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Zhao D, Guo X, Lin B, Huang R, Li H, Wang Q, Zeng Y, Shang Y, Wu Y. Magnolol against enterovirus 71 by targeting Nrf2-SLC7A11-GSH pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116866. [PMID: 38876045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a prominent pathogen associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), has been reported worldwide. To date, the advancement of effective drugs targeting EV71 remains in the preliminary experimental stage. In this study, magnolol demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of EV71 replication in vitro. It upregulated the overall expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2) and facilitated its nucleus translocation, resulting in the increased expression of various ferroptosis inhibitory genes. This process led to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by viral infection. Additionally, magnolol exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against enteroviruses. Notably, treatment with magnolol substantially enhanced the survival rate of EV71-infected mice, attenuated viral load in heart, liver, brain, and limb tissues, and mitigated tissue inflammation. Taken together, magnolol emerges as a promising candidate for the development of anti-EV71 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xueyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunlong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Condos AM, Wangaryattawanich P, Rath TJ. Bacterial, Viral, and Prion Infectious Diseases of the Brain. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2024; 32:289-311. [PMID: 38555142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis of brain infections is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory markers, and imaging findings. Imaging characterizes the extent and severity of the disease, aids in guiding diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, monitors response to treatment, and demonstrates complications. This review highlights the characteristic imaging manifestations of bacterial and viral infections in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Condos
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Pattana Wangaryattawanich
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7115, USA
| | - Tanya J Rath
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
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Akinnurun OM, Narvaez Encalada M, Orth J, Petzold M, Böttcher S, Diedrich S, Smitka M, Schröttner P. Enterovirus A71-associated acute flaccid paralysis in a pediatric patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:310. [PMID: 37464446 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is usually a self-limiting disease. Complications of enterovirus infection are also very rare. However, when such complications occur, they can lead to serious neurological diseases or even death. CASE PRESENTATION In this report, we describe a case of enterovirus A71-associated acute flaccid paralysis in a 13-month-old Caucasian girl that was managed in our hospital. The patient presented with sudden onset of left arm paresis that could not be attributed to any other cause. Establishing a diagnosis was furthermore complicated by negative virological investigations of cerebrospinal fluid and non-pathological radiological findings. A polymerase chain reaction test of the child's stool sample however tested positive for enterovirus and sequencing results revealed the presence of enterovirus A71. A previous history of febrile gastroenteritis just before the paresis started also supported the suspected diagnosis of enterovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis. Following this, the child was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin over 5 days and a remarkable improvement was observed in the child's paresis. CONCLUSION This case report describes a possible complication of enterovirus A71 infection in a child. It also highlights the prolonged detection of enterovirus in the child's stool sample as compared with cerebrospinal fluid weeks after the primary infection occurred. Finally, it shows the need for increased clinical and diagnostic awareness especially in the management of sudden and unknown causes of paresis or paralysis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi M Akinnurun
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marco Narvaez Encalada
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Orth
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Petzold
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sindy Böttcher
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch- Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch- Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Smitka
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Percy Schröttner
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ma ZH, Nawal Bahoussi A, Tariq Shah P, Guo YY, Dong L, Wu C, Xing L. Phylogeographic dynamics and molecular characteristics of Enterovirus 71 in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182382. [PMID: 37275165 PMCID: PMC10235518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus (CV-A16) are the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This report reviewed the full-length genomic sequences of EV71 identified in different provinces of China between 1998 and 2019 (a total of 312) in addition to eight worldwide reference genomes to address the genomic evolution and genetic events. The main prevalent EV71 strians in China are C4 genotypes, co-circulating with a few A, B5, C1, and C2 subgenotypes. A new emerging subgenotype in China was identified and classified as B6 genotype. Phylogeographic analysis revealed multiple branches, where a Jiangsu strain 2006-52-9 (GenBank ID: KP266579.1) was linked to different subgenotypes through multiple long mutant branches, including the CV-A16 viruses through the A genotype. Furthermore, identification of 28 natural recombination events suggests that the emergence of new genotypes are associated with intratypic recombination involving EV71 strains and intertypic recombination between EV71 and CV-A16 strains. Compared with the structural proteins, the non-structural proteins of EV71 seem to be highly variable with the highest variable regions of peptidase C3 (3C protein), P2A, and the N-terminus of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This study updates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of EV71 and provides clues to the emergence of new genotypes of EV71 based on genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Ma
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Dong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Li S, Bracey S, Liu Z, Xiao TS. Regulation of gasdermins in pyroptosis and cytokine release. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:75-106. [PMID: 37453754 PMCID: PMC10874695 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermins are effectors of pyroptosis downstream of diverse signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that a number of post-translational modifications regulate the function of gasdermins in pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of cell death, and lytic or non-lytic secretion of intracellular contents. These include processing by different caspases and other proteases that may activate or suppress pyroptosis, ubiquitination by a bacterial E3 ligase that suppresses pyroptosis as an immune evasion mechanism, modifications at Cys residues in mammalian or microbial gasdermins that promote or inhibit pyroptosis, and potential phosphorylation that represses pyroptosis. Such diverse regulatory mechanisms by host and microbial proteases, ubiquitin ligases, acyltransferases, kinases and phosphatases may underlie the divergent physiological and pathological functions of gasdermins, and furnish opportunities for therapeutic targeting of gasdermins in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Syrena Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Zhu G, Wu C, Wang Q, Deng D, Lin B, Hu X, Qiu F, Li Z, Huang C, Yang Q, Zhang D. Antiviral activity of the HSP90 inhibitor VER-50589 against enterovirus 71. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105553. [PMID: 36737007 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks; to date, there is no specific anti-EV71 agent. HSP90 is a crucial host factor for the viral life cycle and an ideal therapeutic target for limiting viral proliferation. However, the specific role of HSP90 in EV71-related signaling pathways and anti-EV71 agents targeting HSP90 remains unclear. This study aimed to verify the role of HSP90 in signaling pathways involved in EV71 replication and investigate the antiviral effects of a small molecule of VER-50589, a potent HSP90 inhibitor, against EV71 both in vitro and in vivo. Viral plaque assay, western blotting, and qPCR results showed that VER-50589 diminished the plaque formation induced by EV71 and inhibited EV71 mRNA and protein synthesis. A single daily dose of VER-50589 treatment significantly improved the survival rate of EV71-infected mice (p < 0.005). Interestingly, VER-50589 also exhibits activities against a series of human enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), Coxsackievirus B4-5 (CVB4-5), Coxsackievirus B4-7 (CVB4-7), and Echovirus 11 (Echo11). EV71 infection activated the AKT and ERK signaling pathways, and phosphorylation of AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK was weakened by VER-50589 administration. Thus, VER-50589 exhibits robust antiviral activity by inhibiting HSP90 and mediating the AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Considering that there are no effective antivirals or vaccines for the prevention and cure of HFMD in a clinical setting, the development of an anti-EV71 agent would be a straightforward and feasible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zhu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Danchun Deng
