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Argentiero A, Andriano A, Caradonna IC, de Martino G, Desantis V. Decoding the Intricate Landscape of Pancreatic Cancer: Insights into Tumor Biology, Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2438. [PMID: 39001498 PMCID: PMC11240778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents significant oncological challenges due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in progression and treatment resistance. Non-neoplastic cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), contribute to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Although immune cells infiltrate TME, tumor cells evade immune responses by secreting chemokines and expressing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Vascular components, like endothelial cells and pericytes, stimulate angiogenesis to support tumor growth, while adipocytes secrete factors that promote cell growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. Additionally, perineural invasion, a characteristic feature of PDAC, contributes to local recurrence and poor prognosis. Moreover, key signaling pathways including Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Notch, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and Wnt/β-catenin drive tumor progression and resistance. Targeting the TME is crucial for developing effective therapies, including strategies like inhibiting CAFs, modulating immune response, disrupting angiogenesis, and blocking neural cell interactions. A recent multi-omic approach has identified signature genes associated with anoikis resistance, which could serve as prognostic biomarkers and targets for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Andriano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ingrid Catalina Caradonna
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia de Martino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Liang S. Correlation Between miR-497-5p Expression With Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis in Patients With Breast Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:200-205. [PMID: 38497335 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) comprises multiple biological and histologic properties. MicroRNAs show key functions in cancer prognosis. This paper explored the relationship between miR-497-5p with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in BC. Cancer tissues and normal adjacent tissues (NATs) were collected from 140 included patients with BC. The clinical baseline data, including age, tumor size, pathologic grade, clinical stage, modified Scraff-Bloom-Richardson grade, and lymph node metastasis, were recorded. miR-497-5p expression in cancer tissues and NAT was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Patients with BC were followed up for 5 years to record their survival. Patients were divided into the miR-497-5p low expression and high expression groups to assess the correlation between miR-497-5p expression with clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival of patients. The role of miR-497-5p as an independent risk factor for death was further analyzed by a multivariate Cox regression model. miR-497-5p was downregulated in BC tissues than NAT. Tumor size, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis showed significant differences among patients with high and low miR-497-5p expression levels. Patients with BC with low miR-497-5p expression presented decreased survival. Lowly-expressed miR-497-5p was an independent risk factor for death in patients. Collectively, cancer tissue miR-497-5p low expression increases the risk of death and serves as an independent risk factor for death in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin
| | - Shujing Liang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Miraki Feriz A, Baradaran B, Safarpour H. Tumor-infiltrating CD8 + sub-populations in primary and recurrent glioblastoma: An in-silico study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27329. [PMID: 38495199 PMCID: PMC10943382 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains an incurable primary brain tumor. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can target malignant cells; however, their anti-tumoral immune responses mostly do not lead to GBM rejection in GBM patients. We profiled the sub-populations of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells, i.e., naïve, cytotoxic, and exhausted cells, in primary and recurrent GBM tissues and provided a blueprint for future precision-based GBM immunotherapy. Method We re-analyzed the raw data of single-cell RNA sequencing on the cells residing in the GBM microenvironment and leveraged tumor bulk RNA analyses to study the significance of CD8+ TILs sub-populations in primary and recurrent GBM. We investigated cell-cell interaction between exhausted CD8+ TILs and other immune cells residing in the primary and recurrent GBM microenvironments and profiled the expression changes following CD8+ TILs' transition from primary GBM to recurrent GBM. Results Exhausted CD8+ TILs are the majority of CD8+ TILs sub-populations in primary and recurrent GBM, and cytotoxic CD8+ TILs display decreased expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint (IC) molecules in the primary and recurrent GBM. In the primary and recurrent GBM microenvironment, exhausted CD8+ TILs interact most with tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. Conclusion This study demonstrates the profiles of CD8+ TILs sub-populations in primary and recurrent GBM and provides a proof-of-concept for future precision-based GBM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adib Miraki Feriz
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Baghbanzadeh A, Baradaran B. hsa-miR-34a-5p enhances temozolomide anti-tumoral effects on glioblastoma: in-silico and in-vitro study. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:384-400. [PMID: 38655096 PMCID: PMC11036064 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a commonly diagnosed brain neoplasm with a poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the significance of microRNA (miR) dysregulation in tumor development and progression. This study investigated the effect of hsa-miR-34a-5p and its combination with temozolomide on GBM, the related molecular mechanisms, and the signaling pathway using in-silico and in-vitro approaches. The in-silico tumor bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses were done on TCGA-GTEx, CGGA, GSE13276, GSE90603, and GSE182109 datasets. After selecting the A172 cell line, hsa-miR-34a-5p mimics were transfected, and the cell viability, migration, cell cycle, clonogenicity, and apoptosis of studied groups were studied using MTT, scratch, flow cytometry, colony formation, and Annexin V/PI assays. The mRNA expression of CASP9, CASP3, CASP8, MMP2, CD44, CDK6, CDK4, CCND1, RAF1, MAP2K1, MET, SRC, and CD274 was studied using qRT-PCR method. hsa-miR-34a-5p downregulated RAF1 expression, as the signaling factor of the MAPK pathway. The combined treatment significantly downregulated the expression of MET, SRC, and MAP2K1, leading to the inhibition of the MET/MAPK pathway compared to temozolomide. Besides exerting anti-tumoral effects on the cell viability, migration, cell cycle, apoptosis, and clonogenicity of A172 cells, its combination with temozolomide enhanced temozolomide anti-tumoral effect. Compared to temozolomide, the combined treatment significantly decreased CDK4, CDK6, CCND1, and MMP2 expression. hsa-miR-34a-5p targets RAF1, as the signaling factor of the MAPK pathway, and potentiates the temozolomide anti-tumoral effect on A172 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hosseinkhani N, Hemmat N, Baghbani E, Baghbanzadeh A, Kazemi T, Mokhtarzadeh A, Jafarlou M, Amin Doustvandi M, Baradaran B. Dual silencing of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 stimulates T-cell mediated immune responses and