Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis Be Parameterized and Standardized? A Narrative Review

Bibliometric analysis and key messages of integrating Chinese and Western Medicine for COVID-19

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic since it broke out, and integrated Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM) has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to analyze the published literature on ICWM for COVID-19 at home and abroad, and compare their differences on hotspots and research fronts.

Methods

Publications before Oct 31, 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science core database (WOS), PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (Wanfang), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), CiteSpace and VOSviewer to summarize the basic characteristics of publications, countries, institutions, keywords, and citations.

Results

We included 580 English papers and 1727 Chinese papers in this study. The development trends in China and other countries are relatively asynchronous and show a smooth growth trend for the future. The most productive countries were China, India, and the United States, while the most productive domestic research institution was the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The clustering analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that Chinese literature focused on clinical studies of ICWM for COVID-19, such as retrospective studies, clinical features, and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome analysis, while English literature focused on therapeutic mechanism studies and evidence-based medicine studies, such as systematic reviews and meta-analysis, and both of them paid attention to network pharmacological research and Qingfei Paidu Decoction. Sorting out the top 10 highly cited articles, Huang CL's article published in Lancet in 2020 was regarded as a cornerstone in the field.

Conclusion

The treatment of COVID-19 by ICWM has become a worldwide research hotspot. Although there are differences in the specific contents among countries, the development trend of research types to the mechanism of action, and the development trend of research contents to the recovery period treatment and the prevention of COVID-19 by ICWM are consistent.

Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Symptoms in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Data Mining Study

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) ranks as a major cause of motor disabilities in children, with spastic CP making up roughly 70-80% of all CP cases. The primary objective of our study is to identify characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) symptom of spastic CP, thereby establishing correlations between the TCM symptom and the disease, providing a more scientific theoretical foundation for TCM treatments on spastic CP, enabling a deeper comprehension of clinical interventions, ultimately, improving rehabilitation outcomes in TCM treatment for spastic CP.

Methods

We conducted a data mining study on TCM symptom of spastic CP children aged 4-14 years old treated at Xi'an Encephalopathy Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, from October 2021 to March 2023. The medical records of all eligible and complete spastic CP patients were extracted, processed for data cleansing, transformed, and subsequently analyzed to discern distinctive TCM symptom. K-Means Clustering Analysis and Association Rule Analysis were used for data mining.

Results

Core symptoms identified for spastic CP encompassed "Motor Dysfunction", "Impaired Speech", "Delayed Development", "Limb Stiffness", "Rigidity in the limbs", "Intellectual Impairment", "Timidity and susceptibility to startle responses", "Muscle Wasting", and "Pale or Dull Complexion". Among the top-ranking associations of symptom, patterns emerge wherein "Motor dysfunction" intertwine with "Impaired speech", "Motor dysfunction" coexist with "Delayed development", and "Impaired speech" are accompanied by "Delayed development".

Conclusion

This study identified the core symptom of spastic CP and tentatively suggests that the clinical manifestations of spastic CP are essentially consistent with the TCM pattern "liver exuberance and spleen weakness". This finding has facilitated the preliminary establishment of correlations between TCM pattern differentiation and the disease in medicine. It is anticipated that this correlation will bring tangible benefits to a larger number of children with spastic CP.

Core characteristics of sublingual veins analysis and its relationship with hypertension

BACKGROUND

The sublingual vein (SV) is a specialized diagnostic method used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Despite its ability to objectively reflect blood flow, SV is often overlooked in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to analyze the core characteristics of SV and investigate the in-depth relationship between its digital characteristics and hypertension. The goal is to find a link between SV and hypertension and break out of the current situation.

METHODS

Modern digital analysis techniques were applied to the traditional SV diagnostic theory. In a controlled study with 204 participants, the digital characteristics of SV were documented using TFDA-1, and its color value was analyzed using TDAS. Morphological characteristics of SV, such as trunklength, width, and tortuosity, were examined by combining computer vision with expert interpretation. This involved the application of automatic ranging methods and a rectangular approximation algorithm, which are novel approaches in the field of TCM. The t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the digital characteristics of SV in hypertension. Binary logistic regression and neural network models were established using machine learning to explore the deep relationship between SV characteristics and hypertension.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference of the tortuosity of SV between the two groups (Z=-2.629, p= 0.009). The results revealed thick width of SV (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.02-6.79) was the risk factor for hypertension. Addition of SV characteristics improved overall percent correct for hypertension prediction to 80%.

