress in fabricating hydrogels endowed with stimuli-responsive, self-healing, and highly stretchable characteristics. This mini-review delineates the integration of hydrogels into batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, showcasing compelling instances that underscore the versatility of hydrogels, including tailorable architectures, conductive nanostructures, 3D frameworks, and multifunctionalities. The ongoing application of creative and combinatorial approaches in functional hydrogel design is poised to yield materials with immense potential within the domain of energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narayan Singh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek Meena
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Nam
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Center for Next Generation Energy and Electronic Materials, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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6
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Al Harby NF, Fetouh HA, El-Batouti M. Facile green synthesis route for new ecofriendly photo catalyst for degradation acid red 8 dye and nitrogen recovery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1091. [PMID: 38212395 PMCID: PMC10784573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study novelty is that new photo catalyst prepared from sustainability low cost precursors. Dark red color hydrogel composites have been easily prepared from gelatin biopolymer using a simple sol-gel method. Gelatin doped by cobalt chloride, and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) in the presence of traces amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant and calcium chloride. Water-insoluble Gelatin composites are thermally stable photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic anionic acid red 8 dye. Promising photodynamic activity confirmed by fluorescence emission at λmax 650 nm. Optical absorption in Vis. light enhanced photo catalytic activity. Silver nanoparticles enhanced crystallinity, and improved optical properties and porosity. Dopants by CoCl2 and silver nanoparticles increased band gap of gelatin composites from (1.82 to 1.95) indicating interfacial charge separation. Low band gaps improved photo catalytic activity. Optical band gaps (Eg) lower than 2.0 eV indicates high catalytic activity in the photo degradation acid red 8 dye using Vis. light, wavelength 650 nm. Percent removal efficiency (%Re) of the dye at 500 ppm initial concentration, pH 1, contact time 30 min., and 0.20 g L-1 dose photo catalyst reached 95%. pH not affects removal efficiency. So, gelatin composites removed AR8 dye by photodegradation mechanism rather than adsorption due to photodynamic activity. Kinetics of photodegradation followed pseudo first order kinetic with rate constant k1 5.13 × 10-2 min.-1 Good electrical conductivity and magnetic properties (effective magnetic moment (µeff 4.11 B.M) improved dye degradation into simple inorganic species. Nutrients NH4+, and NO3- degradation products recovered by using alumina silicate clay via a cation exchange mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf F Al Harby
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, 51452, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - H A Fetouh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Mervette El-Batouti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
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7
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Lim JW, Kim SJ, Jeong J, Shin SG, Woo C, Jung W, Jeong JH. Regulated Self-Folding in Multi-Layered Hydrogels Considered with an Interfacial Layer. Gels 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38247771 PMCID: PMC10815678 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-layered hydrogels consisting of bi- or tri-layers with different swelling ratios are designed to soft hydrogel actuators by self-folding. The successful use of multi-layered hydrogels in this application greatly relies on the precise design and fabrication of the curvature of self-folding. In general, however, the self-folding often results in an undesired mismatch with the expecting value. To address this issue, this study introduces an interfacial layer formed between each layered hydrogel, and this layer is evaluated to enhance the design and fabrication precision. By considering the interfacial layer, which forms through diffusion, as an additional layer in the multi-layered hydrogel, the degree of mismatch in the self-folding is significantly reduced. Experimental results show that as the thickness of the interfacial layer increases, the multi-layered hydrogel exhibits a 3.5-fold increase in its radius of curvature during the self-folding. In addition, the diffusion layer is crucial for creating robust systems by preventing the separation of layers in the muti-layered hydrogel during actuation, thereby ensuring the integrity of the system in operation. This new strategy for designing multi-layered hydrogels including an interfacial layer would greatly serve to fabricate precise and robust soft hydrogel actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Jimin Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Sung Gyu Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Chaewon Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
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8