inhibits MCF7 breast cancer development. Gene 2024; 896:148043. [PMID: 38042220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) can be expressed in tumoral cells and facilitate immune evasion of tumoral cells. Herein, we studied the significance of tumor-intrinsic CTLA-4 and VISTA silencing in tumor development and inflammatory factors expression in a co-culture system with MCF7 and T-cells. METHODS MCF7 cells were transfected with 60 pmol of CTLA-siRNA, VISTA-siRNA, and dual VISTA-/CTLA-4-siRNA. The MTT assay was performed to study the effect of CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown on the viability of MCF7 cells. Colony formation and wound-healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of CTLA-4 and VISTA silencing on the clonogenicity and migration of MCF7 cells. Flow cytometry was used to study the significance of CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown on the apoptosis and cell cycle of MCF7 cells. Also, a co-culture system with MCF7 and T-cells was developed to study the expression levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 following CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown. The expression levels of caspase3, Bax, Bcl2, and MMP-9 were also investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, the TCGA Breast Cancer and GSE45827 datasets were analyzed to study the potential prognostic values of VISTA and CTLA-4, their expression difference in luminal A breast cancer and non-tumoral tissues, and their correlation in luminal A breast cancer tissues. RESULTS Combined knockdown of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 is superior in upregulating IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, downregulating TGF-β and IL-10 in T lymphocytes. Also, the combined silencing arrests the cell cycle at the sub-G1 phase, decreases migration, inhibits clonogenicity, and reduces cell viability of MCF7 cells. This combined treatment upregulates caspase 9 and BAX and downregulates MMP-9 in MCF7 cells. Our in-silico results have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between CTLA-4 and VISTA in luminal A breast cancer. CONCLUSION The additive effect of the combined knockdown of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 can substantially upregulate pro-inflammatory factors, downregulate anti-inflammatory factors, and inhibit tumor development in MCF7 cells. The significant positive correlation between VISTA and CTLA-4 in luminal A breast cancer might support the idea that a network of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules regulates anti-tumoral immune responses; thus, combinational immune checkpoint molecules blockade can be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ke CH, Lin CN, Lin CS. Hormone, Targeted, and Combinational Therapies for Breast Cancers: From Humans to Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:732. [PMID: 38255807 PMCID: PMC10815110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in women. In female dogs, canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is also the leading neoplasm. Comparative oncology indicates similar tumor behaviors between human BCs (HBCs) and CMTs. Therefore, this review summarizes the current research in hormone and targeted therapies and describes the future prospects for HBCs and CMTs. For hormone receptor-expressing BCs, the first medical intervention is hormone therapy. Monoclonal antibodies against Her2 are proposed for the treatment of Her2+ BCs. However, the major obstacle in hormone therapy or monoclonal antibodies is drug resistance. Therefore, increasing alternatives have been developed to overcome these difficulties. We systemically reviewed publications that reported inhibitors targeting certain molecules in BC cells. The various treatment choices for humans decrease mortality in females with BC. However, the development of hormone or targeted therapies in veterinary medicine is still limited. Even though some clinical trials have been proposed, severe side effects and insufficient case numbers might restrict further explorations. This difficulty highlights the urgent need to develop updated hormone/targeted therapy or novel immunotherapies. Therefore, exploring new therapies to provide more precise use in dogs with CMTs will be the focus of future research. Furthermore, due to the similarities shared by humans and dogs, well-planned prospective clinical trials on the use of combinational or novel immunotherapies in dogs with CMTs to obtain solid results for both humans and dogs can be reasonably anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hemmat N, Abdoli Shadbad M, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. HSV1 microRNAs in glioblastoma development: an in silico study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27. [PMID: 38167429 PMCID: PMC10761845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor. Recent findings highlighted the significance of viral microRNAs (miRs) in regulating post-transcriptional mRNA expression in various human conditions. Although HSV1 encodes viral miRs and affects the central nervous system, no study investigated the roles of HSV1-encoding miRs in GBM development. This study applied in silico approaches to investigate whether HSV1-encoding miRs are involved in GBM development and, if so, how they regulate tumor-suppressive/oncogenes expression in GBM. This study leveraged bioinformatics approaches to identify the potential effect of HSV1 miRs in GBM development. The GSE158284, GSE153679, and GSE182109 datasets were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes in GBM tissues and cell lines using the limma package in the R software. The GSE182109 dataset was analyzed to determine gene expression at the single-cell levels using the Seurat package in the R software. The TCGA-GTEX, GDSC, CTRP, immunogenetic, and enrichment analyses were performed to study the impact of identified viral HSV1 miRs targets in GBM development. hsv1-miR-H6-3p is upregulated in GBM and can be responsible for EPB41L1 and SH3PXD2A downregulation in GBM tissues. Also, hsv1-miR-H1-5p is upregulated in GBM and can decrease the expression of MELK, FZD2, NOVA1, TMEM97, PTPRZ1, and PDGFC in GBM development. The single-cell RNA sequencing analyses have demonstrated that MELK, FZD2, NOVA1, TMEM97, PTPRZ1, and PDGFC are expressed in astrocytes residing in the GBM microenvironment. This study provides novel insights into the potential roles of HSV1 miRs in GBM pathogenesis and offers a reference for further studies on the significance of HSV1 miRs in GBM development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zhang R, Chen Y, Liu X, Gui X, Zhu A, Jiang H, Shao B, Liang X, Yan Y, Zhang J, Song G, Li H. Efficacy of apatinib 250 mg combined with chemotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced breast cancer in a real-world setting. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1076469. [PMID: 37397355 PMCID: PMC10314217 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1076469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of apatinib (an oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR-2) 250 mg combined with chemotherapy in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer in a real-world setting. Patients and methods A database of patients with advanced breast cancer who received apatinib between December 2016 and December 2019 in our institution was reviewed, and patients who received apatinib combined with chemotherapy were included. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), the objective response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR), and treatment-related toxicity were analyzed. Results In total, 52 evaluated patients with metastatic breast cancer previously exposed to anthracyclines or taxanes who received apatinib 250 mg combined with chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. Median PFS and OS were 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.2-6.4) and 15.4 months (95% CI = 9.2-21.6), respectively. The ORR and DCR were 25% and 86.5%, respectively. Median PFS for the previous line of treatment was 2.1 months (95% CI = 0.65-3.6), which was significantly shorter than that for the apatinib-chemotherapy combination (p < 0.001). No significant difference was identified in the ORR and PFS among the subgroups(subtypes, target lesion, combined regimens and treatment lines). The common toxicities related to apatinib were hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, proteinuria, and fatigue events. Conclusion Apatinib 250 mg combined with chemotherapy provided favorable efficacy in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer regardless of molecular types and treatment lines. The toxicities of the regimen were well tolerated and manageable. This regimen could be a potential treatment option in patients with refractory pretreated metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiping Li