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xujuan Hu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Qingyu Yang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China; Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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7
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Ding Y, Han Z. Effect of difference between EV-A71 virus epidemic strain and "vaccine strain" on neutralizing antibody titer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2121565. [PMID: 36112355 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease was mainly caused by EV-A71 virus. The main antigen structure of VP1 region of EV-A71 was easily varied. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of EV-A71 based on a large group of healthy individuals in Beijing, China, in order to study the effectiveness of EV-A71 vaccine in a real-world setting. BrCr and the clinical strain isolated from the Chinese mainland in 2008 ("vaccine strain:"CMU4232/BJ/CHN/2008), EV-A71 C4 epidemic strains isolated in 2010, 2013, and 2016, were tested for neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) in every year. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the EV-A71 strains above, as well as amino acid composition homologous sequence analysis were applied. The "vaccine strain" has 83.0% homology with FY23, H07 and FY7VP5. It belongs to the same branch of C4a as 10 C4, 13 C4 and 16 C4, and differs from the amino acid sites 283 and 293 of 16 C4. Compared with "vaccine strains," there was a significant difference between the 50-59 years old age group when the NtAb titer of 16 C4 strain was 1:512-1:1024. Our results suggest that changes in the functional epitopes of NtAb caused by amino acid 283 and 293 loci in EV-A71 strains may affect the production of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Jin P, Chen X, Mao Q, Meng F, Li X, Chen W, Du M, Gao F, Liu P, Li X, Guo C, Xie T, Lu W, Li Q, Li L, Yan X, Guo X, Du H, Li X, Duan K, Zhu F. Clinical evaluation of the lot-to-lot consistency of an enterovirus 71 vaccine in a commercial-scale phase IV clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2063630. [PMID: 35714273 PMCID: PMC9897631 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2063630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immunogenicity, safety and lot-to-lot consistency of an inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine cultured in bioreactors with different specifications after full immunization. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial was performed in 3,000 children aged 6 ~ 35 months with six vaccine batches, which were prepared in 40 L and 150 L bioreactors for three consecutive batches respectively. Children were immunized on day 0 and 28, serum samples were collected on day 0 and 56, and neutralizing antibody titers were determined by the microcytopathic method. Immediate reactions were recorded within 30 min, local and systemic symptoms were recorded within 0 ~ 28 days, and serious adverse events were recorded within 6 months. RESULTS After immunization with two doses of the inactivated EV71 vaccine, the neutralizing antibody GMT was 825.52 ± 4.09, and the positive conversion rate was 96.18%, with no significant difference. The 95% CI of the serum neutralizing antibody GMT ratio between the two groups after immunization with the three vaccine batches produced in the 150 L and 40 L bioreactors ranged from .67 ~ 1.5. The overall incidence of adverse reactions, mainly grade 1 reactions, for all 6 batches from 0 to 28 days after vaccination was 49.62%, with no significant difference (p = .8736). The incidence of systemic adverse reactions, primarily fever and diarrhea, was 45.14%; the incidence of local adverse reactions, primarily erythema and tenderness, was 9.43%. CONCLUSION The EV71 vaccine was highly immunogenic and safe in children aged 6-35 months, and 6 consecutive batches produced by the two bioreactors with different specifications were consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis virus and Enterovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fanyue Meng
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meizhi Du
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Pei County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pei County, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis virus and Enterovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Pei County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pei County, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changfu Guo
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingbo Xie
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Department of Research and Development, National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qingliang Li
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongqiao Du
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Fengcai Zhu No.172, Jiangsu Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Kai Duan
- Department of Research and Development, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Xiuling Li No. 758, Guangfeng Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Kai Duan No. 1, Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Zhengdian, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
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9
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Antiviral Properties of Pennisetum purpureum Extract against Coronaviruses and Enteroviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111371. [PMID: 36422622 PMCID: PMC9696772 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many severe epidemics are caused by enteroviruses (EVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs), including feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats, epidemic diarrhea disease virus (PEDV) in pigs, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens, and EV71 in human. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are used to prevent and treat the infection of EVs and CoVs, but the effectiveness is affected due to rapidly changing RNA viruses. Many plant extracts have been proven to have antiviral properties despite the continuous mutations of viruses. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) has high phenolic content and has been used as healthy food materials, livestock feed, biofuels, and more. This study tested the antiviral properties of P. purpureum extract against FCoV, PEDV, IBV, and EV71 by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, TCID50 virus infection assay, and chicken embryo infection assay. The findings showed that P. purpureum extract has the potential of being disinfectant to limit the spread of CoVs and EVs because the extract can inhibit the infection of EV71, FCoV, and PEDV in cells, and significantly reduce the severity of symptoms caused by IBV in chicken embryos.
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10
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Li JF, Zhang CJ, Li YW, Li C, Zhang SC, Wang SS, Jiang Y, Luo XB, Liao XJ, Wu SX, Lin L. Coxsackievirus A6 was the most common enterovirus serotype causing hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shiyan City, central China. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11358-11370. [PMID: 36387823 PMCID: PMC9649535 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i31.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become one of the most common infectious diseases in China. Before 2016, the primary causal serotypes were enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Following the introduction of EV-A71 vaccines in China since 2016, the situation could change. CV-A6 has recently replaced EV-A71 and CV-A16 in some areas of China. However, the epidemiological characteristics of central China remain unknown.
AIM To investigate the clinical symptoms and pathogen spectrum of HFMD in Shiyan City, central China, in recent years.
