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Intoh A, Watanabe-Susaki K, Kato T, Kiritani H, Kurisaki A. EPHA2 is a novel cell surface marker of OCT4-positive undifferentiated cells during the differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024:szae036. [PMID: 38811016 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess the intrinsic ability to differentiate into diverse cellular lineages, marking them as potent instruments in regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, the proclivity of these stem cells to generate teratomas post-transplantation presents a formidable obstacle to their therapeutic utility. In previous studies, we identified an array of cell surface proteins specifically expressed in the pluripotent state, as revealed through proteomic analysis. Here we focused on EPHA2, a protein found to be abundantly present on the surface of undifferentiated mouse ESCs and is diminished upon differentiation. Knock-down of Epha2 led to the spontaneous differentiation of mouse ESCs, underscoring a pivotal role of EPHA2 in maintaining an undifferentiated cell state. Further investigations revealed a strong correlation between EPHA2 and OCT4 expression during the differentiation of both mouse and human PSCs. Notably, removing EPHA2+ cells from mouse ESC-derived hepatic lineage reduced tumor formation after transplanting them into immune-deficient mice. Similarly, in human iPSCs, a larger proportion of EPHA2+ cells correlated with higher OCT4 expression, reflecting the pattern observed in mouse ESCs. Conclusively, EPHA2 emerges as a potential marker for selecting undifferentiated stem cells, providing a valuable method to decrease tumorigenesis risks after stem-cell transplantation in regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Intoh
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Organ Development Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8560, Japan
| | - Kanako Watanabe-Susaki
- Organ Development Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8560, Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hibiki Kiritani
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Organ Development Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8560, Japan
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2
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Pandey GK, Vadlamudi S, Currin KW, Moxley AH, Nicholas JC, McAfee JC, Broadaway KA, Mohlke KL. Liver regulatory mechanisms of noncoding variants at lipid and metabolic trait loci. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100275. [PMID: 38297830 PMCID: PMC10881423 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of risk loci for liver disease and lipid-related metabolic traits, although identifying their target genes and molecular mechanisms remains challenging. We predicted target genes at GWAS signals by integrating them with molecular quantitative trait loci for liver gene expression (eQTL) and liver chromatin accessibility QTL (caQTL). We predicted specific regulatory caQTL variants at four GWAS signals located near EFHD1, LITAF, ZNF329, and GPR180. Using transcriptional reporter assays, we determined that caQTL variants rs13395911, rs11644920, rs34003091, and rs9556404 exhibit allelic differences in regulatory activity. We also performed a protein binding assay for rs13395911 and found that FOXA2 differentially interacts with the alleles of rs13395911. For variants rs13395911 and rs11644920 in putative enhancer regulatory elements, we used CRISPRi to demonstrate that repression of the enhancers altered the expression of the predicted target and/or nearby genes. Repression of the element at rs13395911 reduced the expression of EFHD1, and repression of the element at rs11644920 reduced the expression of LITAF, SNN, and TXNDC11. Finally, we showed that EFHD1 is a metabolically active gene in HepG2 cells. Together, these results provide key steps to connect genetic variants with cellular mechanisms and help elucidate the causes of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam K Pandey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Kevin W Currin
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anne H Moxley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jayna C Nicholas
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica C McAfee
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Kashyap D, Salman H. Targeting Interleukin-13 Receptor α2 and EphA2 in Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtypes with Special References to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3780. [PMID: 38612592 PMCID: PMC11011362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCA) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. This review delves into the therapeutic challenges of BCA, emphasizing the roles of interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) in tumor progression and resistance. Highlighting their overexpression in BCA, particularly in aggressive subtypes, such as Her-2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we discuss the potential of these receptors as targets for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies. We examine the structural and functional roles of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2, their pathological significance in BCA, and the promising therapeutic avenues their targeting presents. With an in-depth analysis of current immunotherapeutic strategies, including the limitations of existing treatments and the potential of dual antigen-targeting CAR T-cell therapies, this review aims to summarize potential future novel, more effective therapeutic interventions for BCA. Through a thorough examination of preclinical and clinical studies, it underlines the urgent need for targeted therapies in combating the high mortality rates associated with Her-2-enriched and TNBC subtypes and discusses the potential role of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2 as promising candidates for the development of CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda Salman
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Vincenzi M, Mercurio FA, Autiero I, Leone M. Cancer-Related Mutations in the Sam Domains of EphA2 Receptor and Ship2 Lipid Phosphatase: A Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:1024. [PMID: 38474536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid phosphatase Ship2 interacts with the EphA2 receptor by forming a heterotypic Sam (sterile alpha motif)-Sam complex. Ship2 works as a negative regulator of receptor endocytosis and consequent degradation, and anti-oncogenic effects in cancer cells should be induced by hindering its association with EphA2. Herein, a computational approach is presented to investigate the relationship between Ship2-Sam/EphA2-Sam interaction and cancer onset and further progression. A search was first conducted through the COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database to identify cancer-related missense mutations positioned inside or close to the EphA2-Sam and Ship2-Sam reciprocal binding interfaces. Next, potential differences in the chemical-physical properties of mutant and wild-type Sam domains were evaluated by bioinformatics tools based on analyses of primary sequences. Three-dimensional (3D) structural models of mutated EphA2-Sam and Ship2-Sam domains were built as well and deeply analysed with diverse computational instruments, including molecular dynamics, to classify potentially stabilizing and destabilizing mutations. In the end, the influence of mutations on the EphA2-Sam/Ship2-Sam interaction was studied through docking techniques. This in silico approach contributes to understanding, at the molecular level, the mutation/cancer relationship by predicting if amino acid substitutions could modulate EphA2 receptor endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vincenzi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Autiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Bright RK. Preclinical support for tumor protein D52 as a cancer vaccine antigen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2273699. [PMID: 37904517 PMCID: PMC10760363 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2273699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpressed tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are a large group that includes proteins found at increased levels in tumors compared to healthy cells. Universal tumor expression can be defined as overexpression in all cancers examined as has been shown for Tumor Protein D52. TPD52 is an over expressed TAA actively involved in transformation, leading to increased proliferation and metastasis. TPD52 overexpression has been demonstrated in many human adult and pediatric malignancies. The murine orthologue of TPD52 (mD52) parallels normal tissue expression patterns and known functions of human TPD52 (hD52). Here in we present our preclinical studies over the past 15 years which have demonstrated that vaccine induced immunity against mD52 is effective against multiple cancers in murine models, without inducing autoimmunity against healthy tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Yan H, Wu W, Hu Y, Li J, Xu J, Chen X, Xu Z, Yang X, Yang B, He Q, Luo P. Regorafenib inhibits EphA2 phosphorylation and leads to liver damage via the ERK/MDM2/p53 axis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2756. [PMID: 37179400 PMCID: PMC10182995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatotoxicity of regorafenib is one of the most noteworthy concerns for patients, however the mechanism is poorly understood. Hence, there is a lack of effective intervention strategies. Here, by comparing the target with sorafenib, we show that regorafenib-induced liver injury is mainly due to its nontherapeutic target Eph receptor A2 (EphA2). EphA2 deficiency attenuated liver damage and cell apoptosis under regorafenib treatment in male mice. Mechanistically, regorafenib inhibits EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation and reduces ubiquitination of p53 by altering the intracellular localization of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) by affecting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MDM2 axis. Meanwhile, we found that schisandrin C, which can upregulate the phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser897 also has protective effect against the toxicity in vivo. Collectively, our findings identify the inhibition of EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation as a key cause of regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity, and chemical activation of EphA2 Ser897 represents a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wentong Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhuai Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangxin Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
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Murakoshi M, Iwasawa T, Koshida T, Suzuki Y, Gohda T, Kato K. Development of an In-House EphA2 ELISA for Human Serum and Measurement of Circulating Levels of EphA2 in Hypertensive Patients with Renal Dysfunction. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123023. [PMID: 36553030 PMCID: PMC9776842 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying novel biomarkers of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has strong clinical value as current measures have limitations. This study aims to develop and validate a sensitive and specific ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human serum, and determine whether its results correlate with traditional renal measures in patients with hypertension. The novel ELISA of the current study was validated and used to measure circulating EphA2 levels in 80 hypertensive patients with and without kidney function decline (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Validation of the EphA2 ELISA showed good recovery (87%) and linearity (103%) and no cross-reactivity with other Eph receptors. Patients with kidney function decline had lower diastolic blood pressure, and higher UPCR and EphA2 than those without kidney function decline. The association of age and eGFR with EphA2 was maintained in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. In a multivariate logistic model, EphA2 was associated with a lower eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) after adjustment for age, sex, and UPCR. High circulating EphA2 levels have potential application as a clinical biomarker for the presence of CKD in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takumi Iwasawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Takeo Koshida
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazunori Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (K.K.)