- *Correspondence: Guohong Song, ; Huiping Li,
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Solimando AG, Bittrich M, Shahini E, Albanese F, Fritz G, Krebs M. Determinants of COVID-19 Disease Severity-Lessons from Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders including Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108746. [PMID: 37240091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with primary and secondary immune disorders-including patients suffering from cancer-were generally regarded as a high-risk population in terms of COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. By now, scientific evidence indicates that there is substantial heterogeneity regarding the vulnerability towards COVID-19 in patients with immune disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the effect of coexistent immune disorders on COVID-19 disease severity and vaccination response. In this context, we also regarded cancer as a secondary immune disorder. While patients with hematological malignancies displayed lower seroconversion rates after vaccination in some studies, a majority of cancer patients' risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease were either inherent (such as metastatic or progressive disease) or comparable to the general population (age, male gender and comorbidities such as kidney or liver disease). A deeper understanding is needed to better define patient subgroups at a higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease courses. At the same time, immune disorders as functional disease models offer further insights into the role of specific immune cells and cytokines when orchestrating the immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 infection. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and the duration of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the general population, as well as immune-compromised and oncological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Solimando
- Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-(DiMePRe-J), Aldo Moro Bari University, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Max Bittrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Endrit Shahini
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology S. De Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Federica Albanese
- Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-(DiMePRe-J), Aldo Moro Bari University, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Georg Fritz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy at the Immanuel Klinikum Bernau, Heart Center Brandenburg, 16321 Bernau, Germany
| | - Markus Krebs
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Goidescu IG, Nemeti G, Surcel M, Caracostea G, Florian AR, Cruciat G, Staicu A, Muresan D, Goidescu C, Pintican R, Eniu DT. Spectrum of High-Risk Mutations among Breast Cancer Patients Referred for Multigene Panel Testing in a Romanian Population. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061895. [PMID: 36980780 PMCID: PMC10047778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Multigene panel testing for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) using next generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming a standard in medical care. There are insufficient genetic studies reported on breast cancer (BC) patients from Romania and most of them are focused only on BRCA 1/2 genes (Breast cancer 1/2). (2) Methods: NGS was performed in 255 consecutive cases of BC referred for management in our clinic between 2015-2019. (3) Results: From the 171 mutations identified, 85 were in the high-penetrance BC susceptibility genes category, 72 were pathogenic genes, and 13 genes were in the (variants of uncertain significance) VUS genes category. Almost half of the mutations were in the BRCA 1 gene. The most frequent BRCA1 variant was c.3607C>T (14 cases), followed by c.5266dupC (11 cases). Regarding BRCA-2 mutations we identified c.9371A>T (nine cases), followed by c.8755-1G>A in three cases, and we diagnosed VUS mutations in three cases. We also identified six pathogenic variants in the PALB2 gene and two pathogenic variants in (tumor protein P 53) TP53. (4) Conclusions: The majority of pathogenic mutations in the Romanian population with BC were in the BRCA 1/ 2 genes, followed by PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) and TP53, while in the CDH1 (cadherin 1) and STK11 (Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase) genes we only identified VUS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Gabriel Goidescu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georgiana Nemeti
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Surcel
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Caracostea
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Roxana Florian
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Cruciat
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adelina Staicu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Muresan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cerasela Goidescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic I-Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Pintican
- Department of Radiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Tudor Eniu
- Department of Surgery 2, University Emergency Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Li J, Zhang D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Liang G, Yuan X, Li Y, Komorowski AL, Rozen WM, Orlandi A, Takabe K, Franceschini G, Jerusalem G, Wang X. The combined effect and mechanism of antiangiogenic drugs and PD-L1 inhibitor on cell apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:83. [PMID: 36819490 PMCID: PMC9929791 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-6446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis. Standard systemic treatment includes chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are considered in breast cancer (BRCA) susceptibility genes mutated tumors. The role of antiangiogenic drugs is controversial. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor is now a standard of care for TNBC in the US, but its use in combination with anlotinib, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, on TNBC cells was never investigated. Methods We tested the effects of anlotinib and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-468 and BT-549 TNBC cells through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, cell apoptosis assay, wound healing and transwell matrix assays, and verified whether the combination of the two drugs had synergistic effect. Western blotting was used to detect the effect of anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor on the protein expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, Bcl-xl in MDA-MB-468 and BT-549 cells. The effects of anlotinib, PD-L1 inhibitor and the combination of the two drugs on the transplanted tumor of TNBC mice were tested by animal experiments. Results Anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor inhibited the proliferation and promote cell apoptosis of MDA-MB-468 and BT-549 cells, and the combination demonstrated the synergetic effect. Anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor inhibited cell migration and invasion, and the effect was strongest in the combination group. Both anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor reduced the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT and Bcl-xl proteins in cells and the effects were the strongest in the combination group. Both anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors in mice, and the combined group demonstrated the strongest growth suppression. Conclusions Anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor can inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC and promote cell apoptosis, and the two drugs show combined anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro. The combination of anlotinib and PD-L1 inhibitor may promote apoptosis of TNBC cells through PI3K/AKT/Bcl-xl signaling pathways, which might offer potential clinical treatment roles for these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Warren Matthew Rozen
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Frankston Victoria, Australia
| | - Armando Orlandi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Unit of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences The State University of New York, Bufflo, NY, USA;,Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bufflo, NY, USA
| | - Gianluca Franceschini
- Breast Unit, Department of Women, Children and Public Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Medica l Oncology Department, CHU Liège and Liège University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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12
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Zhou H, Jia W, Lu L, Han R. MicroRNAs with Multiple Targets of Immune Checkpoints, as a Potential Sensitizer for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:824. [PMID: 36765782 PMCID: PMC9913694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in the treatment of breast cancer, yet there are still a considerable number of patients who are unable to gain lasting and ideal clinical benefits by immunotherapy alone, which leads to the development of a combination regimen as a novel research hotspot. Furthermore, one miRNA can target several checkpoint molecules, mimicking the therapeutic effect of a combined immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which means that the miRNA therapy has been considered to increase the efficiency of ICIs. In this review, we summarized potential miRNA therapeutics candidates which can affect multiple targets of immune checkpoints in breast cancer with more therapeutic potential, and the obstacles to applying miRNA therapeutically through the analyses of the resources available from a drug target perspective. We also included the content of "too many targets for miRNA effect" (TMTME), combined with applying TargetScan database, to discuss adverse events. This review aims to ignite enthusiasm to explore the application of miRNAs with multiple targets of immune checkpoint molecules, in combination with ICIs for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Wentao Jia
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
- School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Data Science, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
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13
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Hajibabaei S, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Nafissi N, Zeinali S, Azizi M. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of miR-335 and miR-145 is involved in breast cancer PD-L1 overexpression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1003. [PMID: 36653507 PMCID: PMC9849328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 is one of the most important immune checkpoint molecules in breast cancer that plays an important role in suppressing the immune system when confronted with tumor cells and is regulated by various microRNAs. Among them, microRNA-335-3p and microRNA-145-5p, regulated by DNA methylation, have tumor suppressor activities. We studied the role of miR-335 and -145 on PD-L1 suppression in breast cancer. The expression of miR-355 and miR-145 was significantly downregulated in BC tissues and cell lines compared to their controls, and their downregulation was negatively correlated with PD-L1 overexpression. In-silico and luciferase reporter systems confirmed that miR-335 and -145 target PD-L1. In BC tissues and cell lines, cancer-specific methylation was found in CpG-rich areas upstream of miR-335 and-145, and up-regulation of PD-L1 expression was connected with hypermethylation (r = 0.4089, P = 0.0147, and r = 0.3373, P = 0.0475, respectively). The higher levels of miR-355 and -145 in BC cells induced apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle, and reduced proliferation significantly. In summary, we found that miR-335 and -145 are novel tumor suppressors inactivated in BC, and these miRs may serve as potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hajibabaei
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nahid Nafissi
- Breast Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69th Pasteur Street, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azizi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69th Pasteur Street, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Deng S, Wang M, Wang C, Zeng Y, Qin X, Tan Y, Liang B, Cao Y. p53 downregulates PD-L1 expression via miR-34a to inhibit the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells: a potential clinical immunotherapeutic target. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:577-587. [PMID: 36352176 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poorer responses to therapy and lower overall survival rates. The use of an inhibitor of immune checkpoint programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a promising treatment strategy and is approved for malignant tumors, especially for TNBC. p53 regulates various biological processes, but the association between p53 and immune evasion remains unknown. miR-34a is a known tumor suppressor and p53-regulated miRNA that is downregulated in several cancers; however, it has not been reported in TNBC. Herein, we aimed to explore the regulatory signaling axis among p53, miR-34a and PD-L1 in TNBC cells in vivo and in tissue and to improve our understanding of immunotherapy for TNBC. METHODS AND RESULTS p53-EGFP, p53-siRNA and miR-34a mimics were transfected into TNBC cell lines, and the interaction between miR-34a and PD-L1 was analyzed via dual-luciferase reporter assays. We found that p53 could inhibit the expression of PD-L1 via miR-34a and that miR-34a could inhibit both cell activity and migration and promoted apoptosis and cytotoxicity in TNBC. Furthermore, miR-34a agomir was injected into MDA-MB-231 tumors of nude mice. The results showed that miR-34a could inhibit tumor growth and downregulate the expression of PD-L1 in vivo. A total of 133 TNBC tissue samples were analyzed by immunochemistry; the proportion of positive expression of PD-L1 was 57.14% (76/133), and the proportion of samples with negative expression of PD-L1 was 42.86% (57/133). CONCLUSION Our research may provide a novel potential target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Deng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Mengna Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 6 Panxi Seventh Branch Road, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, 400021, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Tan
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Youde Cao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.
