1
|
Abdelwahab MM, Abonazel MR, Semary HE, Abdel-Rahman S. Implications of labour market disruptions on subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in MENA countries. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25665. [PMID: 38390117 PMCID: PMC10881308 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused a global health crisis and severe economic and social consequences. Unprecedented economic disruption and high unemployment are the pronounced impacts of the pandemic. The current study is primarily concerned with the effects of COVID-19-induced labour market outcomes on workers' subjective wellbeing in four MENA countries using the Combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey. The study documented that COVID-19-induced labour market changes negatively affected workers' subjective wellbeing after controlling for work characteristics, risks, social distancing, and socio-demographic variables. Job loss, income reduction, and wage delay were the most significant labour changes that deteriorated workers' subjective wellbeing. Our findings underscore the need for policy responses that reduce workers' vulnerability and sustain their livelihoods. Mental health services and income support policies are important tools to enhance subjective wellbeing of economically affected workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Abdelwahab
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Administrative Sciences, Osim, Cairo, 12961, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Abonazel
- Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - H E Semary
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia
- Statistics and Insurance Department, Faculty of Commerce, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Suzan Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Demography and Biostatistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Noda Y, Asano K, Shimizu E, Hirano Y. Assessing the association between probable posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and quality of life among emergency service workers using path analysis. Work 2024; 77:573-587. [PMID: 37718827 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency service workers have highly stressful occupations; the stressors encountered can contribute to the development of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). OBJECTIVE The present study used a conceptual model and survey to identify variables influencing the association between probable PTSD and quality of life (QOL) in emergency service workers. METHOD PTSD was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. QOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Path analysis was used to determine whether stress-coping (Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced [Brief COPE] scores), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] scores), and resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale scores) explain the association between probable PTSD and QOL among 220 emergency service workers in Japan. RESULTS Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores were significantly positively associated with Brief COPE Active coping scores and significantly negatively associated with MSPSS scores. Brief COPE Active coping and MSPSS scores were significantly positively associated with Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale scores, which were in turn significantly positively associated with Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores. CONCLUSION Active coping in response to stressful situations is important for maintaining good mental health among emergency service workers. Active coping and social support may strengthen resilience, and resilience may improve QOL. Screening for mental health and QOL should include simultaneous assessment of stress-coping, social support, and resilience. Although the findings of this cross-sectional study are important, it could not confirm a causal relationship between PTSD and QOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Noda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Care at Makuhari, Tohto University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Psychology, Mejiro University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development (Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui), Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development (Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui), Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krawczyk-Suszek M, Kleinrok A. Quality of life of a healthy polish population due to sociodemographic factors during the COVID-19 pandemic - a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1204109. [PMID: 37663865 PMCID: PMC10469628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1204109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The quality of life should be studied in every person, both among the sick and healthy. Sociodemographic factors affect the level of the perceived quality of life (QoL), and especially in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced the enforcement of certain behaviours in society, such as social distancing, as well as introduced panic and fear for one's own health and life. The main aim of the study was to assess the quality of life in the group of people without the disease, to assess the impact of sociodemographic factors on QoL during the pandemic. Material and method 3,511 healthy people were included in the study. The inclusion criteria of the study were: age of respondents over 18 years, no continuously administered medicaments, no diagnosed chronic diseases and no treatment in specialist clinics as well as lack of positive COVID-19 test in 4 weeks before the examination. The SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. The student's t-test and intergroup comparisons were used in 7 age groups. Factors such as age, gender, place of residence, education, civil status, employment status, smoking, and physical activity were assessed. Results The lowest average QoL level in the studied population was recorded in the Mental Component Summary (MCS) dimension (X = 47.9;Cl:47.6-48.3). A high correlation between age and the SF-36 spheres was noted in the following spheres: physical functioning (PF), role physical (RP), Physical Component Summary (PCS), and ILQ (p < 0.001). The highest chance of a better QoL in the PCS dimension among men was recorded in the 30-39 age group (OR = 3.65;Cl:1.13-11.79). In the group of people over 50 years of age living in the village, there was a greater chance of a better QoL in the PCS dimension in each age group. Practicing physical activity was significantly more often conditioned by a higher chance of developing a better QoL (p < 0.05). In the group of people ≥80 years of age, there was a greater than 4 times higher chance of developing a better quality of life in terms of MCS among physically active people (OR = 4.38;Cl:1.62-11.83). Conclusion With age, QoL decreases among people with disabilities. Men are more likely to assess their health better. A better QoL among women occurs at age 80 and later. A higher level of education often determined a significantly higher level of QoL felt. The practising of recreational physical activity and the lack of smoking habit determined a higher level of QoL more often. Smoking provided a greater chance of a better QoL in ILQ in the group of people ≥80 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Krawczyk-Suszek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kleinrok