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8
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Ezenwafor TC, Uzonwanne VO, Madukwe JUA, Amin SM, Anye VC, Obayemi JD, Odusanya OS, Soboyejo WO. Adhesion of LHRH/EphA2 to human Triple Negative Breast Cancer tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105461. [PMID: 36195050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adhesive interactions between molecular recognition units (such as specific peptides and antibodies) and antigens or other receptors on the surfaces of tumors are of great value in the design of targeted nanoparticles and drugs for the detection and treatment of specific cancers. In this paper, we present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the adhesion between Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH)/Epherin type A2 (EphA2)-AFM coated tips and LHRH/EphA2 receptors that are overexpressed on the surfaces of human Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) tissues of different histological grades. Following a histochemical and immuno-histological study of human tissue extracts, the receptor overexpression, and their distributions are characterized using Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Immunofluorescence (IF), and a combination of fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy. The adhesion forces between LHRH or EphA2 and human TNBC breast tissues are measured using force microscopy techniques that account for the potential effects of capillary forces due to the presence of water vapor. The corresponding adhesion energies are also determined using adhesion theory. The pull off forces and adhesion energies associated with higher grades of TNBC are shown to be greater than those associated with normal/non-tumorigenic human breast tissues, which were studied as controls. The observed increase in adhesion forces and adhesion energies are also correlated with the increasing incidence of LHRH/EphA2 receptors at higher grades of TNBC. The implications of the results are discussed for the development of targeted nanostructures for the detection and treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Ezenwafor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria; NASENI Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Km 4, Ondo Road, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Gateway Park Life Sciences and Bioengineering Centre, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Vanessa O Uzonwanne
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Gateway Park Life Sciences and Bioengineering Centre, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Jonathan U A Madukwe
- Department of Histopathology, National Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria
| | - Said M Amin
- Department of Histopathology, National Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria
| | - Vitalis C Anye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria
| | - John D Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Gateway Park Life Sciences and Bioengineering Centre, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Olushola S Odusanya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria; Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Advanced Laboratory, Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Kwale, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Winston O Soboyejo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Gateway Park Life Sciences and Bioengineering Centre, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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9
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Hunting for Novel Routes in Anticancer Drug Discovery: Peptides against Sam-Sam Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810397. [PMID: 36142306 PMCID: PMC9499636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse protein binding modules, Sam (Sterile alpha motif) domains attract attention due to their versatility. They are present in different organisms and play many functions in physiological and pathological processes by binding multiple partners. The EphA2 receptor contains a Sam domain at the C-terminus (EphA2-Sam) that is able to engage protein regulators of receptor stability (including the lipid phosphatase Ship2 and the adaptor Odin). Ship2 and Odin are recruited by EphA2-Sam through heterotypic Sam-Sam interactions. Ship2 decreases EphA2 endocytosis and consequent degradation, producing chiefly pro-oncogenic outcomes in a cellular milieu. Odin, through its Sam domains, contributes to receptor stability by possibly interfering with ubiquitination. As EphA2 is upregulated in many types of tumors, peptide inhibitors of Sam-Sam interactions by hindering receptor stability could function as anticancer therapeutics. This review describes EphA2-Sam and its interactome from a structural and functional perspective. The diverse design strategies that have thus far been employed to obtain peptides targeting EphA2-mediated Sam-Sam interactions are summarized as well. The generated peptides represent good initial lead compounds, but surely many efforts need to be devoted in the close future to improve interaction affinities towards Sam domains and consequently validate their anticancer properties.
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Qu B, Han Y, Liang T, Zhang C, Hou G, Gao F. Evaluation of a novel EphA2 targeting peptide for triple negative breast cancer based on radionuclide molecular imaging. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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11
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Gil CH, Chakraborty D, Vieira CP, Prasain N, Calzi SL, Fortmann SD, Hu P, Banno K, Jamal M, Huang C, Sielski MS, Lin Y, Huang X, Dupont MD, Floyd JL, Prasad R, Longhini ALF, McGill TJ, Chung HM, Murphy MP, Kotton DN, Boulton ME, Yoder MC, Grant MB. Specific mesoderm subset derived from human pluripotent stem cells ameliorates microvascular pathology in type 2 diabetic mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5559. [PMID: 35245116 PMCID: PMC8896785 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were differentiated into a specific mesoderm subset characterized by KDR+CD56+APLNR+ (KNA+) expression. KNA+ cells had high clonal proliferative potential and specification into endothelial colony-forming cell (ECFCs) phenotype. KNA+ cells differentiated into perfused blood vessels when implanted subcutaneously into the flank of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice and when injected into the vitreous of type 2 diabetic mice (db/db mice). Transcriptomic analysis showed that differentiation of hiPSCs derived from diabetics into KNA+ cells was sufficient to change baseline differences in gene expression caused by the diabetic status and reprogram diabetic cells to a pattern similar to KNA+ cells derived from nondiabetic hiPSCs. Proteomic array studies performed on retinas of db/db mice injected with either control or diabetic donor-derived KNA+ cells showed correction of aberrant signaling in db/db retinas toward normal healthy retina. These data provide "proof of principle" that KNA+ cells restore perfusion and correct vascular dysfunction in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Cristiano P. Vieira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nutan Prasain
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine (AIRM), Westborough, MA 01581, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Seth D. Fortmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 00000, UAE
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Micheli S. Sielski
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 310104, China
| | - Mariana D. Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ana Leda F. Longhini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Trevor J. McGill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Yang Y, Nian S, Li L, Wen X, Liu Q, Zhang B, Lan Y, Yuan Q, Ye Y. Fully human recombinant antibodies against EphA2 from a multi-tumor patient immune library suitable for tumor-targeted therapy. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10379-10400. [PMID: 34709992 PMCID: PMC8810047 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced EphA2 expression is observed in a variety of epithelial-derived malignancies and is an important target for anti-tumor therapy. Currently, Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against immune checkpoints have shown good efficacy for tumor treatment. In this study, we constructed an immune single-chain fragment variable (scFv) library using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 200 patients with a variety of malignant tumors. High affinity scFvs against EphA2 can be easily screened from the immune library using phage display technology. Anti-EphA2 scFvs can be modified into any form of recombinant antibody, including scFv-Fc and full-length IgG1 antibodies, and the recombinant antibody affinity was improved following modification. Among the modified anti-EphA2 antibodies the affinity of 77-IgG1 was significantly increased, reaching a pmol affinity level (10−12). We further demonstrated the binding activity of recombinant antibodies to the EphA2 protein, tumor cells, and tumor tissues using macromolecular interaction techniques, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Most importantly, both the constructed scFvs-Fc, as well as the IgG1 antibodies against EphA2 were able to inhibit the growth of tumor cells to some extent. These results suggest that the immune libraries from patients with malignant tumors are more likely to screen for antibodies with high affinity and therapeutic effect. The constructed fully human scFv immune library has broad application prospects for specific antibody screening. The screened scFv-Fc and IgG1 antibodies against EphA2 can be used for the further study of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Lin Li
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic medical science, Southwest medical university, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
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13
