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Chennapragada L, Kandlur R, Pushpanadh S, Shailendra Aragula S, Kilby DJ, Richardson-Vejlgaard R. A study of attitudes and experiences relating to alcohol use in a community of family farmers from Southern India. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37610764 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2248032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Problematic drinking is found to be common among Indian farmers. This study aims to improve our understanding of the causes, consequences, and culture surrounding drinking in Indian farming communities. 36 semi-structured interviews with male and female farmers were thematically analyzed. Problematic drinking in male farmers was found to significantly impact farmer's relationships, work, finances, and health, and to be related to spousal abuse and neglect. Drinking to cope with mental and physical pain was common, and stigma around drinking appears to be a barrier to social support. Implications for future research and treatment efforts for Indian farmers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raksha Kandlur
- Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Sreelakshmi Pushpanadh
- Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Rose AL, Belus JM, Ma T, Lee JS, Wan C, De Los Reyes A, Joska JA, Andersen LS, Myers B, Magidson JF. The Relationship Between Harmful Alcohol Use and Antiretroviral Non-adherence in People Accessing HIV Treatment in Cape Town, South Africa: An Event-Level Analysis. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:2055-2066. [PMID: 35022939 PMCID: PMC9050741 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Harmful alcohol consumption can significantly compromise adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prior research has identified aggregate relationships between alcohol use and ART non-adherence, largely relying on concurrent assessment of these domains. There is relatively limited evidence on more nuanced day-level associations between alcohol use and ART non-adherence, despite potentially important clinical implications. We recruited adults with HIV treatment adherence challenges and harmful alcohol use (n = 53) from HIV care in South Africa. We examined relationships between alcohol use and same and next day ART adherence, accounting for the role of weekends/holidays and participant demographics, including gender. Results demonstrated that ART adherence was significantly worse on weekend/holiday days. Next day adherence was significantly worse in the context of weekend alcohol use and among men. These results suggest the importance of tailoring intervention strategies to support ART adherence during weekend drinking and for men engaged in heavy episodic drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Belus
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tianzhou Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jasper S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Christine Wan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andres De Los Reyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John A Joska
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lena S Andersen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jessica F Magidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, USA
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Watanabe-Galloway S, Chasek C, Yoder AM, Bell JE. Substance use disorders in the farming population: Scoping review. J Rural Health 2022; 38:129-150. [PMID: 33955045 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the current knowledge base in order to make recommendations for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders among the farming populations. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between January 1989 and September 2019. The search yielded 3,426 citations and the final review was conducted on 42 articles. The full review was conducted by 4 authors to extract information about the target population, data collection methods, and main results. FINDINGS There were 21 articles on farmers and 21 articles on farmworkers. The majority of the articles were about alcohol. Overall, farmers had higher prevalence of risky alcohol consumption patterns than nonfarmers. The prevalence of risky alcohol consumption was also high among farmworkers compared to the general population. Risk factors for risky alcohol consumption included male gender, lower socioeconomic status, and psychological problems (eg, depression). Recommendations for prevention and intervention of alcohol disorders included policy development and implementation to curb alcohol access by taxation, screening of alcohol-related problems, and alternative means of recreation instead of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS This review confirmed that alcohol-related problems are prevalent among farmers and farmworkers. More population-based research is called for to understand the additional risk factors of alcohol disorders and the prevalence of other substance-related disorders. Also, interventions should be tailored to the unique culture of farmers and farmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christine Chasek
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Aaron M Yoder
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jesse E Bell
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Maternal drinking behaviour and co-exposure from smoking during and after pregnancy in relation to the neurocognitive function of school-children in the rural Western Cape. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:36-43. [PMID: 34718059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal substance use and its long-term effect on the neurocognitive functions of children is a global public health issue. Despite an increase in substance use in rural areas of low to middle-income countries, research is limited in these populations. OBJECTIVE We have therefore explored the effect of maternal drinking and smoking behaviors on the neurocognitive functioning of rural school children. METHOD A cross-sectional analysis on the determinants of current, past and gestational maternal alcohol use and gestational smoking on child neurocognitive functions was conducted on school-children (N = 482), embedded within the child health agricultural cohort (CapSA) study across seven schools in rural Western Cape, South Africa. Standardised neurocognitive assessment tools included the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Battery (CANTAB) and the KIDSCREEN-10 to measure health-related quality of life via a child questionnaire. Maternal smoking and drinking behaviour were captured using a parent/guardian questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 482 parents/guardians who completed the survey, 29 % reported current drinking 27 % reported past drinking and 10 % reported maternal gestational drinking, while 31 % reported gestational smoking. Significant associations were observed between past and current maternal drinking and child's reduced rapid visual processing accuracy in attention [β:-0.03; 95 % confidence interval (CI): -0.05;-0.004] and between maternal drinking during pregnancy and reduced child's spatial working memory (β: -0.59; CI: -1.02; -0.15). Heavy (>5 cigarettes per day) gestational smoking was associated with lowered child's learning in memory (β:-1.69; 95 % CI: -3.05; -0.33) and lower health-related quality of life (β: -3.41; CI: -6.64; -0.17). The odds of a child repeating a grade were 1.69 (CI: 2.81-1.02) for those exposed to maternal gestational smoking and 1.68 (CI: 3.31-0.85) for those exposed to maternal gestational drinking compared to those who were not exposed. CONCLUSION The consistent negative associations across all four maternal substance use proxies, six neurocognitive health outcomes and one health symptom is suggestive of adverse health effects, warranting longitudinal follow-up. Health policies to eliminate gestational substance use are recommended.