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15
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Solimando AG, Desantis V, Da Vià MC. Visualizing the Interactions Shaping the Imaging of the Microenvironment in Human Cancers. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2572:67-79. [PMID: 36161408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2703-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution (Visium 10×) allows for the mRNA analysis using high throughput sequencing and maps a transcriptional expression pattern in tissue sections using high-resolution microscope imaging in ex-vivo human and mice samples. The workflow surveys spatial global gene expression in tissue sections, exploiting the whole transcriptome profiling and defining the set of transcripts via targeted gene panels. An automated cell type annotation allows a comparison with control tissue samples. This technique delineates cancerous or diseased tissue boundaries and details gene expression gradients in the tissue surrounding the tumor or pathologic nests. Remarkably, the Visium 10× allows for whole transcriptome and targeted analysis without the loss of spatial information. This approach provides gene expression data within the context of tissue architecture, tissue microenvironments, and cell groups. It can be used in association with therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, and immunotherapy to improve treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Claudio Da Vià
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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16
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Alam MS, Sultana A, Wang G, Haque Mollah MN. Gene expression profile analysis to discover molecular signatures for early diagnosis and therapies of triple-negative breast cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1049741. [PMID: 36567949 PMCID: PMC9768339 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1049741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most lethal subtypes of breast cancer (BC), and it accounts for approximately 10%-20% of all invasive BCs diagnosed worldwide. The survival rate of TNBC in stages III and IV is very low, and a large number of patients are diagnosed in these stages. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify TNBC-causing molecular signatures and anti-TNBC drug agents for early diagnosis and therapies. Five microarray datasets that contained 304 TNBC and 109 control samples were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and RNA-Seq data with 116 tumor and 124 normal samples were collected from TCGA database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TNBC and control samples. A total of 64 DEGs were identified, of which 29 were upregulated and 35 were downregulated, by using the statistical limma R-package. Among them, seven key genes (KGs) were commonly selected from microarray and RNA-Seq data based on the high degree of connectivity through PPI (protein-protein interaction) and module analysis. Out of these seven KGs, six KGs (TOP2A, BIRC5, AURKB, ACTB, ASPM, and BUB1B) were upregulated and one (EGFR) was downregulated. We also investigated their differential expression patterns with different subtypes and progression stages of BC by the independent datasets of RNA-seq profiles from UALCAN database, which indicated that they may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses with the proposed DEGs were performed using the online Enrichr database to investigate the pathogenetic processes of TNBC highlighting KGs. Then, we performed gene regulatory network analysis and identified three transcriptional (SOX2, E2F4, and KDM5B) and three post-transcriptional (hsa-mir-1-3p, hsa-mir-124-3p, and hsa-mir-34a-5p) regulators of KGs. Finally, we proposed five KG-guided repurposable drug molecules (imatinib, regorafenib, pazopanib, teniposide, and dexrazoxane) for TNBC through network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. These drug molecules also showed significant binding performance with some cancer-related PTM-sites (phosphorylation, succinylation, and ubiquitination) of top-ranked four key proteins (EGFR, AURKB, BIRC5, and TOP2A). Therefore, the findings of this computational study may play a vital role in early diagnosis and therapies against TNBC by wet-lab validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahin Alam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adiba Sultana
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Guanghui Wang, ; Md Nurul Haque Mollah,
| | - Md Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Lab. (Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh,*Correspondence: Guanghui Wang, ; Md Nurul Haque Mollah,
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17
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Kudelova E, Smolar M, Holubekova V, Hornakova A, Dvorska D, Lucansky V, Koklesova L, Kudela E, Kubatka P. Genetic Heterogeneity, Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314937. [PMID: 36499265 PMCID: PMC9735793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer is well known at clinical, histopathological, and molecular levels. Genomic instability and greater mutation rates, which may result in the creation of neoantigens and enhanced immunogenicity, are additional characteristics of this breast cancer type. Clinical outcome is poor due to early age of onset, high metastatic potential, and increased likelihood of distant recurrence. Consequently, efforts to elucidate molecular mechanisms of breast cancer development, progression, and metastatic spread have been initiated to improve treatment options and improve outcomes for these patients. The extremely complex and heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment is made up of several cell types and commonly possesses disorganized gene expression. Altered signaling pathways are mainly associated with mutated genes including p53, PIK3CA, and MAPK, and which are positively correlated with genes regulating immune response. Of note, particular immunity-associated genes could be used in prognostic indexes to assess the most effective management. Recent findings highlight the fact that long non-coding RNAs also play an important role in shaping tumor microenvironment formation, and can mediate tumor immune evasion. Identification of molecular signatures, through the use of multi-omics approaches, and effector pathways that drive early stages of the carcinogenic process are important steps in developing new strategies for targeted cancer treatment and prevention. Advances in immunotherapy by remodeling the host immune system to eradicate tumor cells have great promise to lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Current research is focused on combining immune checkpoint inhibition with chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors, cancer vaccines, or natural killer cell therapy. Targeted therapies may improve therapeutic response, eliminate therapeutic resistance, and improve overall patient survival. In the future, these evolving advancements should be implemented for personalized medicine and state-of-art management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kudelova
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Smolar
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Holubekova
- Biomedical Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Hornakova
- Biomedical Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dana Dvorska
- Biomedical Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Biomedical Centre, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erik Kudela
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Tang W, Liu H, Li X, Ooi TC, Rajab NF, Cao H, Sharif R. Efficacy of zinc carnosine in the treatment of colorectal cancer and its potential in combination with immunotherapy in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8688-8699. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tang
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Theng Choon Ooi
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Hongyong Cao
- General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Razinah Sharif
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biocompatibility Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Shadbad MA, Ghorbaninezhad F, Hassanian H, Ahangar NK, Hosseinkhani N, Derakhshani A, Shekari N, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A scoping review on the significance of programmed death-ligand 1-inhibiting microRNAs in non-small cell lung treatment: A single-cell RNA sequencing-based study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1027758. [PMID: 36388933 PMCID: PMC9659572 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1027758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is one of the well-established inhibitory axes in regulating immune responses. Besides the significance of tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 expression in immune evasion, its oncogenic role has been implicated in various malignancies, like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs) have pivotal roles in cancer biology. The current study aimed to systematically review the current knowledge about the significance of PD-L1-inhibiting miRs in NSCLC inhibition and their underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted the current scoping review based on the PRISMA-ScR statement. We systematically searched Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Ovid, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and Pascal-Francis up to 4 April 2021. We also performed in silico tumor bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing to further the current knowledge of the non-coding RNA-mediated tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 regulation and the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in NSCLC. RESULTS The ectopic expression of hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-326, hsa-miR-526b-3p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-34c-5p, hsa-miR-138-5p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, and hsa-miR-197-3p, as PD-L1-inhibiting miR, inhibits NSCLC development. These PD-L1-inhibiting miRs can substantially regulate the cell cycle, migration, clonogenicity, invasion, apoptosis, tumor chemosensitivity, and host anti-tumoral immune responses. Based on single-cell RNA sequencing results, PD-L1 inhibition might liberate the tumor-infiltrated CD8+ T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs)-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses via disrupting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. CONCLUSION Given the promising preclinical results of these PD-L1-inhibiting miRs in inhibiting NSCLC development, their ectopic expression might improve NSCLC patients' prognosis; however, further studies are needed to translate this approach into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamidreza Hassanian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Najibeh Shekari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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The Features of Immune Checkpoint Gene Regulation by microRNA in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169324. [PMID: 36012588 PMCID: PMC9409052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the search for new promising tools of immunotherapy continues. In this regard, microRNAs (miRNAs) that influence immune checkpoint (IC) gene expression in tumor and T-cells and may be important regulators of immune cells are considered. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by blocking mRNA translation. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy. The article provides a list of miRNAs acting simultaneously on several ICs and miRNAs that, in addition to IC, can regulate the expression of targeted therapy genes. There is dependence of miRNA interactions with IC genes on the type of cancer. The analysis of the accumulated data demonstrates that only about 14% (95% CI: 9.8–20.1%) of the studied miRNAs regulate the expression of specific IC in more than one type of cancer. That is, there is tumor specificity in the miRNA action on ICs. A number of miRNAs demonstrated high efficiency in vitro and in vivo. This indicates the potential of miRNAs as promising agents for cancer immunotherapy. Additional studies of the miRNA–gene interaction features and the search for an optimal miRNA mimic structure are necessary.