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Giordano G, Merlini A, Ferrero G, Mesiano G, Fiorino E, Brusco S, Centomo ML, Leuci V, D’Ambrosio L, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D, Grignani G, Pignochino Y. EphA2 Expression in Bone Sarcomas: Bioinformatic Analyses and Preclinical Characterization in Patient-Derived Models of Osteosarcoma, Ewing's Sarcoma and Chondrosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112893. [PMID: 34831119 PMCID: PMC8616526 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are a group of heterogeneous malignant mesenchymal tumors. Complete surgical resection is still the cornerstone of treatment, but, in the advanced/unresectable setting, their management remains challenging and not significantly improved by target- and immuno-therapies. We focused on the tyrosine kinase Eph type-A receptor-2 (EphA2), a key oncoprotein implicated in self-renewal, angiogenesis, and metastasis, in several solid tumors and thus representing a novel potential therapeutic target. Aiming at better characterizing its expression throughout the main bone sarcoma histotypes, we investigated EPHA2 expression in the Cancer Cell Lines Encyclopedia and in public datasets with clinical annotations. looking for correlations with molecular, histopathological and patients’ features and clinical outcomes in a total of 232 osteosarcomas, 197 Ewing’s sarcomas, and 102 chondrosarcomas. We observed EPHA2 expression in bone sarcoma cell lines. We demonstrated higher EPHA2 expression in tumor tissues when compared to normal counterparts. A significant correlation was found between EPHA2 expression and Huvos grade (osteosarcoma) and with worse overall survival (dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma). Next, we characterized EPHA2 expression and activation in bone sarcoma primary tissues and in patient-derived xenografts generated in our laboratory to verify their reliability as in vivo models of osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Furthermore, for the first time, we demonstrated EPHA2 expression in chondrosarcoma, suggesting its potential key role in this histotype. Indeed, we observed a significant dose-dependent antitumor effect of the EphA2-inhibitor ALW-II-41-27 in patient-derived in vitro models. In conclusion, EphA2 targeting represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy against bone sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giordano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0119933503
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
- Department of Computer Science, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Mesiano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Erika Fiorino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Silvia Brusco
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Maria Laura Centomo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Leuci
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Lorenzo D’Ambrosio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Cardinal Massaia Hospital, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grignani
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS Str. Prov.le 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.M.); (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.L.C.); (V.L.); (L.D.); (M.A.); (D.S.); (G.G.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
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14
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Ghonime MG, Saini U, Kelly MC, Roth JC, Wang PY, Chen CY, Miller K, Hernandez-Aguirre I, Kim Y, Mo X, Stanek JR, Cripe T, Mardis E, Cassady KA. Eliciting an immune-mediated antitumor response through oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based shared antigen expression in tumors resistant to viroimmunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002939. [PMID: 34599026 PMCID: PMC8488720 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an immunotherapy that incorporates viral cancer cell lysis with engagement of the recruited immune response against cancer cells. Pediatric solid tumors are challenging targets because they contain both an inert immune environment and a quiet antigenic landscape, making them more resistant to conventional OV approaches. Further complicating this, herpes simplex virus suppresses host gene expression during virotherapy infection. Methods We therefore developed a multimodal oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) that expresses ephrin A2 (EphA2), a shared tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed by many tumors to improve immune-mediated antitumor activity. We verified the virus genotypically and phenotypically and then tested it in an oHSV-resistant orthotopic model (including immunophenotypic analysis), in flank and in T cell-deficient mouse models. We then assessed the antigen-expressing virus in an unrelated peripheral tumor model that also expresses the shared tumor antigen and evaluated functional T-cell response from the treated mice. Results Virus-based EphA2 expression induces a robust acquired antitumor immune responses in both an oHSV-resistant murine brain and peripheral tumor model. Our new multimodal oncolytic virus (1) improves survival in viroimmunotherapy resistant tumors, (2) alters both the infiltrating and peripheral T-cell populations capable of suppressing tumor growth on rechallenge, and (3) produces EphA2-specific CD8 effector-like populations. Conclusions Our results suggest that this flexible viral-based platform enables immune recognition of the shared TAA and improves the immune-therapeutic response, thus making it well suited for low-mutational load tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed G Ghonime
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Uksha Saini
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin C Roth
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yeaseul Kim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph R Stanek
- Biostatistics Resource, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tim Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Mardis
- Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA .,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Abdi E, Latifi-Navid S, Abedi Sarvestani F, Esmailnejad MH. Emerging therapeutic targets for gastric cancer from a host- Helicobacter pylori interaction perspective. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:685-699. [PMID: 34410200 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1971195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer (GC) has the higher genetic, cytologic, and architectural heterogeneity compared to other gastrointestinal cancers. By inducing gastric inflammation, Helicobacter pylori (HP) may lead to GC through combining bacterial factors with host factors. In this regard, identification of the major therapeutic targets against the host-HP interactions plays a critical role in GC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. AREAS COVERED This study offers new insights into the promising therapeutic targets against the angiogenesis, invasion, or metastasis of GC from a host-HP interaction perspective. To this end, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, AIM, and IndMed databases were searched for relevant articles since 1992. EXPERT OPINION Wnt signaling and COX pathway have a well-documented history in the genesis of GC by HP and might be considered as the most promising targets for early GC treatment. Destroying HP may decrease the risk of GC, but it cannot fully hinder the GC development induced by HP infection. Therefore, targeting HP-activated pathways, especially COX-2/Wnt/beta-catenin/VEGF, TLR2/TLR9/COX-2, COX2-PGE2, and NF-κB/COX-2, as well as EPHA2, MMPs, and miR-543/SIRT1 axis, can be an effective measure in the early treatment of GC. However, different clinical trials and large, multi-center cohorts are required to validate these potentially effective targets for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Abdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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16
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Single-molecule fluorescence vistas of how lipids regulate membrane proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1685-1694. [PMID: 34346484 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of membrane proteins is undergoing a golden era, and we are gaining unprecedented knowledge on how this key group of proteins works. However, we still have only a basic understanding of how the chemical composition and the physical properties of lipid bilayers control the activity of membrane proteins. Single-molecule (SM) fluorescence methods can resolve sample heterogeneity, allowing to discriminate between the different molecular populations that biological systems often adopt. This short review highlights relevant examples of how SM fluorescence methodologies can illuminate the different ways in which lipids regulate the activity of membrane proteins. These studies are not limited to lipid molecules acting as ligands, but also consider how the physical properties of the bilayer can be determining factors on how membrane proteins function.
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17
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EphA2 Interacts with Tim-4 through Association between Its FN3 Domain and the IgV Domain of Tim-4. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061290. [PMID: 34067457 PMCID: PMC8224564 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-4 promotes the engulfment of apoptotic cells or exogenous particles by securing them on phagocytes. It is unable to transduce signals by itself but helps other engulfment receptors sense and internalize them. However, the identity of the engulfment receptors collaborating with Tim-4 is still incompletely understood. In this study, we searched for a candidate transmembrane protein with a FN3 domain, important for interaction with Tim-4, in silico and investigated whether it indeed interacts with Tim-4 and is involved in Tim-4-mediated phagocytosis. We found that EphA2 containing a FN3 domain in the extracellular region interacted with Tim-4, which was mediated by the IgV domain of Tim-4 and the FN3 domain of EphA2. Nevertheless, we found that EphA2 expression failed to alter Tim-4-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or polystyrene beads. Taken together, our findings suggest that EphA2, a new Tim-4 interacting protein, may intervene in a Tim-4-mediated cellular event even if it is not phagocytosis of endogenous or exogenous particles and vice versa.