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Ragan EJ, Gill CJ, Banos M, Bouton TC, Rooney J, Horsburgh CR, Warren RM, Myers B, Jacobson KR. Directly Observed Therapy to Measure Adherence to Tuberculosis Medication in Observational Research: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e24510. [PMID: 34132642 PMCID: PMC8277341 DOI: 10.2196/24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major challenge for prospective, clinical tuberculosis (TB) research is accurately defining a metric for measuring medication adherence. Objective We aimed to design a method to capture directly observed therapy (DOT) via mobile health carried out by community workers. The program was created specifically to measure TB medication adherence for a prospective TB cohort in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Methods Community workers collect daily adherence data on mobile smartphones. Participant-level adherence, program-level adherence, and program function are systematically monitored to assess DOT program implementation. A data dashboard allows for regular visualization of indicators. Numerous design elements aim to prevent or limit data falsification and ensure study data integrity. Results The cohort study is ongoing and data collection is in progress. Enrollment began on May 16, 2017, and as of January 12, 2021, a total of 236 participants were enrolled. Adherence data will be used to analyze the study’s primary aims and to investigate adherence as a primary outcome. Conclusions The DOT program includes a mobile health application for data collection as well as a monitoring framework and dashboard. This approach has potential to be adapted for other settings to improve the capture of medication adherence in clinical TB research. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02840877; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02840877
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Ragan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J Gill
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Banos
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tara C Bouton
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Rooney
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles R Horsburgh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation-The National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and The South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Addiction Problems, Aggression, and Quality of Life in People with Different Occupations in South Korea. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020141. [PMID: 33535629 PMCID: PMC7912783 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is related to aggression and quality of life. This study examined the relationship between these three factors according to occupation group in a mixed urban/rural area to better understand adult addiction problems. This study was a secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data collected by a 2017 regional survey of adults living in Gunsan City, South Korea. The survey included 500 people split into the unemployed (Group1), full-time homemakers (Group2), and primary (Group3), secondary (Group4), and tertiary (Group5) industry workers. Addiction problems and aggression were positively correlated (p < 0.01). Aggression and alcohol use disorder were correlated in Group3 (r = 0.31), Group4 (r = 0.34), and Group5 (r = 0.32), and aggression and smartphone addiction were correlated in Group2 (r = 0.39) and Group4 (r = 0.31). Problem gambling was correlated with aggression in Group5 (r = 0.39). A negative relationship between quality of life and alcohol use disorder occurred in Group1 (r = −0.36). According to the occupation group, the relationships between addiction problems, aggression, and quality of life were different. These findings suggest that addiction management for adults should be implemented in consideration of occupation groups.