METHODS The epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data from HFMD cases reported to the Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention between January 2016 and December 2020 were analyzed. 196 throat swab specimens were collected from hospitalized HFMD patients between January 2018 and December 2020. To detect and genotype enteroviruses, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the 5'-untranslated region were used. In Shiyan, 168 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases were studied using a logistic regression model to determine the effect of predominant enterovirus serotypes. Based on the logistic regression model, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model was used to analyze the correlation between CV-A6 infection and various clinical characteristics in HFMD patients in Shiyan.
RESULTS From 2016 to 2020, 35840 HFMD cases were reported in Shiyan. The number of cases decreased by 48.4% from 2016 to 2017. Approximately 1.58-fold increases were found in 2018 and 2019 when compared to the previous year, respectively. In 2020, a decrease of about 85.5% was reported when compared to 2019. The most common serotypes shifted from EV-A71 and CV-A16 (about 60%-80% in 2016 and 2018) to others (more than 80.0% in 2017, 2019, and 2020). EV-A71 lost its dominance in 2017 in Shiyan. Among 196 confirmed HFMD cases, 85.7% tested positive for enterovirus, with CV-A6 being the most common serotype (121/168, 72.0%). The positive rates for CV-A16 and CV-A10 were 4.8% and 3.0%, respectively. There was no EV-A71 discovered. Infection with CV-A6 was linked to fever, myocardial damage, increased creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase levels.
CONCLUSION CV-A6 was the most common enterovirus serotype in Shiyan City, replacing EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the HFMD pathogen. Developing vaccines against CV-A6 or multiple pathogens, as well as rising CV-A6 surveillance, will help prevent HFMD in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Children Health Care, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Department of Health Services, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin-Bing Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing-Juan Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shou-Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 442000, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 442000, China
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11
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Tian H, Xu W, Wen L, Tang L, Zhang X, Song T, Yang C. Association of TLR3 gene 1377C/T (rs3775290) and TLR7 gene C/G (rs3853839) polymorphism with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71 infection susceptibility and severity in the Chinese Han population: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29758. [PMID: 35801751 PMCID: PMC9259132 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several case-control studies have been conducted on the relationship between rs3775290 C/T and rs3853839 C/G single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) susceptibility and severity. This meta-analysis aimed to offer a systemic review of HFMD susceptibility and severity among the Chinese Han population associated with the C/T (rs3775290) polymorphism of the TLR3 gene or C/G (rs3853839) polymorphism of the TLR7 gene. METHODS A computer search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WanFang databases. The time ranges were from database establishment to 30/7/2021. Articles selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent data extraction and methodological quality evaluation. RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16.0 were adopted for meta-analysis, and the incorporated odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Sensitivity and publication bias assessments were performed. RESULTS 8 articles with 9 studies were selected. Among them, there were 858 cases and 577 controls in TLR3 rs3775290 studies as well as 2151 cases and 1554 controls in TLR7 rs3853839 studies. Regarding rs3775290 of TLR3, susceptibilities of the severe type of T-possessing individuals were larger than those of C-possessing individuals [OR = 1.34, 95%CI (1.10, 1.64), P = .004]. The susceptibility of individuals with the severe TT genotype was 1.61 times that of individuals with the CC genotype [95%CI (1.07, 2.43), P=0.02], while susceptibility to HFMD was not influenced by the genotype. In terms of the rs3853839 of the TLR7 gene, C allele carriers have a higher risk of developing HFMD than G allele carriers. The susceptibility to HFMD in CC+CG individuals was 1.24 times than that in GG individuals [95%CI (1.07, 1.43), P = .004]. However, no relationship was found between this polymorphism and severity of the severe type. No significant publication bias was observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS rs3775290 (C/T) of TLR3 is associated with susceptibility to the severe type, whereas rs3853839 (C/G) of TLR7 is associated with susceptibility to HFMD. However, owing to the limited quantity and quality of the research, the aforementioned conclusions are yet to be justified by more high-quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokun Tian
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weikai Xu
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lequan Wen
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Lequan Wen, Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (e-mail: )
| | - Lirui Tang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tiangang Song
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changsen Yang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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12
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Si F, Wang D, Ji T, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Li J, Xu W, Tao Z, Yan D. Identification of the first C1 subgenotype of enterovirus 71 in the Chinese mainland in a retrospective study. Virol J 2022; 19:83. [PMID: 35570270 PMCID: PMC9107727 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The C4 sub-genotype of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been identified as the most dominant sub-genotype circulating in the Chinese mainland since 1998. The circulation situation of EV71 before 1998 is not well established due to insufficient experimental data. The C1 subgenotype of EV71 has not yet been reported in the Chinese mainland by now. Based on the AFP surveillance system of the mainland of China, this study conducted a retrospective study of AFP cases for 1985–1999: a strain of EV-A71 C1 subgenotype was found. To our knowledge, this strain (SD92-41) is the first C1 sub-genotype reported in the Chinese mainland. This study demonstrates that the C1 gene subtype also appeared in the Chinese mainland, but it is unknown whether it is an imported or a local epidemic strain. With sufficient information known from retrospective studies, the source of the SD92-41 strain will be identified and the prevalence of EV-A71 in the Chinese mainland before 1998 will be clearer.