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18
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Cirillo F, Catellani C, Lazzeroni P, Sartori C, Street ME. The Role of MicroRNAs in Influencing Body Growth and Development. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:7-15. [PMID: 31914447 DOI: 10.1159/000504669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body growth and development are regulated among others by genetic and epigenetic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of gene expression that act at the post-transcriptional level, thereby exerting a strong influence on regulatory gene networks. Increasing studies suggest the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of the growth plate and growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis during the life course in a broad spectrum of animal species, contributing to longitudinal growth. This review summarizes the role of miRNAs in regulating growth in different in vitro and in vivo models acting on GH, GH receptor (GHR), IGFs, and IGF1R genes besides current knowledge in humans, and highlights that this regulatory system is of importance for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Catellani
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Pietro Lazzeroni
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,
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19
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Wilson K, Shiuan E, Brantley-Sieders DM. Oncogenic functions and therapeutic targeting of EphA2 in cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2483-2495. [PMID: 33686241 PMCID: PMC8035212 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
More than 25 years of research and preclinical validation have defined EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising molecular target for clinical translation in cancer treatment. Molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological targeting strategies have been extensively tested in vitro and in vivo, and drugs like dasatinib, initially designed to target SRC family kinases, have been found to also target EphA2 activity. Other small molecules, therapeutic targeting antibodies, and peptide-drug conjugates are being tested, and more recently, approaches harnessing antitumor immunity against EphA2-expressing cancer cells have emerged as a promising strategy. This review will summarize preclinical studies supporting the oncogenic role of EphA2 in breast cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma, while delineating the differing roles of canonical and noncanonical EphA2 signaling in each setting. This review also summarizes completed and ongoing clinical trials, highlighting the promise and challenges of targeting EphA2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin Wilson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eileen Shiuan
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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20
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Harding P, Toms M, Schiff E, Owen N, Bell S, Lloyd IC, Moosajee M. EPHA2 Segregates with Microphthalmia and Congenital Cataracts in Two Unrelated Families. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2190. [PMID: 33671840 PMCID: PMC7926380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EPHA2 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that, when disrupted, causes congenital and age-related cataracts. Cat-Map reports 22 pathogenic EPHA2 variants associated with congenital cataracts, variable microcornea, and lenticonus, but no previous association with microphthalmia (small, underdeveloped eye, ≥2 standard deviations below normal axial length). Microphthalmia arises from ocular maldevelopment with >90 monogenic causes, and can include a complex ocular phenotype. In this paper, we report two pathogenic EPHA2 variants in unrelated families presenting with bilateral microphthalmia and congenital cataracts. Whole genome sequencing through the 100,000 Genomes Project and cataract-related targeted gene panel testing identified autosomal dominant heterozygous mutations segregating with the disease: (i) missense c.1751C>T, p.(Pro584Leu) and (ii) splice site c.2826-9G>A. To functionally validate pathogenicity, morpholino knockdown of epha2a/epha2b in zebrafish resulted in significantly reduced eye size ± cataract formation. Misexpression of N-cadherin and retained fibre cell nuclei were observed in the developing lens of the epha2b knockdown morphant fish by 3 days post-fertilisation, which indicated a putative mechanism for microphthalmia pathogenesis through disruption of cadherin-mediated adherens junctions, preventing lens maturation and the critical signals stimulating eye growth. This study demonstrates a novel association of EPHA2 with microphthalmia, suggesting further analysis of pathogenic variants in unsolved microphthalmia cohorts may increase molecular diagnostic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Harding
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (P.H.); (M.T.); (N.O.)
| | - Maria Toms
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (P.H.); (M.T.); (N.O.)
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Elena Schiff
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicholas Owen
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (P.H.); (M.T.); (N.O.)
| | - Suzannah Bell
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK; (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Ian Christopher Lloyd
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (P.H.); (M.T.); (N.O.)
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK; (E.S.); (S.B.)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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21
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Lam S, Zeidan J, Miglior F, Suárez-Vega A, Gómez-Redondo I, Fonseca PAS, Guan LL, Waters S, Cánovas A. Development and comparison of RNA-sequencing pipelines for more accurate SNP identification: practical example of functional SNP detection associated with feed efficiency in Nellore beef cattle. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:703. [PMID: 33032519 PMCID: PMC7545862 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimization of an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) pipeline is critical to maximize power and accuracy to identify genetic variants, including SNPs, which may serve as genetic markers to select for feed efficiency, leading to economic benefits for beef production. This study used RNA-Seq data (GEO Accession ID: PRJEB7696 and PRJEB15314) from muscle and liver tissue, respectively, from 12 Nellore beef steers selected from 585 steers with residual feed intake measures (RFI; n = 6 low-RFI, n = 6 high-RFI). Three RNA-Seq pipelines were compared including multi-sample calling from i) non-merged samples; ii) merged samples by RFI group, iii) merged samples by RFI and tissue group. The RNA-Seq reads were aligned against the UMD3.1 bovine reference genome (release 94) assembly using STAR aligner. Variants were called using BCFtools and variant effect prediction (VeP) and functional annotation (ToppGene) analyses were performed. Results On average, total reads detected for Approach i) non-merged samples for liver and muscle, were 18,362,086.3 and 35,645,898.7, respectively. For Approach ii), merging samples by RFI group, total reads detected for each merged group was 162,030,705, and for Approach iii), merging samples by RFI group and tissues, was 324,061,410, revealing the highest read depth for Approach iii). Additionally, Approach iii) merging samples by RFI group and tissues, revealed the highest read depth per variant coverage (572.59 ± 3993.11) and encompassed the majority of localized positional genes detected by each approach. This suggests Approach iii) had optimized detection power, read depth, and accuracy of SNP calling, therefore increasing confidence of variant detection and reducing false positive detection. Approach iii) was then used to detect unique SNPs fixed within low- (12,145) and high-RFI (14,663) groups. Functional annotation of SNPs revealed positional candidate genes, for each RFI group (2886 for low-RFI, 3075 for high-RFI), which were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with immune and metabolic pathways. Conclusion The most optimized RNA-Seq pipeline allowed for more accurate identification of SNPs, associated positional candidate genes, and significantly associated metabolic pathways in muscle and liver tissues, providing insight on the underlying genetic architecture of feed efficiency in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - J Zeidan
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - A Suárez-Vega
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - I Gómez-Redondo
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada.,Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology, Carretera de La Coruña, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - P A S Fonseca
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6H 2P5, Canada
| | - S Waters
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - A Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada.
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22
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Chen J, Longnecker R. Epithelial cell infection by Epstein-Barr virus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:674-683. [PMID: 31584659 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is etiologically associated with multiple human malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin disease as well as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Entry of EBV into target cells is essential for virus to cause disease and is mediated by multiple viral envelope glycoproteins and cell surface associated receptors. The target cells of EBV include B cells and epithelial cells. The nature and mechanism of EBV entry into these cell types are different, requiring different glycoprotein complexes to bind to specific receptors on the target cells. Compared to the B cell entry mechanism, the overall mechanism of EBV entry into epithelial cells is less well known. Numerous receptors have been implicated in this process and may also be involved in additional processes of EBV entry, transport, and replication. This review summarizes EBV glycoproteins, host receptors, signal molecules and transport machinery that are being used in the epithelial cell entry process and also provides a broad view for related herpesvirus entry mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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23
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Bennett G, Brown A, Mudd G, Huxley P, Van Rietschoten K, Pavan S, Chen L, Watcham S, Lahdenranta J, Keen N. MMAE Delivery Using the Bicycle Toxin Conjugate BT5528. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1385-1394. [PMID: 32398269 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor is found at high levels in tumors and low levels in normal tissue and high EphA2 expression in biopsies is a predictor of poor outcome in patients. Drug discovery groups have therefore sought to develop EphA2-based therapies using small molecule, peptide, and nanoparticle-based approaches (1-3). However, until now only EphA2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have entered clinical development. For example, MEDI-547 is an EphA2-targeting ADC that displayed encouraging antitumor activity in preclinical models and progressed to phase I clinical testing in man. Here we describe the development of BT5528, a bicyclic peptide ("Bicycle") conjugated to the auristatin derivative maleimidocaproyl-monomethyl auristatin E to generate the Bicycle toxin conjugate BT5528. The report compares and contrasts the Pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of antibody and Bicycle-based targeting systems and discusses how the PK and payload characteristics of different delivery systems impact the efficacy-toxicity trade off which is key to the development of successful cancer therapies. We show that BT5528 gives rise to rapid update into tumors and fast renal elimination followed by persistent toxin levels in tumors without prolonged exposure of parent drug in the vasculature. This fast in, fast out kinetics gave rise to more favorable toxicology findings in rats and monkeys than were observed with MEDI-547 in preclinical and clinical studies.Graphical Abstract: http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanther/19/7/1385/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Brown
- Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Mudd
- Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Silvia Pavan
- Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Vicenza, Italy
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24
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Leite M, Marques MS, Melo J, Pinto MT, Cavadas B, Aroso M, Gomez-Lazaro M, Seruca R, Figueiredo C. Helicobacter Pylori Targets the EPHA2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Gastric Cells Modulating Key Cellular Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020513. [PMID: 32102381 PMCID: PMC7072728 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a stomach-colonizing Gram-negative bacterium, is the main etiological factor of various gastroduodenal diseases, including gastric adenocarcinoma. By establishing a life-long infection of the gastric mucosa, H. pylori continuously activates host-signaling pathways, in particular those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases. Using two different gastric epithelial cell lines, we show that H. pylori targets the receptor tyrosine kinase EPHA2. For long periods of time post-infection, H. pylori induces EPHA2 protein downregulation without affecting its mRNA levels, an effect preceded by receptor activation via phosphorylation. EPHA2 receptor downregulation occurs via the lysosomal degradation pathway and is independent of the H.pylori virulence factors CagA, VacA, and T4SS. Using small interfering RNA, we show that EPHA2 knockdown affects cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis, which are critical cellular processes in early gastric lesions and carcinogenesis mediated by the bacteria. This work contributes to the unraveling of the underlying mechanisms of H. pylori–host interactions and associated diseases. Additionally, it raises awareness for potential interference between H. pylori infection and the efficacy of gastric cancer therapies targeting receptors tyrosine kinases, given that infection affects the steady-state levels and dynamics of some receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leite
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.F.); Tel.: +351-220-408-800 (M.L. & C.F.)
| | - Miguel S. Marques
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Joana Melo
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta T. Pinto
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Bruno Cavadas
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- INEB–Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- INEB–Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- Ipatimup–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.M.); (M.T.P.); (B.C.); (R.S.)