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"The Dop System of Alcohol Distribution is Dead, but It's Legacy Lives On….". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193701. [PMID: 31581441 PMCID: PMC6801681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Determine the prevalence of Dop, a system of labor payment via alcoholic beverages, in a South African province, and its influence on maternal drinking and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Methods: Data from studies of FASD epidemiology were analyzed. Results: Forty-two percent to 67% of mothers reported drinking. In 1999, 5% of women reported Dop allocations in their lifetime: 14% of mothers of FASD children and 1% of controls. In 2010, 1.1% of mothers reported lifetime Dop: 1.6% of FASD mothers and 0.7% of controls. Commercial alcohol sales have replaced the Dop system. Total FASD rates remained high in rural areas in 2010 and rose in urban settings. Urban rates of total FASD surpassed rural area rates in 2010. Correlation analysis did not reveal a strong or significant, direct relationship between Dop experience and heavy drinking (r = 0.123, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.015), or the diagnosis of FASD in children (OR = 0.003, p = 0.183). Conclusion: Dop, as a systematic practice, is dead and does not have a direct influence on alcohol availability, heavy maternal drinking, or the probability of an FASD diagnosis. Nevertheless, today’s problematic drinking patterns were heavily influenced (shaped) by Dop and have negatively impacted the prevalence and severity of FASD.
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Cardiovascular Disease, Digestive Diseases, Traffic Accidents, and Suicides. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:e212-e216. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Beresheim AC, Pfeiffer SK, Grynpas MD, Alblas A. Use of backscattered scanning electron microscopy to quantify the bone tissues of mid‐thoracic human ribs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 168:262-278. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Beresheim
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Susan K. Pfeiffer
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyGeorge Washington University Washington, D.C
| | - Marc D. Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Amanda Alblas
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical SciencesStellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
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10
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Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Myers B, Bouton TC, Ragan EJ, White LF, McIlleron H, Theron D, Parry CDH, Horsburgh CR, Warren RM, Jacobson KR. Impact of alcohol consumption on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a prospective longitudinal cohort study protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:488. [PMID: 30268101 PMCID: PMC6162918 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 10% of tuberculosis (TB) deaths are attributable to problematic alcohol use globally, however the causal pathways through which problem alcohol use has an impact on TB treatment outcome is not clear. This study aims to improve understanding of these mechanisms. Specifically, we aim to 1) assess whether poor TB treatment outcomes, measured as delayed time-to-culture conversion, are associated with problem alcohol use after controlling for non-adherence to TB pharmacotherapy; and 2) to determine whether pharmacokinetic (PK) changes in those with problem alcohol use are associated with delayed culture conversion, higher treatment failure/relapse rates or with increased toxicity. METHODS Our longitudinal, repeated measures, prospective cohort study aims to examine the associations between problem alcohol use and TB treatment outcomes and to evaluate the effect of alcohol on the PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TB drugs. We will recruit 438 microbiologically confirmed, pulmonary TB patients with evidence of rifampicin susceptibility in Worcester, South Africa with 200 HIV uninfected patients co-enrolled in the PK aim. Participants are followed for the six months of TB treatment and an additional 12 months thereafter, with sputum collected weekly for the first 12 weeks of treatment, alcohol consumption measures repeated monthly in concert with an alcohol biomarker (phosphatidylethanol) measurement at baseline, and in person directly observed therapy (DOT) using real-time mobile phone-based adherence monitoring. The primary outcome is based on time to culture conversion with the second objective to compare PK of first line TB therapy in those with and without problem alcohol use. DISCUSSION Globally, an urgent need exists to identify modifiable drivers of poor TB treatment outcomes. There is a critical need for more effective TB treatment strategies for patients with a history of problem alcohol use. However, it is not known whether poor treatment outcomes in alcohol using patients are solely attributable to noncompliance. This study will attempt to answer this question and provide guidance for future TB intervention trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02840877 . Registered on 19 July 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tara C Bouton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI USA
| | - Elizabeth J Ragan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd floor, Crosstown Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Laura F White
- Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Charles D H Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South Africa Medical Research Council for Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tyberberg, South Africa