CONCLUSION

TCM method of diagnosis of SV has been greatly expanded in terms of technical means, and the close relationship between SV and hypertension has been found in clinical data.

Machine learning classification of polycystic ovary syndrome based on radial pulse wave analysis

BACKGROUND

Patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) experienced endocrine disorders that may present vascular function changes. This study aimed to classify and predict PCOS by radial pulse wave parameters using machine learning (ML) methods and to provide evidence for objectifying pulse diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

METHODS

A case-control study with 459 subjects divided into a PCOS group and a healthy (non-PCOS) group. The pulse wave parameters were measured and analyzed between the two groups. Seven supervised ML classification models were applied, including K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Voting, and Long Short Term Memory networks (LSTM). Parameters that were significantly different were selected as input features and stratified k-fold cross-validations training was applied to the models.

RESULTS

There were 316 subjects in the PCOS group and 143 subjects in the healthy group. Compared to the healthy group, the pulse wave parameters h3/h1 and w/t from both left and right sides were increased while h4, t4, t, As, h4/h1 from both sides and right t1 were decreased in the PCOS group (P < 0.01). Among the ML models evaluated, both the Voting and LSTM with ensemble learning capabilities, demonstrated competitive performance. These models achieved the highest results across all evaluation metrics. Specifically, they both attained a testing accuracy of 72.174% and an F1 score of 0.818, their respective AUC values were 0.715 for the Voting and 0.722 for the LSTM.

CONCLUSION

Radial pulse wave signal could identify most PCOS patients accurately (with a good F1 score) and is valuable for early detection and monitoring of PCOS with acceptable overall accuracy. This technique can stimulate the development of individualized PCOS risk assessment using mobile detection technology, furthermore, gives physicians an intuitive understanding of the objective pulse diagnosis of TCM.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Not applicable.

Relationship chains of subhealth physical examination indicators: a cross-sectional study using the PLS-SEM approach

Subhealth is a transitional state between health and disease, and it can be detected through routine physical check-ups. However, the complexity and diversity of physical examination items and the difficulty of quantifying subhealth manifestations are the main problems that hinder its treatment. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the physical examination performance of the subhealthy population and further explore the deeper relationships between indicators. Indicators were obtained for 878 subjects, including basic information, Western medicine indicators, inquiries of traditional Chinese medicine and sublingual vein (SV) characteristics. Statistical differences were analysed using R software. To explore the distribution of symptoms and symptom clusters in subhealth, partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to the subhealth physical examination index, and a structural model was developed to verify whether the relationship chain between the latent variables was reasonable. Finally, the reliability and validity of the PLS-SE model were assessed. The most common subclinical clinical symptoms were limb soreness (37.6%), fatigue (31.6%), shoulder and neck pain (30.5%) and dry eyes (29.2%). The redness of the SV in the subhealthy group was paler than that in the healthy group (p < 0.001). This study validates the establishment of the directed acyclic relationship chain in the subhealthy group: the path from routine blood tests to lipid metabolism (t = 7.878, p < 0.001), the path from lipid metabolism to obesity (t = 8.410, p < 0.001), the path from obesity to SV characteristics (t = 2.237, p = 0.025), and the path from liver function to SV characteristics (t = 2.215, p = 0.027). The innovative application of PLS-SEM to the study of subhealth has revealed the existence of a chain of relationships between physical examination indicators, which will provide a basis for further exploration of subhealth mechanisms and causal inference. This study has identified the typical symptoms of subhealth, and their early management will help to advance the treatment of diseases.

Objective evaluation of tongue diagnosis ability using a tongue diagnosis e-learning/e-assessment system based on a standardized tongue image database

Background

In Kampo medicine, tongue examination is used to diagnose the pathological condition “Sho,” but an objective evaluation method for its diagnostic ability has not been established. We constructed a tongue diagnosis electronic learning and evaluation system based on a standardized tongue image database.

Purpose

This study aims to verify the practicality of this assessment system by evaluating the tongue diagnosis ability of Kampo specialists (KSs), medical professionals, and students.

Methods

In the first study, we analyzed the answer data of 15 KSs in an 80-question tongue diagnosis test that assesses eight aspects of tongue findings and evaluated the (i) test score, (ii) test difficulty and discrimination index, (iii) diagnostic consistency, and (iv) diagnostic match rate between KSs. In the second study, we administered a 20-question common Kampo test and analyzed the answer data of 107 medical professionals and 56 students that assessed the tongue color discrimination ability and evaluated the (v) correct answer rate, (vi) test difficulty, and (vii) factors related to the correct answer rate.