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.G.-L.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.F.); Tel.: +351-220-408-800 (M.L. & C.F.)
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25
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Plüss CJ, Kustermann S. A Human Three-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Lens Epithelial Cells as a Model to Study Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 36:56-64. [PMID: 31259661 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cataract is a pathological opacification of the lens, which is still one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Several etiologies are described, among them drug-induced cataract, for example, posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) after steroid treatment. To investigate different mechanisms of drug-induced cataract a human three-dimensional (3D) lens in vitro model was developed, consisting of immortalized human lens epithelial cells. Methods: These cells were cultivated on 96-well, ultralow attachment plates, where they rapidly form spheroids. By gene expression analysis different markers were observed, which are important to maintain lens transparency, such as ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) or α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Results: The lens epithelial cells form a spheroid within a few days and show stable expression of important lens marker, and size and viability remain stable up to 26 days in culture. The gene expression of the glucocorticoid-treated spheroids revealed a clear shift in the expression of EphA2, α-SMA, αB-crystallin (CRYAB), and heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1). Furthermore, the glucocorticoid treatment did not improve cell survival. Conclusions: This study proposes a useful 3D in vitro model, which expresses important lens markers and is capable of demonstrating features found in drug-induced cataracts. As the viability remains stable over long time, this model can also be used for long-term treatment. The main characteristics are the increased expression of α-SMA, CRYAB, and HSPB1 and the decreased expression of EphA2. The present data provide some first evidence on novel mechanisms involved in glucocorticoid-induced cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Johanna Plüss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kustermann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Rudzińska M, Grzanka M, Stachurska A, Mikula M, Paczkowska K, Stępień T, Paziewska A, Ostrowski J, Czarnocka B. Molecular Signature of Prospero Homeobox 1 (PROX1) in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092212. [PMID: 31060342 PMCID: PMC6539481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) transcription factor is a product of one of the lymphangiogenesis master genes. It has also been suggested to play a role in carcinogenesis, although its precise role in tumour development and metastasis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to gain more knowledge on the PROX1 function in thyroid tumorigenesis. Follicular thyroid cancer-derived cells—CGTH-W-1—were transfected with PROX1-siRNA (small interfering RNA) and their proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and motility were then analysed. The transcriptional signature of PROX1 depletion was determined using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the expression of relevant genes was further validated using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunocytochemistry. PROX1 depletion resulted in a decreased cell motility, with both migratory and invasive potential being significantly reduced. The cell morphology was also affected, while the other studied cancer-related cell characteristics were not significantly altered. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of transcripts encoding genes involved in both motility and cytoskeleton organization. Our transcriptional analysis of PROX1-depleted follicular thyroid carcinoma cells followed by functional and phenotypical analyses provide, for the first time, evidence that PROX1 plays an important role in the metastasis of thyroid cancer cells by regulating genes involved in focal adhesion and cytoskeleton organization in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Stachurska
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Paczkowska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Czarnocka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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27
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Minias P, Dunn PO, Whittingham LA, Johnson JA, Oyler-McCance SJ. Evaluation of a Chicken 600K SNP genotyping array in non-model species of grouse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6407. [PMID: 31015535 PMCID: PMC6478925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to generate large SNP datasets for comparison purposes have recently become an attractive alternative to other genotyping methods. Although most SNP arrays were originally developed for domestic organisms, they can be effectively applied to wild relatives to obtain large panels of SNPs. In this study, we tested the cross-species application of the Affymetrix 600K Chicken SNP array in five species of North American prairie grouse (Centrocercus and Tympanuchus genera). Two individuals were genotyped per species for a total of ten samples. A high proportion (91%) of the total 580 961 SNPs were genotyped in at least one individual (73–76% SNPs genotyped per species). Principal component analysis with autosomal SNPs separated the two genera, but failed to clearly distinguish species within genera. Gene ontology analysis identified a set of genes related to morphogenesis and development (including genes involved in feather development), which may be primarily responsible for large phenotypic differences between Centrocercus and Tympanuchus grouse. Our study provided evidence for successful cross-species application of the chicken SNP array in grouse which diverged ca. 37 mya from the chicken lineage. As far as we are aware, this is the first reported application of a SNP array in non-passerine birds, and it demonstrates the feasibility of using commercial SNP arrays in research on non-model bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Peter O Dunn
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.,Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Linda A Whittingham
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeff A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Torres-Adorno AM, Vitrac H, Qi Y, Tan L, Levental KR, Fan YY, Yang P, Chapkin RS, Eckhardt BL, Ueno NT. Eicosapentaenoic acid in combination with EPHA2 inhibition shows efficacy in preclinical models of triple-negative breast cancer by disrupting cellular cholesterol efflux. Oncogene 2018; 38:2135-2150. [PMID: 30459358 PMCID: PMC6430703 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, currently lacks effective targeted therapy options. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid and constituent of fish oil, is a common supplement with anti-inflammatory properties. Although it is not a mainstream treatment, several preclinical studies have demonstrated that EPA exerts anti-tumor activity in breast cancer. However, against solid tumors, EPA as a monotherapy is clinically ineffective; thus, we sought to develop a novel targeted drug combination to bolster its therapeutic action against TNBC. Using a high-throughput functional siRNA screen, we identified Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EPHA2), an oncogenic cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinase, as a therapeutic target that sensitizes TNBC cells to EPA. EPHA2 expression was uniquely elevated in TNBC cell lines and patient tumors. In independent functional expression studies in TNBC models, EPHA2 gene-silencing combined with EPA significantly reduced cell growth and enhanced apoptosis compared with monotherapies, both in vitro and in vivo. EPHA2 specific inhibitors similarly enhanced the therapeutic action of EPA. Finally, we identified that therapy-mediated apoptosis was attributed to a lethal increase in cancer cell membrane polarity due to ABCA1 inhibition and subsequent dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis. This study provides new molecular and pre-clinical evidence to support a clinical evaluation of EPA combined with EPHA2 inhibition in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Torres-Adorno
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research and Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Vitrac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kandice R Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bedrich L Eckhardt
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research and Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research and Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Tian Y, Ma Y, Wu S, Zhang T, Li Z, Wang G, Zhang J. Understand the acquired resistance of RTK inhibitors by computational receptor tyrosine kinases network. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 76:275-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Li CY, Cui JY. Regulation of protein-coding gene and long noncoding RNA pairs in liver of conventional and germ-free mice following oral PBDE exposure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201387. [PMID: 30067809 PMCID: PMC6070246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome communicates with the host liver to modify hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation and nutrient homeostasis. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent environmental contaminants that are detected in fatty food, household dust, and human breast milk at worrisome levels. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized as novel biomarkers for toxicological responses and may regulate the transcriptional/translational output of protein-coding genes (PCGs). However, very little is known regarding to what extent the interactions between PBDEs and gut microbiome modulate hepatic lncRNAs and PCGs, and what critical signaling pathways are impacted at the transcriptomic scale. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq in livers of nine-week-old male conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice orally exposed to the most prevalent PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 (100 μmol/kg once daily for 4-days; vehicle: corn oil, 10 ml/kg), and unveiled key molecular pathways and PCG-lncRNA pairs targeted by PBDE-gut microbiome interactions. Lack of gut microbiome profoundly altered the PBDE-mediated transcriptomic response in liver, with the most prominent effect observed in BDE-99-exposed GF mice. The top pathways up-regulated by PBDEs were related to xenobiotic metabolism, whereas the top pathways down-regulated by PBDEs were in lipid metabolism and protein synthesis in both enterotypes. Genomic annotation of the differentially regulated lncRNAs revealed that majority of these lncRNAs overlapped with introns and 3'-UTRs of PCGs. Lack of gut microbiome profoundly increased the percentage of PBDE-regulated lncRNAs mapped to the 3'-UTRs of PCGs, suggesting the potential involvement of lncRNAs in increasing the translational efficiency of PCGs by preventing miRNA-3'-UTR binding, as a compensatory mechanism following toxic exposure to PBDEs. Pathway analysis of PCGs paired with lncRNAs revealed that in CV mice, BDE-47 regulated nucleic acid and retinol metabolism, as well as circadian rhythm; whereas BDE-99 regulated fatty acid metabolism. In GF mice, BDE-47 differentially regulated 19 lncRNA-PCG pairs that were associated with glutathione conjugation and transcriptional regulation. In contrast, BDE-99 up-regulated the xenobiotic-metabolizing Cyp3a genes, but down-regulated the fatty acid-metabolizing Cyp4 genes. Taken together, the present study reveals common and unique lncRNAs and PCG targets of PBDEs in mouse liver, and is among the first to show that lack of gut microbiome sensitizes the liver to toxic exposure of BDE-99 but not BDE-47. Therefore, lncRNAs may serve as specific biomarkers that differentiate various PBDE congeners as well as environmental chemical-mediated dysbiosis. Coordinate regulation of PCG-lncRNA pairs may serve as a more efficient molecular mechanism to combat against xenobiotic insult, and especially during dysbiosis-induced increase in the internal dose of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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31