| | - Karen R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd floor, Crosstown Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Chetty-Mhlanga S, Basera W, Fuhrimann S, Probst-Hensch N, Delport S, Mugari M, Van Wyk J, Röösli M, Dalvie MA. A prospective cohort study of school-going children investigating reproductive and neurobehavioral health effects due to environmental pesticide exposure in the Western Cape, South Africa: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:857. [PMID: 29996806 PMCID: PMC6042376 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on reproductive health effects on children from low-level, long-term exposure to pesticides currently used in the agricultural industry is limited and those on neurobehavioral effects have produced conflicting evidence. We aim at investigating the association between pesticide exposure on the reproductive health and neurobehavior of children in South Africa, by including potential relevant co-exposures from the use of electronic media and maternal alcohol consumption. METHODS The design entails a prospective cohort study with a follow-up duration of 2 years starting in 2017, including 1000 school going children between the ages of 9 to 16 years old. Children are enrolled with equal distribution in sex and residence on farms and non-farms in three different agricultural areas (mainly apple, table grapes and wheat farming systems) in the Western Cape, South Africa. The neurobehavior primary health outcome of cognitive functioning was measured through the iPad-based CAmbridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) including domains for attention, memory, and processing speed. The reproductive health outcomes include testicular size in boys and breast size in girls assessed in a physical examination, and blood samples to detect hormone levels and anthropometric measurements. Information on pesticide exposure, co-exposures and relevant confounders are obtained through structured questionnaire interviews with the children and their guardians. Environmental occurrence of pesticides will be determined while using a structured interview with farm owners and review of spraying records and collection of passive water and air samples in all three areas. Pesticide metabolites will be analysed in urine and hair samples collected from the study subjects every 4 months starting at baseline. DISCUSSION The inclusion of three different agricultural areas will yield a wide range of pesticide exposure situations. The prospective longitudinal design is a further strength of this study to evaluate the reproductive and neurobehavioural effects of different pesticides on children. This research will inform relevant policies and regulatory bodies to improve the health, safety and learning environments for children and families in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shala Chetty-Mhlanga
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wisdom Basera
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Steven Delport
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mufaro Mugari
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Van Wyk
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Islam JY, Zaman MM, Bhuiyan MR, Hasan MM, Ahsan HN, Rahman MM, Rahman MR, Jalil Chowdhury MA. Alcohol consumption among adults in Bangladesh: Results from STEPS 2010. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2018; 6:67-74. [PMID: 28597862 DOI: 10.4103/2224-3151.206168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Alcohol use is a risk factor for the development of noncommunicable diseases. National data are needed to assess the prevalence of alcohol use in the Bangladeshi population. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and patterns of alcohol use among men and women of rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Additionally, predictors of ever alcohol use were also identified. Methods A nationally representative cross-sectional survey (STEPS 2010) was conducted on 9275 adults between November 2009 and April 2010. Participants were selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling. Data on several risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, including alcohol use, were collected by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results Among the total population, 5.6% (n = 519) reported to have ever drunk alcohol and 94.4% (8756) were lifetime abstainers; 2.0% (n = 190) of participants reported to have drunk alcohol within the last 12 months. Of these, 94.7% (n = 180) were men. Only 0.9% (n = 87) of the total population had drunk alcohol within the last 30 days and were categorized as current drinkers. Among current drinkers, 77.0% (n = 67) were defined as binge drinkers, having had at least one episode of heavy drinking in this time period; 92.0% (n = 80) were current smokers and 59.8% (n = 52) had either no formal education or less than primary school education. Ever alcohol use was more common among men, those who live in urban areas and smokers. Conclusion Alcohol use is low in Bangladesh; however, those who do use alcohol frequently binge drink, which is a public health concern. Targeted efforts should be made on these specific groups, to control and prevent the continued use of alcohol in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yasmine Islam
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, United States of America; World Health Organization Country Office for Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Mostafa Zaman
- World Health Organization Country Office for Bangladesh , Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuz R Bhuiyan
- World Health Organization Country Office for Bangladesh , Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ham Nazmul Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mujibur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Shahid Suhrawardy Hospital Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ridwanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Shahid Suhrawardy Hospital Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Jalil Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Beresheim AC, Pfeiffer SK, Grynpas MD, Alblas A. Sex-specific patterns in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, South Africa. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23108. [PMID: 29411454 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to provide bone histomorphometric reference data for South Africans of the Western Cape who likely dealt with health issues under the apartheid regime. METHODS The 206 adult individuals (n female = 75, n male = 131, mean = 47.9 ± 15.8 years) from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, U. Stellenbosch, lived in the Cape Town metropole from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s. To study age-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure, photomontages of mid-thoracic rib cross-sections were quantitatively examined. Variables include relative cortical area (Rt.Ct.Ar), osteon population density (OPD), osteon area (On.Ar), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). RESULTS All cortical variables demonstrated significant relationships with age in both sexes, with women showing stronger overall age associations. Peak bone mass was compromised in some men, possibly reflecting poor nutritional quality and/or substance abuse issues throughout adolescence and early adulthood. In women, greater predicted decrements in On.Ar and Rt.Ct.Ar suggest a structural disadvantage with age, consistent with postmenopausal bone loss. Age-related patterns in trabecular bone microarchitecture are variable and difficult to explain. Except for Tb.Th, there are no statistically significant relationships with age in women. Men demonstrate significant negative correlations between BV/TV, Tb.N, and age, and a significant positive correlation between Tb.Sp and age. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights sex-specific differences in patterns of age-related bone loss, and provides context for discussion of contemporary South African bone health. While the study sample demonstrates indicators of poor bone quality, osteoporosis research continues to be under-prioritized in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beresheim