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Local Breast Microbiota: A "New" Player on the Block. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153811. [PMID: 35954474 PMCID: PMC9367283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, training and function of the human immune system. The interactions between microbiota and immune cells have consequences in several settings, namely in carcinogenesis but also in anticancer activity. Immunotherapy, already widely used in the treatment of several solid cancers, modulates the action of the immune system, promoting antitumour effects. Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying the microbiota composition as a possible modulator of the tumour microenvironment and consequently of the response to certain therapies such as immunotherapy. Abstract The tumour microenvironment (TME) comprises a complex ecosystem of different cell types, including immune cells, cells of the vasculature and lymphatic system, cancer-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and adipocytes. Cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape are all influenced by the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and TME. Microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists, found within tumour tissues, constitute the intratumour microbiota, which is tumour type-specific and distinct among patients with different clinical outcomes. Growing evidence reveals a significant relevance of local microbiota in the colon, liver, breast, lung, oral cavity and pancreas carcinogenesis. Moreover, there is a growing interest in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) pointed out in several cross-sectional studies on the correlation between microbiota and TME. It is now known that microorganisms have the capacity to change the density and function of anticancer and suppressive immune cells, enabling the promotion of an inflammatory environment. As immunotherapy (such as immune checkpoint inhibitors) is becoming a promising therapy using TIME as a therapeutic target, the analysis and comprehension of local microbiota and its modulating strategies can help improve cancer treatments.
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Huang X, Hu X, Yi T. Efficacy and safety of apatinib monotherapy for patients with advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940171. [PMID: 35978823 PMCID: PMC9376484 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatients with advanced breast cancer usually have poor prognosis. Apatinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and the reports regarding the efficacy and safety of apatinib monotherapy for advanced breast cancer in the current literature are controversial. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to collect and pool efficacy and safety data of apatinib monotherapy for advanced breast cancer with the aim of providing up-to-date evidence to aid clinical practice.MethodsThis study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020190049). Three literature databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, were searched. For evaluating efficacy, the objective response rate and disease control rate were extracted or calculated. Safety was evaluated in terms of the proportions of patients with grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events. The pooled proportions of the outcomes and their 95% confidence interval were shown. The Kaplan–Meier curves of overall survival and progression-free survival were pooled from the extracted data of the included studies. Furthermore, pooled medians for overall survival and progression-free survival were calculated. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsSix studies were included and deemed eligible for further quality evaluation and analysis. The pooled objective response rate and disease control rate were 20.4% and 71.6%, respectively. The pooled proportions of four hematologic adverse events ranged from 2.6% to 6.9%. The pooled proportions of hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, transaminase increased, and proteinuria ranged from 4.1% to 24.3%, and other non-hematologic adverse events were <1%. The pooled median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.00 and 10.43 months, respectively, in cases of advanced breast cancer treated with apatinib.ConclusionsThis study confirms the reliable efficacy of apatinib monotherapy for advanced breast cancer. However, non-hematologic grade 3–4 adverse events, especially hypertension, are more frequently observed during apatinib treatment than during treatment with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as sunitinib or sorafenib.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020190049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xuhua Hu
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tongbo Yi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tongbo Yi,
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Noorolyai S, Baghbani E, Rahmani S, Shadbad MA, Montazami N, Jigari- Asl F, Vazirabad AF, Baradaran B. hsa-miR-34a-5p potentiates cytarabine-mediated cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells: a novel combination therapy. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:154004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kong X, Zheng Z, Song G, Zhang Z, Liu H, Kang J, Sun G, Sun G, Huang T, Li X, Rong D, Wang K, Tang W, Xia Y. Over-Expression of GUSB Leads to Primary Resistance of Anti-PD1 Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876048. [PMID: 35812439 PMCID: PMC9257027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy treatments, particularly immune checkpoint blockade, can result in benefits in clinical settings. But many pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that resistance to anti-PD1 therapy frequently occurs, leading to tumor recurrence and treatment failure, including in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, 10 patients with HCC were remedied with anti-PD1, and pre-treatment biopsy samples were sequenced for 289 nanostring panel RNA to compare responsive and non-responsive tumors to identify possible pretreatment biomarkers or targets of anti-PD1 therapeutic responses. Fortunately, the expression of β-Glucuronidase (GUSB) in the non-responding tumors was found to be remarkably higher than that in responding tumors. Results of the cell counting kit 8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU), transwell, wound healing test, and flow cytometry showed that GUSB facilitated proliferation, invasion, as well as migration of human HCC cells and downregulated PD-L1 expression by promoting miR-513a-5p. Additionally, as a GUSB inhibitor, amoxapine can reduce the progression of human HCC cells, and was an effective treatment for HCC and improved the sensitivity of anti-PD1 therapy. In summary, this study reveals that increased GUSB downregulates PD-L1 expression by promoting miR-513a-5p, leading to primary resistance to anti-PD1 treatment in HCC, and amoxapine enhances the sensitivity of anti-PD1 therapy by inhibiting GUSB, providing a new strategy and method for improving the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy and bringing new prospects for therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Song
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junwei Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Huang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Xia, ; Weiwei Tang, ; Ke Wang,
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Xia, ; Weiwei Tang, ; Ke Wang,
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Xia, ; Weiwei Tang, ; Ke Wang,