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13
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Nguyen TT, Chiu CH, Lin CY, Chiu NC, Chen PY, Le TTV, Le DN, Duong AH, Nguyen VL, Huynh TN, Truong HK, Phan TL, Nguyen TTT, Shih SR, Huang CG, Weng YJ, Hsieh EF, Chang S, Chen C, Tai IC, Huang LM. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an inactivated, adjuvanted enterovirus 71 vaccine in infants and children: a multiregion, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2022; 399:1708-1717. [PMID: 35427481 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are susceptible to severe or fatal enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of EV71vac, an aluminium phosphate-adjuvanted inactivated EV71 vaccine in children aged 2-71 months. METHODS We did a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial at five hospitals in Taiwan and two in Vietnam. Children aged 2-71 months were stratified by country and age, and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive two doses of EV71vac or placebo via intramuscular injection 56 days apart. Children aged 2-23 months received a third booster dose on day 366. The primary endpoint was the clinical efficacy of the total vaccinated cohort against EV71-associated diseases during the follow-up period, from 14 days after the second dose to when 15 cases of EV71 infections were confirmed in the per-protocol population. Our safety analysis included all participants who received at least one dose of EV71vac. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03865238, and is complete. FINDINGS Between April 23 and Dec 25, 2019, of 3663 children assessed, 3061 were randomly assigned, of whom 3049 were vaccinated: 1521 children in the EV71vac group and 1528 in the placebo group. By May 20, 2021, our primary efficacy analysis included 2959 children, with 1476 children in the EV71vac group and 1483 children in the placebo group. The vaccine efficacy of EV71vac was 96·8% (95% CI 85·5-100) against EV71 associated diseases (p<0·0001). The percentage of participants who reported solicited adverse events were similar in both groups: 865 (56·9%) in the EV71vac group and 852 (55·8%) in the placebo group. Almost all reported solicited adverse events were mild and self-limited. INTERPRETATION EV71vac is safe, well-tolerated, and highly effective in preventing EV71 associated diseases in children aged 2-71 months. FUNDING Medigen Vaccine Biologics and A+ Industrial Innovative R&D Program of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Paediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chang Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Paediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Thi Tuong Vy Le
- Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Ngan Le
- Centre for Disease Control of Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
| | - An Han Duong
- Centre for Disease Control of Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Huu Khanh Truong
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trong Lan Phan
- Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Centre for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Research Centre for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Weng
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Charles Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I-Chen Tai
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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14
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Liu Z, Busscher BM, Storl-Desmond M, Xiao TS. Mechanisms of Gasdermin Recognition by Proteases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167274. [PMID: 34599940 PMCID: PMC8844061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the gasdermin family contain positively charged N-terminal domains (NTDs) capable of binding phospholipids and assembling membrane pores, and C-terminal domains (CTDs) that bind the NTDs to prevent pore formation in the resting states. The flexible NTD-CTD linker regions of gasdermins are highly variable in length and sequences, which may be attributable to gasdermin recognition by diverse proteases. In addition, protease cleavage within the NTDs is known to inactivate several gasdermin family members. Recognition and cleavage of the gasdermin family members by different proteases share common and distinct features at the protease active sites, as well as exosites recently identified for the inflammatory caspases. Utilization of exosites may strengthen enzyme-substrate interaction, improve efficiency of proteolysis, and enhance substrate selectivity. It remains to be determined if the dual site recognition of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by the inflammatory caspases is employed by other GSDMD-targeting proteases, or is involved in proteolytic processing of other gasdermins. Biochemical and structural approaches will be instrumental in revealing how potential exosites in diverse proteases engage different gasdermin substrates. Different features of gasdermin sequence, structure, expression characteristics, and post-translational modifications may dictate distinct mechanisms of protease-dependent activation or inactivation. Such diverse mechanisms may underlie the divergent physiological and pathological functions of gasdermins, and furnish opportunities for therapeutic targeting of gasdermins in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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15
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Liu X, Yang W, Zhang C, Wu H, Wang R, Ding Q, Hu Y, Xiong Y, Zhang S, Wang L. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine co-administered with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: a phase 4, single-center, randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5348-5354. [PMID: 34905446 PMCID: PMC8903949 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2010428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-administration of vaccines could be an efficient strategy to increase vaccination uptake and reduce the number of clinic visits. This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine co-administered with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (LA-JEV). A total of 372 healthy infants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive simultaneous administration of EV71 vaccine (dose 1) and MMR on d 0 and EV71 vaccine (dose 2) and LA-JEV on d 30 (Group 1); administration of MMR and LA-JEV on d 0 and 30, respectively (Group 2); or administration of doses 1 and 2 of EV71 vaccine on d 0 and 30, respectively (Group 3). The non-inferiority analysis of the seroconversion for EV71 neutralizing antibody after vaccination was the primary outcome. According to per protocol set, antibody response against EV71, measles, mumps, rubella, and Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was similar regardless of administration schedule. After vaccination, the seroconversion rate of EV71 neutralizing antibody in Group 1 (107 [97.27%] of 110) was non-inferior to that in Group 3 (109 [97.32%] of 112; difference - 0.05% [95% CI - 5.38 to 5.21]). The incidences of adverse reactions were 62.60% (77/123) in Group 1, 54.84% (68/124) in Group 2, and 37.70% (46/122) in Group 3, and most of them were mild to moderate in severity. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. In total, the co-administration of combined EV71 vaccine with MMR and LA-JEV showed no interference with antibody response and demonstrated good safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Center for Clinical Evaluation of Vaccines, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China,Lin Wang Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Wanqi Yang
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing, China,Lin Wang Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center for Clinical Evaluation of Vaccines, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China,Lin Wang Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Hanbin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ankang, China,Lin Wang Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruize Wang
- Center for Clinical Evaluation of Vaccines, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Immunology, Hanbin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ankang, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Immunology, Hanbin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ankang, China
| | | | - Shaobai Zhang
- Center for Clinical Evaluation of Vaccines, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China,CONTACT Shaobai Zhang Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an710054, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing, China,Lin Wang Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
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16
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Yang X, Shui X, Dai X, Hao S, Ke F, Zhu L, Chen X. PLAC8 promotes EV71 infected inflammatory lesion by disturbing Th-cell-related cytokines release in neonatal mouse. Virology 2021; 564:39-45. [PMID: 34653773 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 can cause severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. However, little is known about the mechanism of inflammatory disorders caused by EV71 infection and why severe cases are mainly children aged under-three. In current study, using mRNA microarray assay, the differential expression of Placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) was identified in mice brain. In addition, we found that PLAC8 expression was down-regulated with age in mice lung tissues and human peripheral blood. Then, we further proved that PLAC8 could promote inflammation progress and disturb Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg related cytokines release after EV71 infection using PLAC8 plasmid over-expressed neonatal mouse model. Our data suggest that PLAC8 might play a crucial role in Th cell differentiation and inflammatory damage caused by EV71 infection in infants. Thus, our findings would help understand the causes of severe inflammatory injury in infants during EV71 infection, and provide new insights into the prevention and control of severe HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Xiaochuan Shui
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dai
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Shiyong Hao
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Feng Ke
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Liru Zhu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China.