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Susan K Pfeiffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2S2, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 3L9, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Amanda Alblas
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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HIV-Risk Behaviors and Social Support Among Men and Women Attending Alcohol-Serving Venues in South Africa: Implications for HIV Prevention. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:144-154. [PMID: 28710711 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is associated with increased HIV-risk behaviors, including unprotected sex and number of sex partners. Alcohol-serving venues can be places to engage in HIV-related sexual risk behaviors, but are also important sites of social support for patrons, which may mitigate risks. We sought to examine the relationship between alcohol-serving venue attendance, social support, and HIV-related sexual risk behavior, by gender, in South Africa. Adult patrons (n = 496) were recruited from six alcohol-serving venues and completed surveys assessing frequency of venue attendance, venue-based social support, and recent sexual behaviors. Generalized estimating equations tested associations between daily venue attendance, social support, and sexual behaviors, separately by gender. Interaction effects between daily attendance and social support were assessed. Models were adjusted for venue, age, education, and ethnicity. Daily attendance at venues was similar across genders and was associated with HIV-related risk behaviors, but the strength and direction of associations differed by gender. Among women, daily attendance was associated with greater number of partners and higher proportion of unprotected sex. Social support was a significant moderator, with more support decreasing the strength of the relationship between attendance and risk. Among men, daily attendance was associated with a lower proportion of unprotected sex; no interaction effects were found for attendance and social support. Frequent venue attendance is associated with additional HIV-related risks for women, but this risk is mitigated by social support in venues. These results were not seen for men. Successful HIV interventions in alcohol-serving venues should address the gendered context of social support and sexual risk behavior.
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Urban MF, Olivier L, Louw JG, Lombard C, Viljoen DL, Scorgie F, Chersich MF. Changes in drinking patterns during and after pregnancy among mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: A study in three districts of South Africa. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 168:13-21. [PMID: 27610936 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed ancestry populations in South Africa have amongst the highest rates of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) worldwide. Defining the drinking patterns of women with a FAS child guides FAS preventive interventions. METHODS Data were drawn from FAS prevalence surveys conducted in three districts: Witzenberg (Cape Winelands), Frances Baard (inland mining town) and Saldanha Bay (coastal towns). 156 mothers and 50 proxy informants of school-entry children diagnosed with FAS and partial-FAS were interviewed, and compared with 55 controls recruited in Saldanha Bay. RESULTS Study participants were of low socio-economic status (SES), and a majority of children were either in foster care (12%) or had been cared for by relatives for long periods (44%). Of cases, 123/160 (77%) reported current drinking, similar between sites. During pregnancy, only 35% (49/139) of cases had stopped drinking, varying between sites (from 21% to 54% in chronological order of surveys; p<0.001), while 6% (7/109) increased drinking. Though many women who stopped in pregnancy resumed postpartum, cessation in pregnancy was strongly associated with discontinuation in the long run (OR=3.3; 95%CI=1.2-8.9; p=0.005). At interview, 36% of cases (54/151) and 18% of controls (9/51) were at risk of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (p=0.02). Median maternal mass of cases was 22kg lower than controls, with 20% being underweight and 14% microcephalic. CONCLUSIONS Increasing rates of drinking cessation during pregnancy over time suggest rising awareness of FAS. Cessation is associated with recidivism after pregnancy but also with reduced long-term drinking. Interventions should target alcohol abstinence in pregnancy, but extend into the puerperium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Urban
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, UZ P114-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leana Olivier
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (FARR), P. O. Box 4373, Tygervalley, 7536 Cape Town, South Africa; Governor Kremer's Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jacobus G Louw
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (FARR), P. O. Box 4373, Tygervalley, 7536 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chanelle Lombard
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (FARR), P. O. Box 4373, Tygervalley, 7536 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Denis L Viljoen
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (FARR), P. O. Box 4373, Tygervalley, 7536 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fiona Scorgie
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew F Chersich