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Xu Q, Xu JL, Chen WQ, Xu WX, Song YX, Tang WJ, Xu D, Jiang MP, Tang J. Roles and mechanisms of miR-195-5p in human solid cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112885. [PMID: 35453003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer persists as a worldwide disease that contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. As a class of non-coding RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) are one kind of important regulators in cancer and frequently implicated in tumor development and progression. Emerging experiments have suggested that miRNA-195-5p (miR-195-5p) can regulate neoplastic processes in many pathways. For instance, miR-195-5p can not only regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells but also promote tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, low expression of miR-195-5p could induce drug resistance. Our review focuses on the expression of miR-195-5p in various tumors and elucidates the related mechanisms of which miR-195-5p participates in tumor biology, as well as summarizes the roles of miR-195-5p in tumor progression. We believe that miR-195-5p might have potential utility as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Wen-Quan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Wen-Xiu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Song
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Meng-Ping Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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New Achievements for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. The development of new TNBC treatment strategies has become an urgent clinical need. Diagnosis and subtyping of TNBC are essential to establish alternative treatments and targeted therapies for every TNBC patient. Chemotherapy, particularly with anthracycline and taxanes, remains the backbone for medical management for both early and metastatic TNBC. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy have revolutionized cancer treatment. Included in the different strategies studied for TNBC treatment is drug repurposing. Despite the numerous medications available, numerous studies in medicinal chemistry are still aimed at the synthesis of new compounds in order to find new antiproliferative agents capable of treating TNBC. Additionally, some supplemental micronutrients, nutraceuticals and functional foods can potentially reduce the risk of developing cancer or can retard the rate of growth and metastases of established malignant diseases. Finally, nanotechnology in medicine, termed nanomedicines, introduces nanoparticles of variable chemistry and architecture for cancer treatment. This review highlights the most recent studies in search of new therapies for the treatment of TNBC, along with nutraceuticals and repositioning of drugs.
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Powrózek T, Ochieng Otieno M. Blood Circulating Non-Coding RNAs for the Clinical Management of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:803. [PMID: 35159070 PMCID: PMC8833777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, and is related to unfavorable prognosis and limited treatment strategies. Currently, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers allowing for the clinical management of TNBC. This is probably caused by a complex molecular background, leading to the development and establishment of a unique tumor phenotype. Recent studies have reported non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) not only as the most promising class of molecular agents with a high applicability to manage human cancers, including TNBC, but also as robust and non-invasive biomarkers that are able to be monitored in blood circulation, with the application of liquid biopsy. There is a lack of papers discussing the role of blood-circulating ncRNAs as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic biomarkers for TNBC. In this paper, we summarized the available literature reports on the utility of blood-circulating ncRNAs for TNBC management. Additionally, we supplemented this review by bioinformatics analysis, for better understanding of the role of ncRNAs' machinery in the development of a unique TNBC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Powrózek
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michael Ochieng Otieno
- Haematological Malignancies H12O Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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28
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hemmat N, Khaze Shahgoli V, Derakhshani A, Baradaran F, Brunetti O, Fasano R, Bernardini R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review on PD-1 Blockade and PD-1 Gene-Editing of CAR-T Cells for Glioma Therapy: From Deciphering to Personalized Medicine. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788211. [PMID: 35126356 PMCID: PMC8807490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) can attenuate chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. In this regard, co-administration of anti-PD-1 with CAR-T cells and PD-1 gene-editing of CAR-T cells have been suggested to disrupt this inhibitory axis. Herein, we aim to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches and propose a novel strategy to ameliorate the prognosis of glioma patients. Methods Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched to obtain relevant peer-reviewed studies published before March 7, 2021. Then, the current study was conducted based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements. The random-effect model was applied to evaluate the effect size of administrated agents on the survival of animal models bearing gliomas using RevMan version 5.4. The Cochran Q test and I2 were performed to assess the possible between-study heterogeneity. Egger's and Begg and Mazumdar's tests were performed to objectively assess potential asymmetry and publication bias using CMA version 2. Results Anti-PD-1 can substantially increase the survival of animal models on second-generation CAR-T cells. Also, PD-1 knockdown can remarkably prolong the survival of animal models on third-generation CAR-T cells. Regardless of the CAR-T generations, PD-1 gene-edited CAR-T cells can considerably enhance the survival of animal-bearing gliomas compared to the conventional CAR-T cells. Conclusions The single-cell sequencing of tumoral cells and cells residing in the tumor microenvironment can provide valuable insights into the patient-derived neoantigens and the expression profile of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in tumor bulk. Thus, single-cell sequencing-guided fourth-generation CAR-T cells can cover patient-derived neoantigens expressed in various subpopulations of tumoral cells and inhibit related inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. The proposed approach can improve anti-tumoral immune responses, decrease the risk of immune-related adverse events, reduce the risk of glioma relapse, and address the vast inter-and intra-heterogeneity of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Farzad Baradaran