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Townsend MH, Shrestha G, Robison RA, O’Neill KL. The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:163. [PMID: 30031396 PMCID: PMC6054736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are an integral part of cancer management due to their use in risk assessment, screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring progress of disease. Recently, with the advent of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new category of targetable biomarkers has emerged. These biomarkers are associated with the surface of malignant cells and serve as targets for directing cytotoxic T cells. The first biomarker target used for CAR T cell therapy was CD19, a B cell marker expressed highly on malignant B cells. With the success of CD19, the last decade has shown an explosion of new targetable biomarkers on a range of human malignancies. These surface targets have made it possible to provide directed, specific therapy that reduces healthy tissue destruction and preserves the patient's immune system during treatment. As of May 2018, there are over 100 clinical trials underway that target over 25 different surface biomarkers in almost every human tissue. This expansion has led to not only promising results in terms of patient outcome, but has also led to an exponential growth in the investigation of new biomarkers that could potentially be utilized in CAR T cell therapy for treating patients. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers currently under investigation and point out several promising biomarkers in the preclinical stage of development that may be useful as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Thunder Biotech, Highland, UT USA
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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Jedwabny W, Lodola A, Dyguda-Kazimierowicz E. Theoretical Model of EphA2-Ephrin A1 Inhibition. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071688. [PMID: 29997324 PMCID: PMC6099714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims at the theoretical description of EphA2-ephrin A1 inhibition by small molecules. Recently proposed ab initio-based scoring models, comprising long-range components of interaction energy, is tested on lithocholic acid class inhibitors of this protein–protein interaction (PPI) against common empirical descriptors. We show that, although limited to compounds with similar solvation energy, the ab initio model is able to rank the set of selected inhibitors more effectively than empirical scoring functions, aiding the design of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Jedwabny
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Wu X, Zahari MS, Renuse S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Chaerkady R, Kim MS, Fackler MJ, Stampfer M, Gabrielson E, Sukumar S, Pandey A. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals reciprocal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases between cancer epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29946230 PMCID: PMC6003199 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most important components of tumor stroma and play a key role in modulating tumor growth. However, a mechanistic understanding of how CAFs communicate with tumor cells to promote their proliferation and invasion is far from complete. A major reason for this is that most current techniques and model systems do not capture the complexity of signal transduction that occurs between CAFs and tumor cells. Methods In this study, we employed a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy to label invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, and breast cancer patient-derived CAF this has already been defined above cells. We used an antibody-based phosphotyrosine peptide enrichment method coupled to LC-MS/MS to catalog and quantify tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction events induced by the bidirectional communication between patient-derived CAFs and tumor cells. Results We discovered that distinct signaling events were activated in CAFs and in tumor epithelial cells during the crosstalk between these two cell types. We identified reciprocal activation of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, FGFR1 and EPHA2 induced by this bidirectional communication. Conclusions Our study not only provides insights into the mechanisms of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells, but the model system described here could be used as a prototype for analysis of intercellular communication in many different tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Muhammad Saddiq Zahari
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Santosh Renuse
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Nandini A Sahasrabuddhe
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,4Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Jo Fackler
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Martha Stampfer
- 7Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.,6Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Zhou Y, Sakurai H. Emerging and Diverse Functions of the EphA2 Noncanonical Pathway in Cancer Progression. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1616-1624. [PMID: 28966234 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) receptor tyrosine kinase controls multiple physiological processes to maintain homeostasis in normal cells. In many types of solid tumors, it has been reported that EphA2 is overexpressed and plays a critical role in oncogenic signaling. However, in recent years, the opposing functions of EphA2 have been explained by the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Ligand- and tyrosine kinase-dependent EphA2 activation (the canonical pathway) inhibits cancer cell proliferation and motility. In contrast, ligand- and tyrosine kinase-independent EphA2 signaling (the noncanonical pathway) promotes tumor survival and metastasis and controls acquired drug resistance and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like properties. Evidence has accumulated showing that the EphA2 noncanonical pathway is mainly regulated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors via phosphorylation at Ser-897 in the intracellular C-tail region via some serine/threonine kinases, including p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. In this review, we focus on the regulation of Ser-897 phosphorylation and its functional importance in tumor malignancy and discuss future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Berry V, Pontikos N, Albarca-Aguilera M, Plagnol V, Massouras A, Prescott D, Moore AT, Arno G, Cheetham ME, Michaelides M. A recurrent splice-site mutation in EPHA2 causing congenital posterior nuclear cataract. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:236-241. [PMID: 29039721 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1381977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intoduction: Inherited cataract, opacification of the lens, is the most common worldwide cause of blindness in children. We aimed to identify the genetic cause of autosomal dominant (AD) posterior nuclear cataract in a four generation British family. METHODS Whole genome sequence (WGS) was performed on two affected and one unaffected individual of the family and further validated by direct sequencing. Haplotype analysis was performed via genotying. RESULTS A splice-site mutation c.2826-9G>A in the gene EPHA2, encoding EPH receptor A2 was identified and found to co-segregate with disease. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a recurrent splice-site mutation c.2826-9G>A in EPHA2 causing isolated posterior nuclear cataract, providing evidence of further phenotypic heterogeneity associated with this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Berry
- a Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- a Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK.,c Genetics, UCL Genetics Institute , London , UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gavin Arno
- a Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | | | - Michel Michaelides
- a Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK.,b Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital , London , UK
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36
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Chen X, Wang QL, Zhang MH. Identifying key genes in glaucoma based on a benchmarked dataset and the gene regulatory network. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3651-3657. [PMID: 29067091 PMCID: PMC5647551 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify key genes in glaucoma based on a benchmarked dataset and gene regulatory network (GRN). Local and global noise was added to the gene expression dataset to produce a benchmarked dataset. Differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between patients with glaucoma and normal controls were identified utilizing the Linear Models for Microarray Data (Limma) package based on benchmarked dataset. A total of 5 GRN inference methods, including Zscore, GeneNet, context likelihood of relatedness (CLR) algorithm, Partial Correlation coefficient with Information Theory (PCIT) and GEne Network Inference with Ensemble of Trees (Genie3) were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision and recall (PR) curves. The interference method with the best performance was selected to construct the GRN. Subsequently, topological centrality (degree, closeness and betweenness) was conducted to identify key genes in the GRN of glaucoma. Finally, the key genes were validated by performing reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 176 DEGs were detected from the benchmarked dataset. The ROC and PR curves of the 5 methods were analyzed and it was determined that Genie3 had a clear advantage over the other methods; thus, Genie3 was used to construct the GRN. Following topological centrality analysis, 14 key genes for glaucoma were identified, including IL6, EPHA2 and GSTT1 and 5 of these 14 key genes were validated by RT-qPCR. Therefore, the current study identified 14 key genes in glaucoma, which may be potential biomarkers to use in the diagnosis of glaucoma and aid in identifying the molecular mechanism of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Ninth Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400700, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Ling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Hui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