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Ghobashy MM, Amin MA, Ismail MA, Nowwar AI, El-Diehy MA, Gayed HM. Radiation cross-linked ultra-absorbent hydrogel to rationalize irrigation water and fertilizer for maize planting in drought conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126467. [PMID: 37640186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The study addresses the potential negative impacts of climate change on water resources, specifically irrigation water for crops. The radiation technique produces the biomaterial hydrogel as a soil conditioner by polymerizing hydroxy ethyl cellulose/acrylamide (HEC/AAm) at various irradiation doses and copolymer concentrations. A maximum swelling of 23.4 g/g is attained by (HEC/PAAm) hydrogel at 1/7.5 ratio, prepared by 10 kGy gamma irradiation. The study introduces a new class of ultra-absorbent hydrogel (UAH) to address the low swelling limitation for soil conditioner applications. The alkaline hydrolysis treatments with NaOH, LiOH, and KOH enhance the water absorbency of (HEC/PAAm) hydrogel, with the highest capacity of 1220 g/g achieved by the KOH treatment, surpassing NaOH (622 g/g) and LiOH (540 g/g). The cumulative release of fertilizers from the UAH sample shows a slow and controlled release behavior. Urea takes 22 days to reach 100 % release. The UAH demonstrates water retention for 28 days, improving the growth of Zea mays L. at drought stress levels of 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 100 %, revealing an increase in shoot length by 16 %, 19 %, 24 %, and 20 %, respectively. Also, UAH increased the contents of chlorophyll a, b, a + b, and carotenoid on maize plant leaves compared to the control sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Amin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelatti I Nowwar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El-Diehy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M Gayed
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt.
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9
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Ohsedo Y, Ueno W. Creation of Polymer Hydrogelator/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Composite Molecular Hydrogel Materials. Gels 2023; 9:679. [PMID: 37754361 PMCID: PMC10528823 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels, including molecular hydrogels, are expected to become materials for healthcare and medical applications, but there is a need to create new functional molecular gels that can meet the required performance. In this paper, for creating new molecular hydrogel materials, the gel formation behavior and its rheological properties for the molecular gels composed of a polymer hydrogelator, poly(3-sodium sulfo-p-phenylene-terephthalamide) polymer (NaPPDT), and water-soluble polymer with the polar group, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in various concentrations were examined. Molecular hydrogel composites formed from simple mixtures of NaPPDT aqueous solutions (0.1 wt.%~1.0 wt.%) and PVA aqueous solutions exhibited thixotropic behavior in the relatively low concentration region (0.1 wt.%~1.0 wt.%) and spinnable gel formation in the dense concentration region (4.0 wt.%~8.0 wt.%) with 1.0 wt.% NaPPDT aq., showing a characteristic concentration dependence of mechanical behavior. In contrast, each single-component aqueous solution showed no such gel formation in the concentration range in the present experiments. No gel formation behavior was also observed when mixed with common anionic polymers other than NaPPDT. This improvement in gel-forming ability due to mixing may be due to the increased density of the gel's network structure composed of hydrogelator and PVA and rigidity owing to NaPPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ohsedo
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyahigashi-Machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Wakana Ueno
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyahigashi-Machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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10
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Chelu M, Musuc AM, Popa M, Calderon Moreno JM. Chitosan Hydrogels for Water Purification Applications. Gels 2023; 9:664. [PMID: 37623119 PMCID: PMC10453846 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based hydrogels have gained significant attention for their potential applications in water treatment and purification due to their remarkable properties such as bioavailability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, high pollutants adsorption capacity, and water adsorption capacity. This article comprehensively reviews recent advances in chitosan-based hydrogel materials for water purification applications. The synthesis methods, structural properties, and water purification performance of chitosan-based hydrogels are critically analyzed. The incorporation of various nanomaterials into chitosan-based hydrogels, such as nanoparticles, graphene, and metal-organic frameworks, has been explored to enhance their performance. The mechanisms of water purification, including adsorption, filtration, and antimicrobial activity, are also discussed in detail. The potential of chitosan-based hydrogels for the removal of pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic contaminants, and microorganisms, from water sources is highlighted. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of chitosan-based hydrogels in water treatment and water purification applications are also illustrated. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the current state of the art regarding chitosan-based hydrogels for water purification applications and highlights their potential for addressing global water pollution challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Jose M. Calderon Moreno
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.P.)
