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Tremblay F, Courtemanche Y, Bélanger RE, Turcotte-Tremblay AM. A systematic review of the association between history of sexually transmitted infections and subsequent condom use in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1000. [PMID: 38600483 PMCID: PMC11007949 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among adolescents. According to the Health Belief Model, cues to action influence preventive behaviors. Cues to action can include health experiences such as being diagnosed with an STI. The impact of a history of STIs on subsequent condom use among adolescents remains largely unexamined, despite high rates of recurrence and their health impacts. This project aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between curable STIs and subsequent condom use among adolescents. The systematic review, reported following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute method. Eligible studies, in the form of cohort studies, case-control studies, or cross-sectional studies, targeted adolescents aged 10 to 24, with or without a history of curable STIs; the outcome was subsequent condom use. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and Web of Science were searched from January 2012 to December 2022 with the assistance of an information specialist. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Risk of bias analysis was performed using ROBINS-E. The review explores results, with tables, based on population characteristics, exposure, and outcome, and addresses the influence of gender, ethnicity, and age. Of 3088 articles identified, seven studies were retained. Almost all the studies focused on African-American, Nigerian, or Rwandan adolescents, and several included only girls. Among girls, a history of STI increased subsequent condom use in combination with other contraceptive methods (n = 4). Among boys and older adolescents of both genders, a history of STI was associated with a decrease in condom use (n = 3). No study distinguished between different STIs. While all the studies (n = 7) presented a high risk of bias, six did not present a threat to conclusion validity. All the studies indicated that a history of STI could influence subsequent protective behaviors, possibly by acting as a cue to action, as posited by the Health Belief Model. This information enhances our understanding of factors leading to the adoption of preventive health measures among adolescents and could apply to other infectious experiences.Registration The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397443).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Tremblay
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada.
| | - Yohann Courtemanche
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard E Bélanger
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada
- Faculy of Nursing, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 3645, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
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Clarke R, Heath G, Ross J, Farrow C. Interventions supporting engagement with sexual healthcare among people of Black ethnicity: a systematic review of behaviour change techniques. Sex Health 2024; 21:NULL. [PMID: 38163758 DOI: 10.1071/sh23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black ethnic groups are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This review aimed to identify interventions designed to increase engagement with sexual healthcare among people of Black ethnicity as determined by rates of STI testing, adherence to sexual health treatment, and attendance at sexual healthcare consultations. The behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used within identified interventions were evaluated. METHOD Four electronic databases (Web of science; ProQuest; Scopus; PubMed) were systematically searched to identify eligible articles published between 2000 and 2022. Studies were critically appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings were narratively synthesised. RESULTS Twenty one studies across two countries were included. Studies included randomised controlled trials and non-randomised designs. Behavioural interventions had the potential to increase STI/HIV testing, sexual healthcare consultation attendance and adherence to sexual health treatment. Behavioural theory underpinned 16 interventions which addressed barriers to engaging with sexual healthcare. Intervention facilitators' demographics and lived experience were frequently matched to those of recipients. The most frequently identified novel BCTs in effective interventions included information about health consequences, instruction on how to perform behaviour, information about social and environmental consequences, framing/reframing, problem solving, and review behavioural goal(s). DISCUSSION Our findings highlight the importance of considering sociocultural, structural and socio-economic barriers to increasing engagement with sexual healthcare. Matching the intervention facilitators' demographics and lived experience to intervention recipients may further increase engagement. Examination of different BCT combinations would benefit future sexual health interventions in Black ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Clarke
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Heath
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Ross
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Kuo C, Jasczynski M, Yoo JH, Robinson JL, Reynolds K, Anoruo L, Bae K, Ka'opua LS, Chavez R, Tellei J, Aparicio EM. "I Need to Get My Culture Back": Youth and Provider Perspectives on Integrating Culturally Based Approaches into Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Youth Experiencing Homelessness. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:209-221. [PMID: 37566201 PMCID: PMC10764447 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in decolonizing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and embedding cultural practices into social and medical services in Hawai'i. Wahine ("woman") Talk is a multilevel, comprehensive SRH program for female youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) led by community health, social work, and medical providers. This study examines youth and program provider perspectives of culturally based approaches that may strengthen SRH programs. The study team conducted three focus groups and ten in-depth interviews with participating youth and program providers after the program's conclusion. Youth participants were aged 14 to 22 years (M = 18.1) and of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry. Interview transcripts were analyzed using structured thematic analysis. The youth described feeling estranged from their ancestral cultures and suggested incorporating multiple cultural practices to enhance their connection to community, body, and land into SRH programming for YEH. They identified several 'āina ("land")-based approaches, hands-on learning, hula, and language as possible practices to weave into the program. While youth felt estranged from their ancestral cultures, they discussed Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander health perspectives where 'āina and relationships are considered life-sustaining. Youth and program staff stressed incorporating culture respectfully, caring for the whole person, and providing trauma-informed care. Future policy, practice, and research should consider protecting and integrating Native Hawaiian conceptions of health into SRH policy and practice and include youths' cultural identities in SRH intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Kuo