- Institute of Humanities and Medicine, Academy of Zamosc, Zamosc, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park KH, Im SJ, Kyung SY, Yune SJ. Latent profile analysis of adaptation types and stress among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:28-33. [PMID: 36694765 PMCID: PMC9842984 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.1.7196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify profile groups based on personality traits and coping strategies exhibited by medical students in the context of COVID-19. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey and latent profile analysis to investigate differences in stressors, psychological distress, and stress levels with academic variables. We collected data online (Google survey form) in November and December 2021. The participants included a total of 260 1st and 2nd year medical students, all completed questionnaires containing the following sections: Big Five Inventory, coping strategies, COVID-19 stressors, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and stress level with academic variables. For analysis, a latent profile analysis, ANOVA, and χ2 were used. Results The results reveal the three following profile groups: adaptive (lowest neuroticism, low mental disengagement), middle-adaptive (moderate neuroticism, low mental disengagement), and maladaptive (highest neuroticism and mental disengagement), respectively comprising 25.0%, 39.2%, and 35.8% of the study sample. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences regarding grade (χ2=3.345, p=0.188) or gender (χ2=1.197, p=0.550). The maladaptive group was strongly associated with perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.001). Conclusion These findings highlight the value of considering profile groups when determining whether students require additional support during pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Hwa Park
- Kwi Hwa Park, Department of Medical Education, Gachon University College of Medicine Incheon, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Im
- Sun Ju Im, Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine Busan, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kyung
- Sun Young Kyung, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine Incheon, Rep. of Korea
| | - So Jung Yune
- So Jung Yune, Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine Busan, Rep. of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Puciato D, Rozpara M, Bugdol M, Borys T, Słaby T. Quality of life of low-income adults. Work 2022; 74:631-648. [PMID: 36278380 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life is currently one of the basic conceptual categories in many research disciplines. The authors of the present study are convinced that measurement of quality of life in reference to people living on the poverty line deserves special attention. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify relationships between the quality of life and sociodemographic variables in low-income Wrocław residents. METHODS The research was conducted in Wrocław (Poland) and involved 1215 respondents aged 18-64 years, whose monthly gross income per capita in the household did not exceed 1043 PLN. The respondents' quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire with additional questions on the respondents' social and demographic status. RESULTS The Wrocław residents most often assessed their quality of life as average or below average. They rated their health-related quality of life in the social domain as the highest, and in the physical domain as the lowest. Age, household size, stable source of income, savings, and indebtedness were significantly correlated with the quality of life of Wrocław residents under study. Among the respondents, statistically significant relationships between perceived health condition assessment and age, professional status, stable source of income, and debt were also identified. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate that public health programs and other activities related to quality of life management should be directed to individuals and social groups particularly threatened by low quality of life, i.e., people living on the income poverty line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Puciato
- Faculty of Finance and Management, WSB University in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Rozpara
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Bugdol
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Borys
- Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Teresa Słaby
- Institute of Management Collegium of Management and Finance, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao L, Sznajder K, Cheng D, Wang S, Cui C, Yang X. Coping Styles for Mediating the Effect of Resilience on Depression Among Medical Students in Web-Based Classes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25259. [PMID: 34033579 PMCID: PMC8189284 DOI: 10.2196/25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to strict, nationwide, comprehensive COVID-19 protective measures, including home quarantine, all Chinese medical students began taking web-based classes beginning in the spring semester of 2020. Home quarantine, web-based classes, and the stress surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic may have triggered an increased incidence of mental health problems among medical students. Although there have been increasing amounts of literature on depression among medical students, studies focusing on positive psychological resources, such as resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic, still need to be expanded. Objective This study aims to assess depression among medical students who are taking web-based classes during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate the role of coping styles as mediators between resilience and depression. Methods A cross-sectional study of 666 medical students involving stratified sampling in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China, was completed between March 20 and April 10, 2020. The participants responded to a self-administered, smartphone-based questionnaire, which included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Ego Resilience 89 Scale. Hierarchical linear regression and structural equation modeling were used in this study. Results The prevalence of depression among the participants was 9.6% (64/666) in this study. The regression analysis revealed that grade (the year in which the medical student was in training) (P=.013), how well students adapted to web-based classes (P<.001), their levels of resilience (P=.04), and their coping styles were independent predictors for depression (P<.001). Resilience and positive coping styles were negatively related to depression (resilience: P=.04; positive coping styles: P<.001), and negative coping styles were positively related to depression (P<.001). The structural equation modeling analysis showed that the effect of resilience on depression was partially mediated by coping styles (P=.007). Conclusions In this study, it was found that the prevalence of depression was slightly low and coping styles mediated the association between resilience and depression among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings have significant implications for future studies. Future studies and interventions should aim to improve resilience and promote positive coping styles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- Institute of Foreign Languages, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kristin Sznajder