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11
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Mondal A, Nayak AK, Chakraborty P, Banerjee S, Nandy BC. Natural Polymeric Nanobiocomposites for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery Therapeutics: A Recent Update. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2064. [PMID: 37631276 PMCID: PMC10459560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common lethal diseases and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and subsequent advancements in nanomedicine are useful as substitute management for anti-cancer agents. Nanotechnology, which is gaining popularity, enables fast-expanding delivery methods in science for curing diseases in a site-specific approach, utilizing natural bioactive substances because several studies have established that natural plant-based bioactive compounds can improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Bioactive, in combination with nanotechnology, is an exceptionally alluring and recent development in the fight against cancer. Along with their nutritional advantages, natural bioactive chemicals may be used as chemotherapeutic medications to manage cancer. Alginate, starch, xanthan gum, pectin, guar gum, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, albumin, collagen, cellulose, chitosan, and other biopolymers have been employed successfully in the delivery of medicinal products to particular sites. Due to their biodegradability, natural polymeric nanobiocomposites have garnered much interest in developing novel anti-cancer drug delivery methods. There are several techniques to create biopolymer-based nanoparticle systems. However, these systems must be created in an affordable and environmentally sustainable way to be more readily available, selective, and less hazardous to increase treatment effectiveness. Thus, an extensive comprehension of the various facets and recent developments in natural polymeric nanobiocomposites utilized to deliver anti-cancer drugs is imperative. The present article provides an overview of the latest research and developments in natural polymeric nanobiocomposites, particularly emphasizing their applications in the controlled and targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha 743 234, India
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751 003, India;
| | - Prithviraj Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Royal School of Pharmacy, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati 781 035, India;
| | - Sabyasachi Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India;
| | - Bankim Chandra Nandy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha 743 234, India;
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12
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Babelyte M, Peciulyte L, Navikaite-Snipaitiene V, Bendoraitiene J, Samaryk V, Rutkaite R. Synthesis and Characterization of Thermoresponsive Chitosan- graft-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3154. [PMID: 37571048 PMCID: PMC10421412 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive chitosan-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (CS-g-PNIPAAm) copolymers of different composition were synthesized by free-radical polymerization of chitosan (CS) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (PPS) as an initiator. By changing the molar ratio of CS:NIPAAm from 1:0.25 to 1:10 graft copolymers with a CS backbone and different amounts of PNIPAM side chains were prepared. The chemical structure of the obtained CS-g-PNIPAAm copolymers was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. 1H NMR spectra were also used to calculate the content of attached PNIPAAm side chains. Moreover, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of synthesized copolymers was assessed by cloud point, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size measurements. The aqueous solutions of copolymers containing ≥12 molar percent of PNIPAAm side chains demonstrated LCST behavior with the phase separation at around 29.0-32.7 °C. The intensity of thermoresponsiveness depended on the composition of copolymers and increased with increasing content of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) moieties. The synthesized thermoresponsive chitosan-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers could be potentially applied in drug delivery systems or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Babelyte
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.B.); (L.P.); (V.N.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Laura Peciulyte
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.B.); (L.P.); (V.N.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Vesta Navikaite-Snipaitiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.B.); (L.P.); (V.N.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Joana Bendoraitiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.B.); (L.P.); (V.N.-S.); (J.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Samaryk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Stepana Bandery St. 14, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Ramune Rutkaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.B.); (L.P.); (V.N.-S.); (J.B.)