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17
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Javadi M, Nejati A, Yousefi M, Mahmoodi M, Shoja Z, Shahmahmoodi S. First seroepidemiological investigation of human enterovirus 71 in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 13:502-508. [PMID: 34557279 PMCID: PMC8421584 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i4.6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Human Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is the causative agent for many dermal to neurological diseases especially polio-like paralysis outbreaks around the world. This study, the first of this kind in Iran, aimed to find neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71 in serum of healthy individuals in different age groups based on neutralization test (NT). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 547 serum samples were collected from healthy individuals who were referring for routine checkup tests (aged from under 6 months to over 31 years old) to Imam-Khomeini Hospital in Tehran during January-December 2015. Serum samples were examined by NT in cell culture to detect neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71. In the next step, some of the positive samples were subjected to complete titration to determine the exact titer of anti-EV-A71 antibodies. Results: Of 547 samples, 310 (56.7%) were positive for EV-A71 neutralizing antibody. The presence of the antibody increased with age (p<0.001), and there was a significant statistical relationship between sex and the presence of antibody (p=0.009). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated an apparent but limited circulation of EV-A71 in our society. After the worldwide eradication of poliovirus, EV-A71 which can cause polio-likes syndrome, might be the new challenge for our health care system as regard more in depth research is however needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Javadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Mahmoodi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Oo Y, Chu JJH, Ng SY, Sze SK, Alonso S. Enterovirus-A71 exploits peripherin and Rac1 to invade the central nervous system. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51777. [PMID: 33871166 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) has been associated with severe neurological forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 infects motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) to invade the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigate the role of peripherin (PRPH) during EV-A71 infection, a type III intermediate neurofilament involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In mice infected with EV-A71, PRPH co-localizes with viral particles in the muscles at NMJs and in the spinal cord. In motor neuron-like and neuroblastoma cell lines, surface-expressed PRPH facilitates viral entry, while intracellular PRPH influences viral genome replication through interactions with structural and non-structural viral components. Importantly, PRPH does not play a role during infection with coxsackievirus A16, another causative agent of HFMD rarely associated with neurological complications, suggesting that EV-A71 ability to exploit PRPH represents a unique attribute for successful CNS invasion. Finally, we show that EV-A71 also exploits some of the many PRPH-interacting partners. Of these, small GTP-binding protein Rac1 represents a potential druggable host target to limit neuroinvasion of EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Services Core Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Huang B, Chen H, Zheng Y. MiR-103/miR-107 inhibits enterovirus 71 replication and facilitates type I interferon response by regulating SOCS3/STAT3 pathway. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1357-1369. [PMID: 33796959 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus71 (EV71), the major cause of hand, foot, and-mouth disease (HFMD), has increasingly become a public health challenge. Type I interferons (IFNs) can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play regulatory roles in host innate immune responses to viral infections. However, the roles of miR-103 and miR-107 in EV71 infection remain unclear. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to determine the expression of miR-103, miR-107, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), VP1, IFN-α, and IFN-β. Virus titers were measured by 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay. Western blot assay was conducted to detect the protein levels of VP1, IFN-α, IFN-β, SOCS3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3). Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the protein level of VP1. The concentrations of IFN-α and IFN-β were examined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between SOCS3 and miR-103/miR-107 was predicted by starBase and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. RESULTS MiR-103 and miR-107 were downregulated and SOCS3 was upregulated in serum from patients with EV71 and EV71-infected cells. Overexpression of miR-103 and miR-107 repressed EV71 replication by inhibiting EV71 titers and VP1 expression. Moreover, upregulation of miR-103 and miR-107 enhanced EV71-triggered the production of type I IFNs. In addition, miR-103 and miR-107 directly targeted SOCS3, and SOCS3 upregulation reversed the effects of miR-103 and miR-107 on EV71 replication and type I IFN response. Importantly, miR-103 and miR-107 increased STAT3 phosphorylation by targeting SOCS3 after EV71 infection. CONCLUSION MiR-103 and miR-107 suppressed EV71 replication and increased the production of type I IFNs by regulating SOCS3/STAT3 pathway, which might provide a novel strategy for developing effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baizhi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, No. 111 Humen Avenue, Humen Town, Dongguan City, 523900, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Haiping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanbing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
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20
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Li M, Li YP, Deng HL, Wang MQ, Chen Y, Zhang YF, Wang J, Dang SS. DNA methylation and SNP in IFITM3 are correlated with hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:199-208. [PMID: 33596480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanisms of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in response to enterovirus-71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease (EV71-HFMD), in terms of DNA methylation, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype and gene expression. METHODS In total, 120 patients with EV71-HFMD (60 with mild EV71-HFMD and 60 with severe EV71-HFMD) and 60 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. SNP genotype, IFITM3 promoter methylation and mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined using the improved multi-temperature ligase detection reaction, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and MiSeq, respectively. RESULTS The distribution of methylation in patients with EV71-HFMD was significantly lower compared with healthy controls, and the severe EV71-HFMD group showed the lowest frequency of IFITM3 promoter methylation. The average level of IFITM3 promoter CpG methylation was negatively correlated with IFITM3 mRNA expression, and hypermethylation of several specific CpG units contributed to IFITM3 downregulation. IFITM3 expression and promoter methylation correlated with EV71 infection progression, especially in the severe EV71-HFMD group. Compared with mild cases, genotype GG and the G allele of rs12252 were over-represented in patients with severe EV71-HFMD. CONCLUSIONS IFITM3 methylation status and SNP genotyping may help clinicians to choose the correct treatment strategy for patients with EV71-HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China; Department of Paediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Mu-Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
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21
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Min N, Ong YHB, Han AX, Ho SX, Yen EWP, Ban KHK, Maurer-Stroh S, Chong CY, Chu JJH. An epidemiological surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease in paediatric patients and in community: A Singapore retrospective cohort study, 2013-2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008885. [PMID: 33566802 PMCID: PMC7901731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is primarily self-resolving—soaring incidence rate of symptomatic HFMD effectuates economic burden in the Asia-Pacific region. Singapore has seen a conspicuous rise in the number of HFMD cases from 2010s. Here, we aims to identify the serology and genotypes responsible for such outbreaks in hospitals and childcare facilities. Methods We studied symptomatic paediatric HFMD cases from 2013 to 2018 in Singapore. Surveillance for subclinical enterovirus infections was also performed in childcares at the same time period. Results Genotyping 101 symptomatic HFMD samples revealed CV-A6 as the major etiological agent for recent outbreaks. We detected infections with CV-A6 (41.0%), EV-A71 (7%), CV-A16 (3.0%), coxsackievirus A2, CV-A2 (1.0%) and coxsackievirus A10, CV-A10 (1.0%). Phylogenetic analysis of local CV-A6 strains revealed a high level of heterogeneity compared against others worldwide, dissimilar to other HFMD causative enteroviruses for which the dominant strains and genotypes are highly region specific. We detected sub-clinical enterovirus infections in childcare centres; 17.1% (n = 245) tested positive for enterovirus in saliva, without HFMD indicative symptoms at the point of sample collection. Conclusions CV-A6 remained as the dominant HFMD causative strain in Singapore. Silent subclinical enteroviral infections were detected and warrant further investigations. In most cases, Hand Foot and Mouth Disease or HFMD typically manifest in mild fever along with sore throat and rashes on the body. From 2010 onwards, Singapore has seen a steady increase in the case number of HFMD reaching tens of thousands in recent years. HFMD is caused by intestinal viruses and in this study, we established with molecular surveillance methods that one of the causative serotypes, CV-A6 is the major etiological agent for HFMD in Singapore for the current decade. We discovered that circulating enterovirus, CV-A6 in Singapore share similarities in genetic make-up to those currently circulating strains found worldwide and found to be especially close to the ones in neighbouring countries. HFMD spreads from person to person, especially in high-risk areas such as childcare centers where children congregate. Therefore, we conducted saliva collections routinely from childcare centers across Singapore and found that subclinical enterovirus infections have also been prevailing in clusters, occurring silently and unnoticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyo Min