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, UZ P114-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Watt MH, Eaton LA, Dennis AC, Choi KW, Kalichman SC, Skinner D, Sikkema KJ. Alcohol Use During Pregnancy in a South African Community: Reconciling Knowledge, Norms, and Personal Experience. Matern Child Health J 2016. [PMID: 26197733 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to high rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in South Africa, reducing alcohol use during pregnancy is a pressing public health priority. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore knowledge and attitudes about maternal alcohol consumption among women who reported alcohol use during pregnancy. METHODS The study was conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants were pregnant or within 1 year postpartum and self-reported alcohol use during pregnancy. In-depth interviews explored personal experiences with drinking during pregnancy, community norms and attitudes towards maternal drinking, and knowledge about FASD. Transcripts were analyzed using a content analytic approach, including narrative memos and data display matrices. RESULTS Interviews revealed competing attitudes. Women received anti-drinking messages from several sources, but these sources were not highly valued and the messages often contradicted social norms. Women were largely unfamiliar with FASD, and their knowledge of impacts of fetal alcohol exposure was often inaccurate. Participants' personal experiences influenced their attitudes about the effects of alcohol during pregnancy, which led to internalization of misinformation. The data revealed a moral conflict that confronted women in this setting, leaving women feeling judged, ambivalent, or defensive about their behaviors, and ultimately creating uncertainty about their alcohol use behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Data revealed the need to deliver accurate information about the harms of fetal alcohol exposure through sources perceived as trusted and reliable. Individual-level interventions to help women reconcile competing attitudes and identify motivations for reducing alcohol use during pregnancy would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Watt
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Lisa A Eaton
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alexis C Dennis
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seth C Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Donald Skinner
- Unit for Research on Health and Society, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Warren KR. A Review of the History of Attitudes Toward Drinking in Pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 39:1110-7. [PMID: 26137906 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now well accepted in pediatrics and obstetrics that prenatal alcohol is a teratogenic agent and the primary causative factor underlying fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), although for the majority of the 20th century that knowledge was either unknown or ignored. At least 2 factors contributed to the delay in recognizing alcohol's role in teratogenicity: the rejection of earlier evidence pertaining to alcohol and pregnancy following the repeal of Prohibition in the United States, Canada, and several European countries; and misinterpretation of earlier research findings in a eugenic rather than toxicological context. The pervasive belief held well into the 1970s that there was no risk to either mother or fetus from prenatal alcohol posed a major challenge to changing physician and public attitudes on alcohol and pregnancy. This review provides insight on key events that occurred in changing physician and public understanding of the risks posed by prenatal alcohol use in pregnancy. METHODS Historical review of events primarily in the U.S. federal government, found in referenced documents. RESULTS The transition in physician and public understanding of the risks posed by prenatal alcohol use was aided by the existence of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) which was created in 1971. This government agency was able to support research on alcohol and pregnancy immediately following the 1973 published clinical reports calling attention to a proposed fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). These early research studies provided the foundation for the first government health advisory on alcohol and pregnancy, issued by NIAAA in 1977. Subsequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used this new knowledge on FAS in their effort to add alcoholic beverages to the range of products with ingredient and consumer information labeling. The ensuing hearings and actions resulted in a new health advisory under the auspices of the Surgeon General, encouraging avoidance of alcohol consumption in pregnancy. In subsequent years, Congressional attention to the FAS issue resulted in the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Law. CONCLUSIONS The pace at which understanding of the risks of prenatal alcohol moved forward from a total misunderstanding to acceptance was aided by both the efforts of the NIAAA in its support of research, and the FDA in its efforts to improve consumer information. Today, many women in the United States as well as other countries continue to ignore advisories on avoiding alcohol consumption in pregnancy, emphasizing the need for persistence in education on these health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Warren
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Lesch E, Adams AR. Couples living with and around alcohol abuse: A study of a farmworker community in the Cape Winelands, South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2016; 156:167-74. [PMID: 27043369 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Low-income Coloured Western Cape communities in South Africa display high rates of problematic drinking, especially binge-drinking over weekends. Alcohol abuse in these communities is linked to the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV), fetal alcohol syndrome and sexual violence against women. Few studies, however, have investigated the social contextual factors that perpetuate alcohol abuse in these communities. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD Our study contributes to the need for social contextual knowledge need by providing an understanding of how committed couples, who lived and worked in one low-income historic farm worker community, located in the Cape Winelands of South Africa, constructed alcohol use and abuse in their relationship. Using a social constructionist grounded theory we analysed the consecutive interviews conducted with individual partners. FINDINGS Three themes shed light on our participants' alcohol use discourses. The first theme highlights participants' apparent lack of identification with the problem of alcohol abuse, despite the omnipresence of alcohol abuse in their accounts. The second theme draws attention to men's and women's explicit and implicit support of gendered norms regarding alcohol consumption. Linked to the previous, the third theme accentuate women's toleration of men's "quiet" weekend binge-drinking. DISCUSSION We point out the limitations of local alcohol policy and intervention efforts to address normative drinking discourses and practices in this research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmien Lesch
- Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch, PB X1, South Africa.