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13
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Bhuyan MM, Islam M, Jeong JH. The Preparation and Characterization of N, N-Dimethyl Acrylamide-Diallyl Maleate Gel/Hydrogel in a Non-Aqueous Solution. Gels 2023; 9:598. [PMID: 37623053 PMCID: PMC10453531 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A few drugs need non-aqueous gels for release in the specific region of the intestine. The present work focuses on preparing N,N-Dimethyl acrylamide-Diallyl Maleate (DMAA-DAM) gel in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent by applying different doses of gamma radiation and then characterization. The blend solution of 10%: 10%-DMAA: DAM was prepared in DMSO and irradiated at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy doses from the Co-60 gamma source. After extraction, it was observed that all of the radiation doses yielded more than 95% gel content. The best gel content was found for 10 kGy dose, which was 97%. The equilibrium swelling was optimized 1800% of the dried gel for 5 kGy dose. Gel formation was confirmed by analyzing characteristic functional groups and the environment of protons in the gel structure by using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability was tested using DSC and TGA which showed the glass transition temperature at 86.55 °C and the degradation started at 320 °C. The XRD pattern analysis revealed the semi-crystalline nature of the gel. Therefore, DMAA-DAM gels can be a good candidate for use in different fields of study, especially in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Murshed Bhuyan
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Lab., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Mobinul Islam
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Lab., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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14
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Chelu M, Musuc AM, Popa M, Calderon Moreno J. Aloe vera-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing: Properties and Therapeutic Effects. Gels 2023; 9:539. [PMID: 37504418 PMCID: PMC10379830 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera-based hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for the delivery of therapeutic agents in wound dressings due to their biocompatibility and unique wound-healing properties. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of Aloe vera-based hydrogels for wound healing. The synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and properties of Aloe vera-based hydrogels are discussed. Mechanisms of therapeutic agents released from Aloe vera-based hydrogels, including diffusion, swelling, and degradation, are also analyzed. In addition, the therapeutic effects of Aloe vera-based hydrogels on wound healing, as well as the reduction of inflammation, antimicrobial activity, and tissue regeneration, are highlighted. The incorporation of various therapeutic agents, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ones, into Aloe vera-based hydrogels is reviewed in detail. Furthermore, challenges and future prospects of Aloe vera-based hydrogels for wound dressing applications are considered. This review provides valuable information on the current status of Aloe vera-based hydrogels for the delivery of therapeutic agents in wound dressings and highlights their potential to improve wound healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Jose Calderon Moreno
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.P.)
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15
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Chelu M, Popa M, Calderon Moreno J, Leonties AR, Ozon EA, Pandele Cusu J, Surdu VA, Aricov L, Musuc AM. Green Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based Adsorbent Material for the Effective Removal of Diclofenac Sodium from Wastewater. Gels 2023; 9:454. [PMID: 37367125 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the advancements of hydrogel-based adsorbents as a green solution for their ease of use, ease of modification, biodegradability, non-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on the design of an efficient adsorbent hydrogel based on 1% chitosan, 40% polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), and 4% xanthan gum (referred to as CPX) for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) from water. The interaction between positively charged chitosan and negatively charged xanthan gum and PEG4000 leads to strengthening of the hydrogel structure. The obtained CPX hydrogel, prepared by a green, simple, easy, low-cost, and ecological method, has a higher viscosity due to the three-dimensional polymer network and mechanical stability. The physical, chemical, rheological, and pharmacotechnical parameters of the synthesized hydrogel were determined. Swelling analysis demonstrated that the new synthetized hydrogel is not pH-dependent. The obtained adsorbent hydrogel reached the adsorption capacity (172.41 mg/g) at the highest adsorbent amount (200 mg) after 350 min. In addition, the adsorption kinetics were calculated using a pseudo first-order model and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. The results demonstrate that CPX hydrogel can be used as an efficient option to remove DCF as a pharmaceutical contaminant from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chelu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Popa
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jose Calderon Moreno
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ruxandra Leonties
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jeanina Pandele Cusu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Adrian Surdu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Aricov