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37
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Heinzlmeir S, Lohse J, Treiber T, Kudlinzki D, Linhard V, Gande SL, Sreeramulu S, Saxena K, Liu X, Wilhelm M, Schwalbe H, Kuster B, Médard G. Chemoproteomics-Aided Medicinal Chemistry for the Discovery of EPHA2 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:999-1011. [PMID: 28544567 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase EPHA2 has gained attention as a therapeutic drug target for cancer and infectious diseases. However, EPHA2 research and EPHA2-based therapies have been hampered by the lack of selective small-molecule inhibitors. Herein we report the synthesis and evaluation of dedicated EPHA2 inhibitors based on the clinical BCR-ABL/SRC inhibitor dasatinib as a lead structure. We designed hybrid structures of dasatinib and the previously known EPHA2 binders CHEMBL249097, PD-173955, and a known EPHB4 inhibitor in order to exploit both the ATP pocket entrance as well as the ribose pocket as binding epitopes in the kinase EPHA2. Medicinal chemistry and inhibitor design were guided by a chemical proteomics approach, allowing early selectivity profiling of the newly synthesized inhibitor candidates. Concomitant protein crystallography of 17 inhibitor co-crystals delivered detailed insight into the atomic interactions that underlie the structure-affinity relationship. Finally, the anti-proliferative effect of the inhibitor candidates was confirmed in the glioblastoma cell line SF-268. In this work, we thus discovered a novel EPHA2 inhibitor candidate that features an improved selectivity profile while maintaining potency against EPHA2 and anticancer activity in SF-268 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, BayBioMS, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jonas Lohse
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Treiber
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Denis Kudlinzki
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Linhard
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Santosh Lakshmi Gande
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, BayBioMS, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, CIPSM, Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
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38
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Messina-Baas O, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. Inherited Congenital Cataract: A Guide to Suspect the Genetic Etiology in the Cataract Genesis. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:58-78. [PMID: 28611546 DOI: 10.1159/000455752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataracts are the principal cause of treatable blindness worldwide. Inherited congenital cataract (CC) shows all types of inheritance patterns in a syndromic and nonsyndromic form. There are more than 100 genes associated with cataract with a predominance of autosomal dominant inheritance. A cataract is defined as an opacity of the lens producing a variation of the refractive index of the lens. This variation derives from modifications in the lens structure resulting in light scattering, frequently a consequence of a significant concentration of high-molecular-weight protein aggregates. The aim of this review is to introduce a guide to identify the gene involved in inherited CC. Due to the manifold clinical and genetic heterogeneity, we discarded the cataract phenotype as a cardinal sign; a 4-group classification with the genes implicated in inherited CC is proposed. We consider that this classification will assist in identifying the probable gene involved in inherited CC.
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39
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Singh DR, Ahmed F, Paul MD, Gedam M, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. The SAM domain inhibits EphA2 interactions in the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:31-38. [PMID: 27776928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
All members of the Eph receptor family of tyrosine kinases contain a SAM domain near the C terminus, which has been proposed to play a role in receptor homotypic interactions and/or interactions with binding partners. The SAM domain of EphA2 is known to be important for receptor function, but its contribution to EphA2 lateral interactions in the plasma membrane has not been determined. Here we use a FRET-based approach to directly measure the effect of the SAM domain on the stability of EphA2 dimers on the cell surface in the absence of ligand binding. We also investigate the functional consequences of EphA2 SAM domain deletion. Surprisingly, we find that the EphA2 SAM domain inhibits receptor dimerization and decreases EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This role is dramatically different from the role of the SAM domain of the related EphA3 receptor, which we previously found to stabilize EphA3 dimers and increase EphA3 tyrosine phosphorylation in cells in the absence of ligand. Thus, the EphA2 SAM domain likely contributes to a unique mode of EphA2 interaction that leads to distinct signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael D Paul
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Manasee Gedam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
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40
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Li P, Liu X, Dong ZM, Ling ZQ. Epigenetic silencing of HIC1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drives progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38151-65. [PMID: 26510908 PMCID: PMC4741990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of the novel tumor suppressor gene HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1) occurs frequently in various tumors where it causes tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we investigated a role of HIC1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the underlying mechanisms. Downregulation of HIC1 occurred in approximately 70% of primary ESCCs at both mRNA and protein level where it was associated significantly with vascular invasion, advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor disease free survival (DFS). The promoter methylation analyses suggested that loss of HIC1 expression was mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Functional studies established that ectopic re-expression of HIC1 in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenicity, cell motility, tumor formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our results decipher the mechanism through which HIC1 deficiency induce ESCC cells to undergo EMT and promote tumor progression and metastasis through activation of EphA2 signaling pathway. Together, loss of the regulation of EphA2 pathway through HIC1 epigenetic silencing could be an important mechanism in the ESCC progression. We identify a novel pathway that linking HIC1 downregulation to EphA2-inducing EMT in ESCC cells and may shed light on the development of novel anti-tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zi-Ming Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310022, China
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41
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Kakani P, Suman S, Gupta L, Kumar S. Ambivalent Outcomes of Cell Apoptosis: A Barrier or Blessing in Malaria Progression. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:302. [PMID: 27014225 PMCID: PMC4791532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of Plasmodium in two evolutionary distant hosts, mosquito, and human, is a complex process. It is regulated at various stages of developments by a number of diverged mechanisms that ultimately determine the outcome of the disease. During the development processes, Plasmodium invades a variety of cells in two hosts. The invaded cells tend to undergo apoptosis and are subsequently removed from the system. This process also eliminates numerous parasites along with these apoptotic cells as a part of innate defense against the invaders. Plasmodium should escape the invaded cell before it undergoes apoptosis or it should manipulate host cell apoptosis for its survival. Interestingly, both these phenomena are evident in Plasmodium at different stages of development. In addition, the parasite also exhibits altruistic behavior and triggers its own killing for the selection of the best ‘fit’ progeny, removal of the ‘unfit’ parasites to conserve the nutrients and to support the host survival. Thus, the outcomes of cell apoptosis are ambivalent, favorable as well as unfavorable during malaria progression. Here we discuss that the manipulation of host cell apoptosis might be helpful in the regulation of Plasmodium development and will open new frontiers in the field of malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Sneha Suman
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
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Eph/ephrin signaling in the kidney and lower urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:359-71. [PMID: 25903642 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of the highly specialized cell types and tissues that constitute the organs of the urinary system, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra, require the tightly regulated exchange of signals in and between these tissues. Eph/ephrin signaling is a bidirectional signaling pathway that has been functionally implicated in many developmental and homeostatic contexts, most prominently in the vascular and neural system. Expression and knockout analyses have now provided evidence that Eph/ephrin signaling is of crucial relevance for cell and tissue interactions in the urinary system as well. A clear requirement has emerged in the formation of the vesicoureteric junction, in urorectal septation and glomerulogenesis during embryonic development, in maintenance of medullary tubular cells and podocytes in homeostasis, and in podocyte and glomerular injury responses. Deregulation of Eph/ephrin signaling may also contribute to the formation and progression of tumors in the urinary system, most prominently bladder and renal cell carcinoma. While in the embryonic contexts Eph/ephrin signaling regulates adhesion of epithelial cells, in the adult setting, cell-shape changes and cell survival seem to be the primary cellular processes mediated by this signaling module. With progression of the genetic analyses of mice conditionally mutant for compound alleles of Eph receptor and ephrin ligand genes, additional essential functions are likely to arise in the urinary system.