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Michelle Jasczynski
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jee Hun Yoo
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Katelyn Reynolds
- College of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Anoruo
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kayla Bae
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lana Sue Ka'opua
- Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health (Retired), Department of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rebecca Chavez
- Waikiki Health, Honolulu, HI, USA
- PATH Clinic and Youth Outreach, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jacqueline Tellei
- Waikiki Health, Honolulu, HI, USA
- PATH Clinic and Youth Outreach, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Aparicio
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Staneva M, Hobbs CV, Dobbs T. Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29. [PMID: 37735714 PMCID: PMC10521607 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mississippi, USA, infant hospitalization with congenital syphilis (CS) spiked by 1,000%, from 10 in 2016 to 110 in 2022. To determine the causes of this alarming development, we analyzed Mississippi hospital discharge data to evaluate trends, demographics, outcomes, and risk factors for infants diagnosed with CS hospitalized during 2016–2022. Of the 367 infants hospitalized with a CS diagnosis, 97.6% were newborn, 92.6% were covered by Medicaid, 71.1% were African American, and 58.0% were nonurban residents. Newborns with CS had higher odds of being affected by maternal illicit drug use, being born prematurely (<37 weeks), and having very low birthweight (<1,500 g) than those without CS. Mean length of hospital stay (14.5 days vs. 3.8 days) and mean charges ($56,802 vs. $13,945) were also higher for infants with CS than for those without. To address escalation of CS, Mississippi should invest in comprehensive prenatal care and early treatment of vulnerable populations.
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Taggart T, Ransome Y, Andreou A, Song I, Kershaw T, Milburn N. Activity Space Assessments to Investigate Neighborhood Exposure to Racism-Related Stress and Related Substance Use Among Young Black Men: Connecticut, 2019. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:S136-S139. [PMID: 37339416 PMCID: PMC10282853 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To use activity space assessments to investigate neighborhood exposures that may heighten young Black men's vulnerability to substance use and misuse. Methods. We surveyed young Black men in New Haven, Connecticut in 2019 on the locations (activity spaces) they traveled to in a typical week and their experiences of racism and any alcohol and cannabis use at each location. Results. A total of 112 young Black men (mean age = 23.57 years; SD = 3.20) identified 583 activity spaces. There was significant overlap between racism-related events and substance use (alcohol and cannabis use) at specific locations. Areas with a higher prevalence of violent crime also had a greater frequency of racism-related events and substance use. Conclusions. An activity space approach is a promising method for integrating objective and subjective experiences within neighborhood contexts to better understand the frequency and co-occurrence of racism-related stress and substance use among young Black men. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S2):S136-S139. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307254).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Taggart
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
| | - Yusuf Ransome
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
| | - Ashley Andreou
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
| | - Insang Song
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
| | - Trace Kershaw
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
| | - Norweeta Milburn
- Tamara Taggart is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Yusuf Ransome, Ashley Andreou, and Trace Kershaw are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Insang Song is with the Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Norweeta Milburn is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Tamara Taggart and Norweeta Milburn are also guest editors of this special issue
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Stapleton JL, Ratnayake A, Gomes G, He H, Kissinger PJ. Past incarceration and chlamydia infection among young Black men in New Orleans. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1114877. [PMID: 37064683 PMCID: PMC10103590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundYoung Black men are disproportionately and adversely affected by incarceration and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), both of which share common social and structural determinants. It is well documented that incarcerated individuals, including youth, are more likely to acquire STIs in the carceral setting compared to the general population. However, the effects of imprisonment on sexual health outcomes after imprisonment are not well-understood. The relationship between incarceration history (having ever spent time in a correctional institution such as prison, jail, or juvenile detention) and chlamydia positivity was examined in this study.MethodsA secondary analysis of the Check it Program, a Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) community-based seek, test, and treat screening program for Black men aged 15–24 who have sex with women in New Orleans was conducted. Participants completed a computer-assisted self-administered questionnaire on relevant sexual and social histories and provided a urine specimen for a Ct urine nucleic acid amplification test. Bivariate and multivariable regressions were used to estimate the association between incarceration history and chlamydia positivity.ResultsParticipants (N = 1,907) were enrolled from May 2017 to March 2020. Of those, 351/1,816 (19.3%) reported past incarceration and 203/1,888 (10.8%) tested positive for Ct. When adjusted for age, insurance status, and condom use, having a history of incarceration was positively associated with a positive Ct test (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval):1.61 (1.12, 2.31), p = 0.0095).ConclusionsInteracting with the carceral system is associated with a positive Ct test post-incarceration. Incarceration may be an important marker for Ct acquisition in young Black men who have sex with women and those with a history of incarceration should be prioritized for Ct screening after release.