- Department of Computer (Computer engineering–Artificial Intelligence), Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Shadbad MA, Asadzadeh Z, Hosseinkhani N, Derakhshani A, Alizadeh N, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review of the Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T-Cells/PD-L1 Axis in High-Grade Glial Tumors: Toward Personalized Immuno-Oncology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734956. [PMID: 34603316 PMCID: PMC8486082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on preclinical findings, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) can substantially attenuate CD8+ T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. However, clinical studies have reported controversial results regarding the significance of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells/PD-L1 axis on the clinical picture and the response rate of patients with high-grade glial tumors to anti-cancer therapies. Herein, we conducted a systematic review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements to clarify the clinical significance of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells/PD-L1 axis and elucidate the impact of this axis on the response rate of affected patients to anti-cancer therapies. Indeed, a better understanding of the impact of this axis on the response rate of affected patients to anti-cancer therapies can provide valuable insights to address the futile response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with high-grade glial tumors. For this purpose, we systematically searched Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed to obtain peer-reviewed studies published before 1 January 2021. We have observed that PD-L1 overexpression can be associated with the inferior prognosis of glioblastoma patients who have not been exposed to chemo-radiotherapy. Besides, exposure to anti-cancer therapies, e.g., chemo-radiotherapy, can up-regulate inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, unlike unexposed patients, increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells in anti-cancer therapy-exposed tumoral tissues can be associated with the inferior prognosis of affected patients. Because various inhibitory immune checkpoints can regulate anti-tumoral immune responses, the single-cell sequencing of the cells residing in the tumor microenvironment can provide valuable insights into the expression patterns of inhibitory immune checkpoints in the tumor micromovement. Thus, administrating immune checkpoint inhibitors based on the data from the single-cell sequencing of these cells can increase patients’ response rates, decrease the risk of immune-related adverse events development, prevent immune-resistance development, and reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hosseinkhani N, Shadbad MA, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Karim Ahangar N, Asadzadeh Z, Mohammadi SM, Lotfinejad P, Alizadeh N, Brunetti O, Fasano R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Significance of TIGIT in Solid Cancers: Dual TIGIT/PD-1 Blockade to Overcome Immune-Resistance in Solid Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910389. [PMID: 34638729 PMCID: PMC8508743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have indicated that T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) can substantially attenuate anti-tumoral immune responses. Although multiple clinical studies have evaluated the significance of TIGIT in patients with solid cancers, their results remain inconclusive. Thus, we conducted the current systematic review and meta-analysis based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) to determine its significance in patients with solid cancers. We systematically searched the Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases to obtain peer-reviewed studies published before September 20, 2020. Our results have shown that increased TIGIT expression has been significantly associated with inferior overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.11–1.82, and p-value = 0.01). Besides, the level of tumor-infiltrating TIGIT+CD8+ T-cells have been remarkably associated inferior OS and relapse-free survival (RFS) of affected patients (HR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.43–3.29, and p-value < 0.001, and HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.36–2.63, and p-value < 0.001, respectively). Also, there is a strong positive association between TIGIT expression with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression in these patients (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.10–2.68, and p-value = 0.02). In summary, increased TIGIT expression and increased infiltration of TIGIT+CD8+ T-cells can substantially worsen the prognosis of patients with solid cancers. Besides, concerning the observed strong association between TIGIT and PD-1, ongoing clinical trials, and promising preclinical results, PD-1/TIGIT dual blockade can potentially help overcome the immune-resistance state seen following monotherapy with a single immune checkpoint inhibitor in patients with solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (N.H.); (N.K.A.); (Z.A.); (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran;
- Center for the Development of Interdisciplinary Research in Islamic Sciences and Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 4513956184, Iran
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (N.H.); (N.K.A.); (Z.A.); (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (N.H.); (N.K.A.); (Z.A.); (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Seyede Momeneh Mohammadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran;
| | - Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (N.H.); (N.K.A.); (Z.A.); (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (N.H.); (N.K.A.); (Z.A.); (P.L.); (N.A.)
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (R.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +98-413-337-1440 (B.B.); Fax: +98-413-337-1311 (B.B.)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +98-413-337-1440 (B.B.); Fax: +98-413-337-1311 (B.B.)
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Shadbad MA, Asadzadeh Z, Derakhshani A, Hosseinkhani N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Brunetti O, Argentiero A, Racanelli V, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A scoping review on the potentiality of PD-L1-inhibiting microRNAs in treating colorectal cancer: Toward single-cell sequencing-guided biocompatible-based delivery. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112213. [PMID: 34560556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumoral programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been implicated in the immune evasion and development of colorectal cancer. Although monoclonal immune checkpoint inhibitors can exclusively improve the prognosis of patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-H) colorectal cancer, specific tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRs) can regulate multiple oncogenic pathways and inhibit the de novo expression of oncoproteins, like PD-L1, both in microsatellite stable (MSS) and MSI-H colorectal cancer cells. This scoping review aimed to discuss the currently available evidence regarding the therapeutic potentiality of PD-L1-inhibiting miRs for colorectal cancer. For this purpose, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases were systematically searched to obtain peer-reviewed studies published before 17 March 2021. We have found that miR-191-5p, miR-382-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-138-5p, miR-140-3p, and miR-15b-5p can inhibit tumoral PD-L1 in colorectal cancer cells. Besides inhibiting PD-L1, miR-140-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-138-5p, and miR-15b-5p can substantially reduce tumor migration, inhibit tumor development, stimulate anti-tumoral immune responses, decrease tumor viability, and enhance the chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells regardless of the microsatellite state. Concerning the specific, effective, and safe delivery of these miRs, the single-cell sequencing-guided biocompatible-based delivery of these miRs can increase the specificity of miR delivery, decrease the toxicity of traditional nanoparticles, transform the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into the proinflammatory one, suppress tumor development, decrease tumor migration, and enhance the chemosensitivity of tumoral cells regardless of the microsatellite state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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