Result

In the first study, the average test score was 62.2 ± 10.7 points. Twenty-eight questions were difficult (correct answer rate, &lt;50%), 34 were moderate (50%–85%), and 18 were easy (≥85%). Regarding intrarater reliability, the average diagnostic match rate of five KSs involved in database construction was 0.66 ± 0.08, and as for interrater reliability, the diagnostic match rate between the 15 KSs was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.65) for Gwet's agreement coefficient 1, and the degree of the match rate was moderate. In the second study, the difficulty level of questions was moderate, with a correct rate of 81.3% for medical professionals and 82.1% for students. The discrimination index was good for medical professionals (0.35) and poor for students (0.06). Among medical professionals, the correct answer group of this question had a significantly higher total score on the Kampo common test than the incorrect answer group (85.3 ± 8.4 points vs. 75.8 ± 11.8 points, p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion

This system can objectively evaluate tongue diagnosis ability and has high practicality. Utilizing this system can be expected to contribute to improving learners’ tongue diagnosis ability and standardization of tongue diagnosis.

Development of a tongue image-based machine learning tool for the diagnosis of gastric cancer: a prospective multicentre clinical cohort study

BACKGROUND

Tongue images (the colour, size and shape of the tongue and the colour, thickness and moisture content of the tongue coating), reflecting the health state of the whole body according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have been widely used in China for thousands of years. Herein, we investigated the value of tongue images and the tongue coating microbiome in the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

From May 2020 to January 2021, we simultaneously collected tongue images and tongue coating samples from 328 patients with GC (all newly diagnosed with GC) and 304 non-gastric cancer (NGC) participants in China, and 16 S rDNA was used to characterize the microbiome of the tongue coating samples. Then, artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning models were established to evaluate the value of tongue images and the tongue coating microbiome in the diagnosis of GC. Considering that tongue imaging is more convenient and economical as a diagnostic tool, we further conducted a prospective multicentre clinical study from May 2020 to March 2022 in China and recruited 937 patients with GC and 1911 participants with NGC from 10 centres across China to further evaluate the role of tongue images in the diagnosis of GC. Moreover, we verified this approach in another independent external validation cohort that included 294 patients with GC and 521 participants with NGC from 7 centres. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01090362.

FINDINGS

For the first time, we found that both tongue images and the tongue coating microbiome can be used as tools for the diagnosis of GC, and the area under the curve (AUC) value of the tongue image-based diagnostic model was 0.89. The AUC values of the tongue coating microbiome-based model reached 0.94 using genus data and 0.95 using species data. The results of the prospective multicentre clinical study showed that the AUC values of the three tongue image-based models for GCs reached 0.88-0.92 in the internal verification and 0.83-0.88 in the independent external verification, which were significantly superior to the combination of eight blood biomarkers.

INTERPRETATION

Our results suggest that tongue images can be used as a stable method for GC diagnosis and are significantly superior to conventional blood biomarkers. The three kinds of tongue image-based AI deep learning diagnostic models that we developed can be used to adequately distinguish patients with GC from participants with NGC, even early GC and precancerous lesions, such as atrophic gastritis (AG).

FUNDING

The National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA0910100), Program of Zhejiang Provincial TCM Sci-tech Plan (2018ZY006), Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (2022KY114, WKJ-ZJ-2104), Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer (JBZX-202006), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (HDMY22H160008), Science and Technology Projects of Zhejiang Province (2019C03049), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82074245, 81973634, 82204828), and Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M713203).

Can Acupuncture Improve the Flexibility of Hamstring Muscles? A Randomized, Blinded, and Controlled Pilot Study