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Disparities in Sexually Transmitted Infection/HIV Testing, Contraception, and Emergency Contraception Care Among Adolescent Sexual Minority Women Who Are Racial/Ethnic Minorities. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:214-221. [PMID: 36369111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual minority women and racial/ethnic minority women in the United States are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy. Yet, we know little about STI/HIV testing and contraceptive care among women who have sex with women only and women who have sex with both women and men, and who are racial/ethnic minorities. This study examined receipt of STI/HIV testing and contraceptive care among sexually active adolescent women by sex of sexual contact(s) and race/ethnicity. METHODS Our sample included 2,149 sexually active adolescent women from the National Survey of Family Growth (2011-2019). We examined receipt of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services by sex of sexual contact(s) and race/ethnicity: STI and HIV testing, contraceptive counseling, contraceptive method, emergency contraception (EC) counseling, and EC method. RESULTS Service receipt was low for all adolescent women, with disparities by sex of sexual contact(s) and by race/ethnicity. Women who have sex with women only had the lowest rates across all services; women who have sex with both women and men had higher rates of STI and HIV testing and EC counseling than women who have sex with men only. Non-Hispanic Black women had higher rates of STI and HIV testing than non-Hispanic White peers, and non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women had lower rates of contraception method receipt than their non-Hispanic White peers. Racial/ethnic disparities persisted when results were stratified by sex of sexual contact(s). DISCUSSION There is an unmet need for improved SRH service delivery for all adolescent women and for services that are not biased by sex of sexual contact(s) and race/ethnicity.
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Johnson KA, Snyder RE, Tang EC, de Guzman NS, Plotzker RE, Murphy R, Jacobson K. Geospatial Social Determinants of Health Correlate with Disparities in Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis Cases in California. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050547. [PMID: 35631068 PMCID: PMC9146036 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Syphilis and congenital syphilis (CS) are increasing in California (CA). From 2015 through 2019, for example, CA cases of early syphilis among reproductive-age females (15−44) and CS each increased by >200%. Certain populations—including people experiencing homelessness, using drugs, and/or belonging to certain racial/ethnic groups—have been disproportionately impacted. We hypothesized that geospatial social determinants of health (SDH) contribute to such health inequities. To demonstrate this, we geospatially described syphilis in CA using the Healthy Places Index (HPI). The HPI is a composite index that assigns a score to each CA census tract based on eight socioeconomic characteristics associated with health (education, housing, transportation, neighborhood conditions, clean environment, and healthcare access as well as economic and social resources). We divided CA census tracts into four quartiles based on HPI scores (with the lowest quartile having the least healthy socioeconomic and environmental conditions), then used 2013−2020 CA sexually transmitted diseases surveillance data to compare overall syphilis (among adults and adolescents) and CS case counts, incidence rates (per 100,000 population or live births), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) among these quartiles. From 2013 to 2020, across all stages of syphilis and CS, disease burden was greatest in the lowest HPI quartile and smallest in the highest quartile (8308 cases (representing 33.2% of all incidents) versus 3768 (15.1%) for primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis; 5724 (31.6%) versus 2936 (16.2%) for early non-primary non-secondary (NPNS) syphilis; 11,736 (41.9%) versus 3026 (10.8%) for late/unknown duration syphilis; and 849 (61.9%) versus 57 (4.2%) for CS; all with p < 0.001). Using the highest HPI quartile as a reference, the IRRs in the lowest quartile were 17 for CS, 4.5 for late/unknown duration syphilis, 2.6 for P&S syphilis, and 2.3 for early NPNS syphilis. We thus observed a direct relationship between less healthy conditions (per HPI) and syphilis/CS in California, supporting our hypothesis that SDH correlate with disparities in syphilis, especially CS. HPI could inform allocation of resources to: (1) support communities most in need of assistance in preventing syphilis/CS cases and (2) reduce health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Johnson
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-757-725-3254
| | - Robert E. Snyder
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Eric C. Tang
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Natalie S. de Guzman
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Rosalyn E. Plotzker
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ryan Murphy
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Kathleen Jacobson
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; (R.E.S.); (E.C.T.); (N.S.d.G.); (R.E.P.); (R.M.); (K.J.)
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