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Qin Y, Li H, Shen HX, Wang CF, Chen S. Rapid Preparation of Superabsorbent Self-Healing Hydrogels by Frontal Polymerization. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050380. [PMID: 37232973 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have received increasing interest owing to their excellent physicochemical properties and wide applications. In this paper, we report the rapid fabrication of new hydrogels possessing a super water swelling capacity and self-healing ability using a fast, energy-efficient, and convenient method of frontal polymerization (FP). Self-sustained copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), 3-[Dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azaniumyl]propane-1-sulfonate (SBMA), and acrylic acid (AA) within 10 min via FP yielded highly transparent and stretchable poly(AM-co-SBMA-co-AA) hydrogels. Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful fabrication of poly(AM-co-SBMA-co-AA) hydrogels with a single copolymer composition without branched polymers. The effect of monomer ratio on FP features as well as porous morphology, swelling behavior, and self-healing performance of the hydrogels were systematically investigated, showing that the properties of the hydrogels could be tuned by adjusting the chemical composition. The resulting hydrogels were superabsorbent and sensitive to pH, exhibiting a high swelling ratio of up to 11,802% in water and 13,588% in an alkaline environment. The rheological data revealed a stable gel network. These hydrogels also had a favorable self-healing ability with a healing efficiency of up to 95%. This work contributes a simple and efficient method for the rapid preparation of superabsorbent and self-healing hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai-Xia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Yamamoto T. Relationship between Rate-Limiting Process and Scaling Law in Gel Growth Induced by Liquid-Liquid Contact. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050359. [PMID: 37232951 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelation through the liquid-liquid contact between a polymer solution and a gelator solution has been attempted with various combinations of gelator and polymer solutions. In many combinations, the gel growth dynamics is expressed as X∼t, where X is the gel thickness and t is the elapsed time, and the scaling law holds for the relationship between X and t. In the blood plasma gelation, however, the crossover of the growth behavior from X∼t in the early stage to X∼t in the late stage was observed. It was found that the crossover behavior is caused by a change in the rate-limiting process of growth from the free-energy-limited process to the diffusion-limited process. How, then, would the crossover phenomenon be described in terms of the scaling law? We found that the scaling law does not hold in the early stage owing to the characteristic length attributable to the free energy difference between the sol-gel phases, but it does in the late stage. We also discussed the analysis method for the crossover in terms of the scaling law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yamamoto
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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18
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Chelu M, Popa M, Ozon EA, Pandele Cusu J, Anastasescu M, Surdu VA, Calderon Moreno J, Musuc AM. High-Content Aloe vera Based Hydrogels: Physicochemical and Pharmaceutical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051312. [PMID: 36904552 PMCID: PMC10007233 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research focuses on the physicochemical and pharmacotechnical properties of new hydrogels obtained using allantoin, xanthan gum, salicylic acid and different concentrations of Aloe vera (5, 10, 20% w/v in solution; 38, 56, 71 wt% in dry gels). The thermal behavior of Aloe vera composite hydrogels was studied using DSC and TG/DTG analyses. The chemical structure was investigated using different characterization methods (XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies) and the morphology of the hydrogels was studied SEM and AFM microscopy. Pharmacotechnical evaluation on tensile strength and elongation, moisture content, swelling and spreadability was also completed. Physical evaluation confirmed that the appearance of the prepared Aloe vera based hydrogels was homogeneous and the color varied from pale beige to deep opaque beige with increasing Aloe vera concentration. All other evaluation parameters, e.g., pH, viscosity, spreadability and consistency were found to be adequate in all hydrogel formulations. SEM and AFM images show that the structure of the hydrogels condensed into homogeneous polymeric solids with the addition of Aloe vera, in accordance with the decrease in peak intensities observed via XRD analysis. These results suggest interactions between the hydrogel matrix and Aloe vera as observed via FTIR and TG/DTG and DSC analyses. Considering that Aloe vera content higher than 10% (w/v) did not stimulate further interactions, this formulation (FA-10) can be used for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chelu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Popa
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (J.C.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jeanina Pandele Cusu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Anastasescu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Adrian Surdu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jose Calderon Moreno
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (J.C.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (J.C.M.); (A.M.M.)
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