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasmin Hui Binn Ong
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin X. Han
- Protein Sequence Analysis Group, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si Xian Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emmerie Wong Phaik Yen
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Hon Kim Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Protein Sequence Analysis Group, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wo X, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao S, Lin L, Zhong X, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Zhao W. TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 is Cleaved by the Protease 3C of Enterovirus A71. Virol Sin 2021; 36:95-103. [PMID: 32696397 PMCID: PMC7973337 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the etiological pathogens leading to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can cause severe neurological complications. The neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is not well understood. The mislocalization and aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is the pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether TDP-43 was impacted by EV-A71 infection is unknown. This study demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved during EV-A71 infection. The cleavage of TDP-43 requires EV-A71 replication rather than the activated caspases due to viral infection. TDP-43 is cleaved by viral protease 3C between the residues 331Q and 332S, while mutated TDP-43 (Q331A) was not cleaved. In addition, mutated 3C which lacks the protease activity failed to induce TDP-43 cleavage. We also found that TDP-43 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and the mislocalization of TDP-43 was induced by viral protease 2A rather than 3C. Taken together, we demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved by viral protease and translocated to the cytoplasm during EV-A71 infection, implicating the possible involvement of TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of EV-A71infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoxuan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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23
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Bizot E, Bousquet A, Charpié M, Coquelin F, Lefevre S, Le Lorier J, Patin M, Sée P, Sarfati E, Walle S, Visseaux B, Basmaci R. Rhinovirus: A Narrative Review on Its Genetic Characteristics, Pediatric Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:643219. [PMID: 33829004 PMCID: PMC8019700 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.643219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of common colds. With the development of new molecular methods since the 2000s, HRVs have been increasingly involved among severe clinical infections. Recent knowledge of the HRV genetic characteristics has also improved the understanding of their pathogenesis. This narrative review aims to provide a current comprehensive knowledge about this virus in the pediatric community. HRVs represent a main cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. HRV is the second virus involved in bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and HRV bronchiolitis has a higher risk of recurrent wheezing episode or asthma. Some recent findings described HRVs in stools, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, thanks to new molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by detecting HRVs with high sensibility. However, the high rate of asymptomatic carriage and the prolonged excretion in postsymptomatic patients complicate interpretation. No sufficient data exist to avoid antibiotic therapy in pediatric high-risk population with HRV detection. Severe clinical presentations due to HRVs can be more frequent in specific population with chronic pathology or genetic particularity. Inflammatory response is mediated by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B pathway and production of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma, interleukin 8 (IL8), and IL1b. No specific treatment or antiviral therapy exists, although research is still ongoing. Nowadays, in addition to benign diseases, HRVs are recognized to be involved in some severe clinical presentations. Recent advances in genetic knowledge or specific inflammatory response may lead to specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Bizot
- Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Anais Bousquet
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Maelle Charpié
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Florence Coquelin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Lefevre
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Justin Le Lorier
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Margaux Patin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Perrine Sée
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Eytan Sarfati
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Walle
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Department of Virology, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
| | - Romain Basmaci
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
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24
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Zeng H, Yi L, Chen X, Zhou H, Zheng H, Lu J, Yang F, Li C, Fang L, Zhang X, Jing X, Wu J, Li H. Emergence of a non vaccine-cognate enterovirus A71 genotype C1 in mainland China. J Infect 2020; 82:407-413. [PMID: 33373653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EV-A71 is a common causative agent of hand foot and mouth disease. In mainland China, EV-A71 subgenotype C4 has been the sole circulating genotype since 2008, and was used in the production of multiple licensed vaccines. Here, we report the first detection EV-A71 C1 strains in China. METHODS Full genomic sequence were obtained. The origin of the EV-A71 C1 strains were tracked down by Bayesian inferences. Recombination was analyzed using Simplot program. And the antigenicity were tested using the microneutralization test. RESULTS The C1-GD2019 shared high identity with the C1-like lineage recently identified in Europe and was introduced into Guangdong in 2018-2019. Close genetic relatedness between the C1-GD2019 and Europe C1-like strains were observed except for the 3D-3'UTR region. The late showed high similarity with CVA genomes. Antigenic variance was found. The C1-GD2019 could not be effectively neutralized by EV-A71 C4a neutralizing antibody positive samples. CONCLUSION This is the first report of EV-A71 subgenotype C1 isolated in China. It is a recombinant strain originating from C1-like strains recently identified in Europe and CVA strains. The different antigenicity between the C1 strains and C4a vaccine strains highlighted the importance on closely monitoring the EV-A71 C1 strains in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanri Zeng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Huiqiong Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Jing
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Li Y, Wang M, Wang W, Feng D, Deng H, Zhang Y, Dang S, Zhai S. Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Death Risk in Patients with Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:1023-1029. [PMID: 33122910 PMCID: PMC7591077 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s268130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) may lead to serious complications, which cause child mortality during outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can predict death risk in severe HFMD. Methods Medical records for 664 severe HFMD patients were retrospectively examined, and NLR was calculated from blood counts. Youden’s index was calculated to determine the optimal NLR cutoff. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine death risk factors associated with severe HFMD. Results An NLR cutoff value of 2.01 and 2.50 respectively predicted mortality among all 664 severe HFMD and 137 critical HFMD. Among all 664 patients, the multivariate model identified the following as independently associated with death risk: high fever (OR 3.342, 95% CI 1.736–6.432), EV71 infection (OR 3.200, 95% CI 1.529–6.698), fasting glucose (OR 37.343, 95% CI 18.616–74.909), and NLR (>2.01) (OR 2.142, 95% CI 1.125–4.079). Among 137 critical HFMD, EV71 infection (OR 3.441, 95% CI 1.132–10.462), fasting glucose (OR 14.173, 95% CI 4.920–40.827), and NLR (>2.50) (OR 4.166, 95% CI 1.570–11.051) were associated with death risk. Conclusion In conclusion, NLR (>2.01) in severe HFMD and NLR (>2.50) in critical HFMD patients may be associated with increased death risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Muqi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangsuo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an 710004, People's Republic of China
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26
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Song J, Liu P, Wu S, Tan Y, Fan F, Chen Z. Association of CD14 rs2569190 G/A genetic polymorphism with the severity of enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Virology 2020; 548:25-30. [PMID: 32838942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Sifei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Yuxia Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 11 Xingyuandong Road, Zibo, Shandong, 255029, PR China.