| | - Arlene R Adams
- Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch, PB X1, South Africa
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20
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Penn C, Watermeyer J, Nattrass R. Managing language mismatches in emergency calls. J Health Psychol 2016; 22:1769-1779. [PMID: 27006013 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316636497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex linguistic profile of South Africa has the potential to limit the efficiency of emergency calls. Emergency services depend on rapid resolution of a call, dispatch of an ambulance and response at scene. Resolving language mismatches is a critical feature of everyday practice in such a setting. This study examined accommodation to language shifts in a call centre using conversation analysis methods. Three main call trajectories were identified and the analysis suggested marked differences in responsivity, reflecting attitudinal and societal stratification. Conversation analysis provided insight into communication barriers and contextual features, which have implications for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Penn
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Rhona Nattrass
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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21
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Lesch E, Casper R. 'Drinking with respect': Drinking constructions of men who live in a Cape Winelands farm community in South Africa. J Health Psychol 2015; 22:409-421. [PMID: 26487737 DOI: 10.1177/1359105315603476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to provide a community-specific understanding of a subgroup of South African men who exhibit particularly high rates of hazardous alcohol consumption. Adopting a social constructionist framework, we interviewed 13 Cape Winelands men who lived on farms to explore their drinking constructions. We present three themes that shed light on problematic drinking in this group: (1) the notion of weekend binge-drinking as 'respectable' drinking, (2) drinking as shared activity that fulfils various psycho-social needs and (3) a sense of powerlessness to affect their own or their children's alcohol consumption. These findings are viewed against a specific socio-historical backdrop.
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22
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Zatu MC, Van Rooyen JM, Kruger A, Schutte AE. Alcohol intake, hypertension development and mortality in black South Africans. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 23:308-15. [PMID: 25500903 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314563447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We determined which alcohol marker (self-reported alcohol intake, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) or percentage carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT)) relates best with mortality and predicts hypertension development over five years in black South Africans. DESIGN This was a longitudinal study as part of the PURE (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology) study in the North West Province, South Africa. METHOD We included 2010 participants and followed 1471 participants. Over five years, 230 deaths occurred, of which 66 were cardiovascular-related. At enrolment, participants completed questionnaires on alcohol intake (yes, for former and current use; no, for alcohol never used). We measured blood pressure, collected blood samples and measured GGT and %CDT. RESULTS When comparing hazard ratios (HRs) of self-report, GGT and %CDT, we found that only GGT predicted cardiovascular (HR = 2.76 (1.49-5.12)) and all-cause mortality (HR = 2.47 (1.75-3.47)) and hypertension development ((HR = 1.31 (1.06-1.62)). Participants self-reporting yes for alcohol intake had a 30% increased risk of developing hypertension (HR = 1.30 (1.07-1.60)) but not an increased risk for mortality. When adding both GGT and self-report in the prediction model for hypertension, only self-reporting of alcohol was significant (HR = 1.24 (1.01-1.53)). The alcohol marker, %CDT, did not show any significant association with mortality or hypertension development. CONCLUSION GGT independently predicted cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as well as hypertension development in black South Africans. Despite non-specificity to excessive alcohol consumption, GGT may be a useful general marker for hypertension development and mortality, also due to its significant association with self-reported alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandlenkosi C Zatu
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, South Africa Medical Research Council: Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa Department of Physiology, University of Limpopo (Medunsa), South Africa
| | | | - Annamarie Kruger
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North-West University, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, South Africa
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