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Xavier GM, Miletich I, Cobourne MT. Ephrin Ligands and Eph Receptors Show Regionally Restricted Expression in the Developing Palate and Tongue. Front Physiol 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 26941654 PMCID: PMC4763095 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph family receptor-interacting (ephrin) ligands and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors constitute the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Ephrin ligands and their receptors form an important cell communication system with widespread roles in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis. In order to investigate potential roles of the ephrin-Eph system during palatogenesis and tongue development, we have characterized the cellular mRNA expression of family members EphrinA1-A3, EphA1–A8, and EphrinB2, EphB1, EphB4 during murine embryogenesis between embryonic day 13.5–16.5 using radioactive in situ hybridization. With the exception of EphA6 and ephrinA3, all genes were regionally expressed during the process of palatogenesis, with restricted and often overlapping domains. Transcripts were identified in the palate epithelium, localized at the tip of the palatal shelves, in the mesenchyme and also confined to the medial epithelium seam. Numerous Eph transcripts were also identified during tongue development. In particular, EphA1 and EphA2 demonstrated a highly restricted and specific expression in the tongue epithelium at all stages examined, whereas EphA3 was strongly expressed in the lateral tongue mesenchyme. These results suggest regulatory roles for ephrin-EphA signaling in development of the murine palate and tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK
| | - Isabelle Miletich
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital London, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK
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Biswas S, Son A, Yu Q, Zhou R, Lo WK. Breakdown of interlocking domains may contribute to formation of membranous globules and lens opacity in ephrin-A5(-/-) mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 145:130-139. [PMID: 26643403 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ephrin-A5, a ligand of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, plays a key role in lens fiber cell packing and cell-cell adhesion, with approximately 87% of ephrin-A5(-/-) mice develop nuclear cataracts. Here, we investigated the extensive formation of light-scattering globules associated with breakdown of interlocking protrusions during lens opacification in ephrin-A5(-/-) mice. Lenses from wild-type (WT) and ephrin-A5(-/-) mice between 2 and 21 weeks old were studied with light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence labeling, freeze-fracture TEM and filipin cytochemistry for membrane cholesterol detection. Lens opacities with various densities were first observed in ephrin-A5(-/-) mice at around 60 days old. Dense cataracts in the mutant lenses were seen primarily in the nuclear region surrounded by transparent cortices from all eyes examined. We confirmed that a majority of nuclear cataracts were dislocated posteriorly and ruptured the thinner posterior lens capsule. SEM analysis indicated that numerous interlocking protrusions and wavy ridge-and-valley membrane surfaces in deep cortical and nuclear fibers did not cause lens opacity in both transparent ephrin-A5(-/-) and WT mice. In contrast, abundant isolated membranous globules of approximately 1000 nm in size were distributed randomly along the intact fiber cells during early stage of all ephrin-A5(-/-) cataracts examined. A further examination using both SEM and TEM revealed that isolated globules were generated from the disintegrated interlocking protrusions originally located along the corners of hexagonal fiber cells. Freeze-fracture TEM further revealed the association of square-array aquaporin junctions with both isolated globules and interlocking membrane domains. This study reports for the first time that disrupted interlocking protrusions are the source of numerous large membranous globules that contribute to light scattering and nuclear cataracts in the ephrin-A5(-/-) mice. Our results further suggest that dissociations of N-cadherin and adherens junctions in the associated interlocking domains may result in the formation of isolated globules and nuclear opacities in the ephrin-A5(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondip Biswas
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Son
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qili Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Renping Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Woo-Kuen Lo
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Miyamoto T, Kim D, Knox JA, Johnson E, Mucke L. Increasing the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB2 Prevents Amyloid-β-induced Depletion of Cell Surface Glutamate Receptors by a Mechanism That Requires the PDZ-binding Motif of EphB2 and Neuronal Activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1719-1734. [PMID: 26589795 PMCID: PMC4722453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse lines of evidence suggest that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides causally contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. However, the mechanisms by which Aβ impairs neuronal functions remain to be fully elucidated. Previous studies showed that soluble Aβ oligomers interfere with synaptic functions by depleting NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) from the neuronal surface and that overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2 can counteract this process. Through pharmacological treatments and biochemical analyses of primary neuronal cultures expressing wild-type or mutant forms of EphB2, we demonstrate that this protective effect of EphB2 depends on its PDZ-binding motif and the presence of neuronal activity but not on its kinase activity. We further present evidence that the protective effect of EphB2 may be mediated by the AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2, which can become associated with the PDZ-binding motif of EphB2 through PDZ domain-containing proteins and can promote the retention of NMDARs in the membrane. In addition, we show that the Aβ-induced depletion of surface NMDARs does not depend on several factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction, including aberrant neuronal activity, tau, prion protein (PrPC), and EphB2 itself. Thus, although EphB2 does not appear to be directly involved in the Aβ-induced depletion of NMDARs, increasing its expression may counteract this pathogenic process through a neuronal activity- and PDZ-dependent regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyamoto
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel Kim
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Joseph A Knox
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Erik Johnson
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158.
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The Polymorphisms with Cataract Susceptibility Impair the EPHA2 Receptor Stability and Its Cytoprotective Function. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:401894. [PMID: 26664742 PMCID: PMC4668318 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence revealing susceptibility genes for age-related cataract, its pathophysiology leading to visual impairment at the cellular and molecular level remains poorly understood. Recent bioinformatic studies uncovered the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms in human EPHA2, rs2291806 and rs1058371, with age-related cataract. Here we investigated the role of EPHA2 in counteracting oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of lens epithelial cells. The cataract-associated missense mutations resulted in the destabilization of EPHA2 receptor without altering the mRNA transcription. The cytoprotective and antiapoptotic function of EPHA2 in lens epithelial cells was abolished by the functional polymorphisms. Furthermore, our results suggest that the downstream signaling of activated EPHA2 promotes the antioxidative capacity of lens epithelial cells to eradicate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the overexpression of EPHA2 with nonsynonymous mutations in the lens epithelial cells offered limited antioxidative protection against oxidative stress. Thus, our study not only sheds the light on the potential cytoprotective function of EPHA2 signaling in lens but also provides the cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of age-related cataract.
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Abstract
Overexpressed tumor-self antigens represent the largest group of candidate vaccine targets. Those exhibiting a role in oncogenesis may be some of the least studied but perhaps most promising. This review considers this subset of self antigens by highlighting vaccine efforts for some of the better known members and focusing on TPD52, a new promising vaccine target. We shed light on the importance of both preclinical and clinical vaccine studies demonstrating that tolerance and autoimmunity (presumed to preclude this class of antigens from vaccine development) can be overcome and do not present the obstacle that might have been expected. The potential of this class of antigens for broad application is considered, possibly in the context of low tumor burden or adjuvant therapy, as is the need to understand mechanisms of tolerance that are relatively understudied.
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Key Words
- ALK, Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AR, androgen receptor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- Her-2/neu, human epithelial growth factor receptor 2
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide
- Overexpressed tumor-self antigen
- TAA, tumor associated antigen
- TPD52
- TRAMP, Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate
- Treg, T regulatory cell
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- WT-1, Wilms tumor-1
- hD52
- hD52, human TPD52
- mD52
- mD52, murine TPD52
- oncogenic
- shared
- tumor protein D52
- universal
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Bright
- a Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and the TTUHSC Cancer Center ; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center ; Lubbock , TX USA
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Reis LM, Tyler RC, Semina EV. Identification of a novel C-terminal extension mutation in EPHA2 in a family affected with congenital cataract. Mol Vis 2014; 20:836-42. [PMID: 24940039 PMCID: PMC4057250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital cataracts occur in 3-4 per 10,000 live births and account for 5% to 20% of pediatric blindness worldwide. With more than 37 genes known to be associated with isolated congenital cataract, whole exome sequencing (WES) was recently introduced as an efficient method for screening all known factors. METHODS Whole exome analysis in two members of a four-generation pedigree affected with dominant congenital cataract and glaucoma was performed by WES; co-segregation analysis of identified variants in all pedigree members was completed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Analysis of the WES data identified a novel pathogenic variant in EPHA2, c.2925dupC, p.(Ile976Hisfs*37), that demonstrated complete cosegregation with the phenotype in the pedigree. The mutation occurs in the final amino acid before the stop codon of the normal EPHA2 protein and is predicted to produce a mutant protein with an erroneous C-terminal extension of 35 amino acids. Nine other families have been previously reported with dominant congenital/juvenile cataracts and mutations in EPHA2. Two additional likely loss-of-function variants in genes known to cause dominant congenital cataract were considered and excluded based on control data and cosegregation analysis: a nonsense variant in CYRBB3, c.547G>T, p.(Glu183*), and a splicing variant in CRYBA2, c.446+1G>A. CONCLUSIONS Identification of a novel pathogenic EPHA2 allele further implicates this gene in congenital cataract. This is only the second EPHA2 mutation that specifically affects the most C-terminal PSD95/Dlg/ZO1 (PDZ)-binding motif and the third pathogenic allele associated with an erroneous C-terminal extension beyond the normal stop codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Rebecca C. Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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