(1) Background: The lack of flexibility is frequently reported as a risk factor for hamstring muscle damage. Acupuncture, a therapeutic tool of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), may play a role in both treatment and prevention by improving muscle strength, microcirculation, and reducing muscle soreness. The primary objective of this pilot study was to examine the immediate effects of acupuncture on hamstring muscle stretching and on the pain or discomfort reported during stretching. (2) Methods: To mitigate heterogeneity effects, and due to the small sample size, the study employed a crossover design in which each participant was tested at three different moments of the experimental period with verum (true acupuncture in selected acupoints), sham (fake acupuncture in zones of the skin not corresponding to any known acupoint but near the selected acupoints), and placebo (stimulation of the selected acupoints with a stainless steel wire and cannula, without puncturing) stimulations. Flexibility and pain or discomfort were assessed using the seat and reach test (SR) and a visual analogic scale (VAS). (3) Results: Significant changes in flexibility were observed after verum acupuncture (p = 0.03), while no significant changes were seen in sham and placebo (p = 0.86 and p = 0.18, respectively). No significant differences were found in pain or discomfort during any of the stimulations (verum, p = 0.55; sham, p = 0.50; placebo, p = 0.58). (4) Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that acupuncture may improve flexibility in the hamstring muscles, though it does not significantly affect pain or discomfort during stretching.

Parameter study on characteristic pulse diagram of polycystic ovary syndrome based on logistic regression analysis

This study aimed to explore the parameters of the independent predictive characteristic pulse diagram of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by analysing the pulse characteristics between healthy women and the PCOS group. A total of 278 women were recruited for this study. Pulse wave parameters were collected by the pulse spectrum analyser. The single-factor analysis of the pulse diagram parameters was used to identify significant indicators, and the logistic regression analysis was carried out on the above indicators with statistical differences to obtain independent predictors. According to the single-factor and multi-factor analyses, h₁, h₅, h₃/h₁, t, t₁ and t₅ were independent predictors of PCOS diagnosis. The results showed that PCOS patients had a faster heart rate, decreased left ventricular systolic function and decreased aortic compliance compared to healthy individuals. These findings suggested that the characteristic pulse parameters screened out are valuable for the diagnosis of PCOS.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological reproductive endocrine and metabolic disease, which is significant for screening and early intervention in the disease. However, due to the lack of pulse's diagnostic evidence of PCOS, there is still an unknown area in the research on the correlation between PCOS and pulse diagram parameters.What do the results of this study add? This study fills the gap between the research on PCOS and pulse wave. The study also shows that the pulse characteristic parameters h₁, h₅, h₃/h₁, t, t₁, and t₅ are independent predictors of PCOS, suggesting that the patients have a higher heart rate, lower ventricular systolic function, and aortic compliance than healthy individuals.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Prominent risk factors for pulse parameters associated with the occurrence of PCOS facilitate early screening and diagnosis of the disease. The objectification of pulse diagnosis helps to establish a health management model, which can be used for the accurate assessment and treatment of PCOS by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It provides a clinical reference for the study of pulse diagnosis objectification.

Role of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines in Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been in use for thousands of years in Asian countries and is rapidly gaining popularity in the Western world. Among different forms of TCM, the traditional Chinese herbal therapy and acupuncture are the most popular modalities. Here, we review the fundamentals of TCMs for clinicians practicing in the West and will also detail the evidence-based utility of Chinese herbal medicine in the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs).

RECENT FINDINGS

In the recent decades, the popularity and usage of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in FGIDs is increasing in the West. TCMs are commonly utilized by many patients with FGIDs as the conventional therapies do have limitations such as cost, inadequate symptom control and adverse effects. The unfamiliarity of TCM philosophy among clinicians in the West, and shortage of traditional Chinese herbalists remain. The philosophy of TCM is complex and entirely different from the Western medical concepts and is difficult to understand for a clinician trained in the West. Further traditional Chinese herbal therapies are often viewed skeptically by the clinicians in the West for various reasons such as lack of scientific rigor, inconsistencies in the constituents of herbal products, and also concerns due to adverse herb effects. Future clinical trials in FGIDs should focus on herb product quality, herb-drug interactions, and standardized criteria for diagnosis and management outcomes.

Construction of a Standardized Tongue Image Database for Diagnostic Education: Development of a Tongue Diagnosis e-Learning System