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shimeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoshi Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang F, Ding J, Ma R, Song W, Jia Y, Zhao J, Yang X. Recovery Experience: A Concept for Maintaining Quality of Life and Its Mediating Effect Among Female Nurses in China. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:831-841. [PMID: 33116971 PMCID: PMC7553666 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s261666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nurses are high-risk groups for job burnout, which affect their quality of life (QOL). Recovery experience, a conceptualization of positive psychological resources, can combat the negative impacts of job burnout on health and QOL. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of recovery experience on the relationship between job burnout and QOL among female nurses in China. Participants and Methods QOL information was captured from 1068 female nurses from December 2017 to February 2018 in tertiary hospitals in Shenyang, Liaoning Province of China. A structural equation model was employed to examine the mediating effect of recovery experience on the relationship between job burnout and QOL. Results Job burnout had a significant impact on both the mental component summary and the physical component summary of a 36-item Short-Form Health Survey. However, mental component summary scores were significantly lower than physical component summary scores in female nurses. Recovery experience played a mediating role in the relationship between job burnout and QOL. Conclusion Job burnout could result in a reduction in QOL among Chinese female nurses. Recovery experience, as a mediating factor, could alleviate the impact of job burnout on QOL. Recovery experience should be strengthened to attenuate job burnout and enhance QOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Ding
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqing Ma
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Song
- Office of Clinical Quality Improvement, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA
| | - Yajing Jia
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoshi Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quality of Life with Respect to Physical Activity Level in the Unemployed. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable development is related to the quality of life of individuals and societies. The unemployed have limited opportunities for sustainable individual development. Their life quality conditions remain unclear. The study aim was to assess the relationship between life quality and physical activity level of the unemployed. The research was performed in 2014 and 2015 in Wrocław, Poland, among 403 unemployed persons. The participants’ quality of life was evaluated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Most respondents evaluated their general life quality as ≤3 points in the scale of 1–5. The assessments were highest in the social and psychological domains and lowest in the physical and environmental domains. Significant relationships were observed between general life quality and physical activity level. Subjects with the minimum physical activity level recommended by WHO presented higher life quality assessments in the psychological and social domains. Unemployed people with physical activity levels optimal for health benefit evaluated their life quality in the psychological domain worse than people with physical activity below WHO recommendations. Comprehensive health programs should be addressed to the unemployed, including systematic physical activities as health training, which would improve their life quality and promote sustainable individual development.
Collapse
|
9
|
Socioeconomic burden and quality of life in meningioma patients. Qual Life Res 2020; 29:1801-1808. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
10
|
Feng Z, Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. A healthy diet and physical activity are important to promote healthy ageing among older Chinese people. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:6061-6081. [PMID: 31709866 PMCID: PMC7045665 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519882590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the associations between multiple health behaviours and health outcomes among older Chinese adults. Methods Data from the World Health Organization’s Study on global AGEing and adult health Wave 1 (2007–2010), collected among the older Chinese population, were included in this study. Smoking, diet, and physical activity were analysed by linear regression for any associations with depressive symptoms, quality of life (QoL), cognitive function, and physical function. Results A total of 13 367 participants aged >49 years were included in the analyses. After controlling for key socioeconomic factors, healthy diet was significantly associated with higher QoL (β = 0.099) and better cognitive function (β = 0.023). Physical activity was significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms (β = –0.020), higher QoL (β = 0.086), better cognitive function (β = 0.072), and better physical function (β = –0.155 [higher scores = poorer physical function]). No relationship was found between smoking and any health-related outcome included in this study. Conclusion This study demonstrates the importance of healthy diet and physical activity for health outcomes in the older Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyun Feng
- Department of Socio-Medical Sciences, Erasmus School of Health
Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
- Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Health
Development Research Centre (Shanghai Medical Information Centre), Shanghai,
China
| | - Jane Murray Cramm
- Department of Socio-Medical Sciences, Erasmus School of Health
Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Anna Petra Nieboer
- Department of Socio-Medical Sciences, Erasmus School of Health
Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quality of Life and Health among People Living in an Industrial Area of Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071221. [PMID: 30959768 PMCID: PMC6480140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The quality of life and health status of the population significantly depends on socio-economic factors, including working and employment conditions. Methods: This epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out among young inhabitants aged 25–44 years living in the Silesian voivodeship in Poland. The quality of life was evaluated using the short version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Results: A total of 905 respondents were examined. It was shown that the poor quality of life in all assessed domains was associated with a low job satisfaction level, low physical activity, and higher self-assessed health status. Furthermore, the worse self-assessed health status in the study group was mainly related to such factors as earlier diagnosed chronic disease, lower job satisfaction, and low physical activity. Additionally, diagnosed chronic disease among occupationally active respondents was correlated with health deterioration due to excessive stress, living in the vicinity of heavy road traffic, and was declared by women more frequently. Conclusions: The results of the presented study confirmed that the quality of life and health status in young inhabitants of the Silesian voivodeship significantly depends on the work characteristics, employment conditions and lifestyle factors.
Collapse
|