Tongue examination is an important diagnostic method for judging pathological conditions in Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine), but it is not easy for beginners to learn the diagnostic technique. One reason is that there are few objective diagnostic criteria for tongue examination findings, and the educational method for tongue examination is not standardized in Japan, warranting the need for a tongue image database for e-learning systems that could dramatically improve the efficiency of education. Therefore, we constructed a database comprising tongue images whose findings were determined on the basis of votes given by five Kampo medicine specialists (KMSs) and confirmed the educational usefulness of the database for tongue diagnosis e-learning systems. The study was conducted in the following five steps: development of a tongue imaging collection system, collection of tongue images, evaluation and annotation of tongue images, development of a tongue diagnosis e-learning system, and verification of the educational usefulness of this system. Five KMSs evaluated the tongue images obtained from 125 participants in the following eight aspects: (i) tongue body size, (ii) tongue body color, (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness, (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue, (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue, (vi) thickness of tongue coating, (vii) color of tongue coating, and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating. Medical students (MSs) were given a tongue diagnosis test using an e-learning system after a lecture on tongue diagnosis. The cumulative and individual match rates (%) (individual match rates of 100% (5/5), 80% (4/5), and 60% (3/5) are shown in parentheses, respectively) were as follows: (i) tongue body size: 92.8 (26.4/26.4/40.0); (ii) tongue body color: 83.2 (10.4/20.8/52.0); (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness: 88.8 (13.6/34.4/40.8); (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue: 88.8 (6.4/35.2/47.2); (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue: 96.8 (24.0/35.2/37.6); (vi) thickness of tongue coating: 84.8 (7.2/21.6/56.0); (vii) color of tongue coating: 88.0 (15.2/37.6/35.2); and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating: 74.4 (4.8/19.2/50.4). The test showed that the tongue diagnosis ability of MSs who attended a lecture on tongue diagnosis was almost the same as that of KMSs. We successfully constructed a tongue image database standardized for training specialists on tongue diagnosis and confirmed the educational usefulness of the e-learning system using a database. This database will contribute to the standardization and popularization of Kampo education.

Perceptions of traditional Chinese medicine doctors about using wearable devices and traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic instruments: A mixed-methodology study

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of traditional Chinese medicine doctors about wearable devices and diagnostic instruments and explore the factors that influence them.

Methods

Data on the perceptions of the traditional Chinese medicine doctors in Hangzhou, China, about wearable devices and diagnostic instruments were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The author coded the interview responses using grounded theory. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in Hangzhou, China. The responses of 385 traditional Chinese medicine doctors were considered valid. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression models were used for analysis.

Results

This study categorized the perceptions of traditional Chinese medicine about wearable devices and traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic instruments under convenience, reliability, suitable population, machine usage scenario, and the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and information communication technology. Convenience encompassed portability and the convenience of carrying instruments or wearing the devices and operating them and the human–device interface. Reliability encompassed the underlying principles, accuracy, durability, and reference to diagnosis. Suitability for people encompassed age distinction and disease differentiation. Machine usage scenarios included use in daily life, educational institutions, and primary medical institutions. The combination of traditional Chinese medicine and information communication technology encompassed the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and wearable functions and diagnostic interpretation. The perceptions of traditional Chinese medicine doctors were affected by age, title, type of hospital, and specialty.

Conclusions

The use of wearable devices and traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic instruments has gradually been accepted by traditional Chinese medicine doctors. Traditional Chinese medicine doctors need to improve their knowledge and skills for information communication technology integration, and their standardized training should incorporate information communication technology and digital health.

A Nonlinear Association between Tongue Fur Thickness and Tumor Marker Abnormality: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Many associations between tongue fur and different physiological and biochemical indexes have been revealed. However, the relationship between tongue fur and tumor markers remains unexplored.

Methods

We collected the medical examination reports of 1625 participants. Participants were residents of Chengdu, China, undergoing routine health checkups at the health management center of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between December 2018 and September 2020. The participants' tongue fur thickness was measured using the DAOSH four-diagnostic instrument. Tumor marker levels, including t-PSA, AFP, CEA, CA125, and CA199, were measured in the clinical laboratory. Curve-fitting and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the association between tongue fur thickness and tumor marker abnormality.

Results

Curve-fitting showed that the relationship between tongue fur thickness and abnormal tumor marker rate was nonlinear, similar to a U shape. As the tongue fur thickness value increased, the abnormal tumor marker probability initially decreased and then increased. Logistic regression showed that, in the crude model, compared with the thin tongue fur group, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the less or peeling tongue fur group and thick tongue fur group for tumor marker abnormality were 1.79 (1.02–3.17) and 1.70 (1.13–2.54), respectively. After adjusting gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, drinking history, tongue color, the form of the tongue, and fur color, the ORs and 95% CIs of the less or peeling tongue fur group and thick tongue fur group were 1.93 (1.04–3.57) and 1.82 (1.17–2.81), respectively.

Conclusions

Excessive or very little tongue fur is associated with tumor marker abnormality. Further cross-sectional studies are needed to evaluate the clinical value of tongue fur for cancer diagnosis and screening.

A First Step towards a Comprehensive Approach to Harmonic Analysis of Synchronous Peripheral Volume Pulses: A Proof-of-Concept Study

The harmonic analysis (HA) of arterial radial pulses in humans has been widely investigated in recent years for clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed at establishing the validity of carrying out HA on synchronous peripheral volume pulses for predicting diabetes-induced subtle changes in heart energy. In this study, 141 subjects (Group 1: 63 healthy elderly subjects; Group 2: 78 diabetic subjects) were enrolled at the same hospital. After routine blood sampling, all synchronous electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) measurements (i.e., at the six locations) were acquired in the morning. HA of synchronous peripheral volume pulses and radial pulse waves was performed and analyzed after a short period of an ensemble averaging process based on the R-wave peak location. This study utilized HA for the peripheral volume pulses and found that the averaged total pulse energy (i.e., the C₀ of the DTFS) was identical in the same subject. A logistic regression model with C₀ and a waist circumference variable showed a graded association with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio for C₀ and the waist circumference were 0.986 (95% confidence interval: 0.977, 0.994) and 1.130 (95% confidence interval: 1.045, 1.222), respectively. C₀ also showed significant negative correlations with risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus, including glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose (r = −0.438, p < 0.001; r = −0.358, p < 0.001, respectively). This study established a new application of harmonic analysis in synchronous peripheral volume pulses for clinical applications. The findings showed that the C₀ could be used as a prognostic indicator of a protective factor for predicting type 2 diabetes.

Perspectives, Measurability and Effects of Non-Contact Biofield-Based Practices: A Narrative Review of Quantitative Research

Practices such as "Reiki", therapeutic touch, healing touch, and external "Qigong" have been regarded as some form of "energy medicine" or "biofield therapy". The biofield concept has been studied and debated by researchers of distinct areas of expertise, and although the phenomenon was sometimes described as physically related to electromagnetics, other factors such as "subtle energy" and focused intention might be involved. These nonconventional practices integrate contact and non-contact techniques, and those dealing with so-called distant healing interventions are perhaps the most difficult to understand and accept. Practitioners describe these so-called nonlocal interventions as involving intentional factors and particular states of consciousness. With a spiritual mindset and a particular state of awareness, compassion is said to work out as a catalyst to produce physiological and physical changes through mechanisms that are still unknown. At the body level, these vegetative changes might be related to individual self-perception variations as part of the body neurovegetative feedback system of regulation. Further mechanisms are difficult to document and measure, and might be more accessible to research by using physical signal detectors, chemical dynamics methods, detectors using biological materials, detectors using living sensors, and detectors using the human body. The growing interest in these practices and the considerable amount of research exploring their effects and clinical applications encouraged this narrative review, which aims to provide an easy to consult partial overview of the history, theory and findings of quantitative research strategies exploring non-contact biofield-based practices. This work also aims to stimulate the reader's mind with the raised hypotheses, catalyzing further research on the subject to confirm or deny the reported outcomes.

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapeutics: An Overview of the Basics and Clinical Applications

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a systematic healthcare system developed from clinical experience based on a scientific model of regulation. TCM relies on unique theories and practices to treat diseases and enhance health. These practices include Chinese herbal medicine and dietetics, acupuncture and moxibustion, and other non-medication therapies such as Chinese bodywork or manual therapy, known as "Tuina", and traditional biofeedback exercises, known as "Qigong" and "Taijiquan". The integration of TCM in Western health systems and research requires a rational communicable theory, scientific proof of efficacy and safety, and quality control measures. Understanding the structural concepts of the TCM language makes possible the parallelism to Western physiology, and the inherent rational use of the reflex therapeutic systems, anti-inflammatory mechanisms and mental training involved, for example, in acupuncture and "Qigong". The results of TCM clinical trials and fundamental research on its nature and mechanisms have encouraged the development and application of well-designed research strategies such as double blinding in acupucture to overcome limitations and resistances in integrating these practices into the existing biomedical paradigms of the West. This review aims to overview some TCM theoretical concepts and the evidence-based clinical application of TCM's leading practices to create an easy-to-consult and condensed source of information, available for the healthcare community, facilitating the understanding and communication between conventional health professionals and TCM practitioners and acupuncturists.