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
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27
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Hankaniemi MM, Baikoghli MA, Stone VM, Xing L, Väätäinen O, Soppela S, Sioofy-Khojine A, Saarinen NVV, Ou T, Anson B, Hyöty H, Marjomäki V, Flodström-Tullberg M, Cheng RH, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091287. [PMID: 32846899 PMCID: PMC7565060 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common pathogens that can cause acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, aseptic meningitis, and they are hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. The licensed enterovirus vaccines and those currently in clinical development are traditional inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Even though these vaccines work well in the prevention of enterovirus diseases, new vaccine technologies, like virus-like particles (VLPs), can offer important advantages in the manufacturing and epitope engineering. We have previously produced VLPs for CVB3 and CVB1 in insect cells. Here, we describe the production of CVB3-VLPs with enhanced production yield and purity using an improved purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography, which is compatible with industrial scale production. We also resolved the CVB3-VLP structure by Cryo-Electron Microscopy imaging and single particle reconstruction. The VLP diameter is 30.9 nm on average, and it is similar to Coxsackievirus A VLPs and the expanded enterovirus cell-entry intermediate (the 135s particle), which is ~2 nm larger than the mature virion. High neutralizing and total IgG antibody levels, the latter being a predominantly Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in C57BL/6J mice immunized with non-adjuvanted CVB3-VLP vaccine. The structural and immunogenic data presented here indicate the potential of this improved methodology to produce highly immunogenic enterovirus VLP-vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Mo A. Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Outi Väätäinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Saana Soppela
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Amirbabak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Tingwei Ou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Brandon Anson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - R. Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
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Carmo RLD, Alves Simão AK, Amaral LLFD, Inada BSY, Silveira CF, Campos CMDS, Freitas LF, Bonadio V, Marussi VHR. Neuroimaging of Emergent and Reemergent Infections. Radiographics 2020; 39:1649-1671. [PMID: 31589575 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases emerge and reemerge over the years, and many of them can cause neurologic disease. Several factors contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these conditions, including human population growth, an increase in international travel, the geographic expansion of recognized pathogens to areas where they were previously nonendemic, and greater contact with wild animal reservoirs. The antivaccination social movement has played an important role in the reemergence of infectious diseases, especially some viral conditions. The authors review different viral (arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus; enterovirus 71; measles; and influenza), bacterial (syphilis, Lyme disease, and listeriosis), and parasitic (Chagas disease) diseases, focusing primarily on their neurologic complications. Although there are several additional infectious diseases with central nervous system manifestations that could be classified as emergent or reemergent, those listed here are the most relevant from an epidemiologic standpoint and are representative of important public health issues on all continents. The infections caused by these pathogens often show a variety of neuroimaging patterns that can be identified at CT and MRI, and radiology is central to the diagnosis and follow-up of such conditions. Given the increasing relevance of emerging and reemerging infections in clinical practice and public health scenarios, radiologists should be familiar with these infections. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lourenço do Carmo
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Aylla Keiner Alves Simão
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Luís Faria do Amaral
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Bruno Shigueo Yonekura Inada
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Camila Filardi Silveira
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Furtado Freitas
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Victor Bonadio
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Rocha Marussi
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, R. Maestro Cardim 769, São Paulo, SP 01323-001, Brazil
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González-Sanz R, Casas-Alba D, Launes C, Muñoz-Almagro C, Ruiz-García MM, Alonso M, González-Abad MJ, Megías G, Rabella N, Del Cuerpo M, Gozalo-Margüello M, González-Praetorius A, Martínez-Sapiña A, Goyanes-Galán MJ, Romero MP, Calvo C, Antón A, Imaz M, Aranzamendi M, Hernández-Rodríguez Á, Moreno-Docón A, Rey-Cao S, Navascués A, Otero A, Cabrerizo M. Molecular epidemiology of an enterovirus A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological disease, Spain, 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30782267 PMCID: PMC6381658 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.7.1800089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an emerging pathogen that causes a wide range of disorders including severe neurological manifestations. In the past 20 years, this virus has been associated with large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region, while in Europe mainly sporadic cases have been reported. In spring 2016, however, an EV-A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological cases was reported in Catalonia and spread further to other Spanish regions. Aim Our objective was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the outbreak. Methods We carried out a retrospective study which included 233 EV-A71-positive samples collected during 2016 from hospitalised patients. We analysed the clinical manifestations associated with EV-A71 infections and performed phylogenetic analyses of the 3’-VP1 and 3Dpol regions from all Spanish strains and a set of EV-A71 from other countries. Results Most EV-A71 infections were reported in children (mean age: 2.6 years) and the highest incidence was between May and July 2016 (83%). Most isolates (218/233) were classified as subgenogroup C1 and 217 of them were grouped in one cluster phylogenetically related to a new recombinant variant strain associated with severe neurological diseases in Germany and France in 2015 and 2016. Moreover, we found a clear association of EV-A71-C1 infection with severe neurological disorders, brainstem encephalitis being the most commonly reported. Conclusion An emerging recombinant variant of EV-A71-C1 was responsible for the large outbreak in 2016 in Spain that was associated with many severe neurological cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González-Sanz
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristian Launes
- CIBER de epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- CIBER de epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María Pilar Romero
- Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, Fundación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario La Paz, Fundación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Águeda Hernández-Rodríguez
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Almudena Otero
- Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cabrerizo
- Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Chen L, Xu SJ, Yao XJ, Yang H, Zhang HL, Meng J, Zeng HR, Huang XH, Zhang RL, He YQ. Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen, China, 2014-2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2213-2227. [PMID: 32666145 PMCID: PMC7360124 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of enteroviruses associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2018. A total of 137 fecal specimens from patients with severe HFMD were collected. Enterovirus (EV) types were determined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RT nested PCR, and sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics programs. Of 137 specimens tested, 97 (70.8%), 12 (8.8%), and 10 (7.3%) were positive for EV-A71, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), and CVA16, respectively. Other pathogens detected included CVA2 (2.9%, 4/137), CVA10 (2.9%, 4/137), CVA5 (0.7%, 1/137), echovirus 6 (E6) (0.7%, 1/137) and E18 (0.7%, 1/137). The most frequent complication in patients with proven EV infections was myoclonic jerk, followed by aseptic encephalitis, tachypnea, and vomiting. The frequencies of vomiting and abnormal eye movements were higher in EV-A71-infected patients than that in CVA6-infected or CVA16-infected patients. Molecular phylogeny based on the complete VP1 gene revealed no association between the subgenotype of the virus and disease severity. Nevertheless, 12 significant mutations that were likely to be associated with virulence or the clinical phenotype were observed in the 5’UTR, 2Apro, 2C, 3A, 3Dpol and 3’UTR of CVA6. Eight significant mutations were observed in the 5’UTR, 2B, 3A, 3Dpol and 3’UTR of CVA16, and 10 significant mutations were observed in the 5’UTR, VP1, 3A and 3Cpro of CVA10. In conclusion, EV-A71 is still the main pathogen causing severe HFMD, although other EV types can also cause severe complications. Potential virulence or phenotype-associated sites were identified in the genomes of CVA6, CVA16, and CVA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shao-Jian Xu
- District Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Yao
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han-Ri Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Xu-He Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Ren-Li Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ya-Qing He
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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31
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Hu P, Liu J, Gan L, Chen Y, Su K, Chen Y, Zhang D. Lack of effective home quarantine: The cause of the continuing prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in China? J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:963-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Luo W, Yang L, Pan Q, Qiu L. [Enterovirus 71 can induce autophagy and apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:828-836. [PMID: 32895198 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced of autophagy, apoptosis and the related signaling pathways in THP-1 macrophages. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were infected with EV71 at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 for 2, 8 or 16 h, and the cell proliferation and toxicity were analyzed using CCK-8 kit. The intracellular viral nucleic acid in THP-1 macrophages were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the ultrastructural changes of the cells were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis induced by EV71 infection was detected using Hoechst 33342 staining and AnnexinV/PI double staining. Western blotting was performed for analysis of changes in autophagy and apoptosis of the cells and in the expressions of the related proteins. The effect of EV71 infection on apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages incubated with 3-MA and Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibitor for 2 h was assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS EV71 infection significantly lowered the cell survival rate of THP-1 macrophages at 2, 8 h and 16 h after the infection (P < 0.05). The total copy number of viral nucleic acid in THP-1 macrophages incubated with EV71 increased significantly and progressively over time (P < 0.01). Intracellular autophagosomes and virions could be seen in EV71-infected THP-1 macrophages. The total apoptotic rate of the infected cell also increased significantly over time (P < 0.01). EV71 infection significantly increased LC3 conversion (LC3-Ⅱ/ LC3-I) and the expression of cleaved caspase 3 protein and decreased the protein expressions of p62, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 (P < 0.01) without causing obvious changes in cleaved caspase-8 (P>0.05). 3-MA significantly inhibited the EV71-induced autophagy of THP-1 macrophages and reduced LC3 conversion (LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I) and p62 protein expression at 8 h after EV71 infection (P < 0.01). Compared with DMSO, Ac-DEVD-CHO significantly inhibited EV71-induced apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages (15.5% vs 7.7%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS EV71 not only can infect and replicate in THP-1 macrophages, but also induces autophagy and cell apoptosis possibly by activating LC3/p62 autophagy pathway and caspase apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lawei Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Qingjun Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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Tang Q, Xu Z, Jin M, Shu T, Chen Y, Feng L, Zhang Q, Lan K, Wu S, Zhou HB. Identification of dibucaine derivatives as novel potent enterovirus 2C helicase inhibitors: In vitro, in vivo, and combination therapy study. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112310. [PMID: 32619885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a human pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) which seriously threatened the safety and lives of infants and young children. However, there are no licensed direct antiviral agents to cure the HFMD. In this study, a series of quinoline formamide analogues as effective enterovirus inhibitors were developed, subsequent systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated that these quinoline formamide analogues exhibited good potency to treat EV-A71 infection. As described, the most efficient EV-A71 inhibitor 6i showed good anti-EV-A71 activity (EC50 = 1.238 μM) in RD cells. Furthermore, compound 6i could effectively prevent death of virus infected mice at dose of 6 mg/kg. When combined with emetine (0.1 mg/kg), this treatment could completely prevent the clinical symptoms and death of virus infected mice. Mechanism study indicated that compound 6i inhibited EV-A71 via targeting 2C helicase, thus impeding RNA remodeling and metabolism. Taken together, these data indicated that 6i is a promising EV-A71 inhibitor and worth extensive preclinical investigation as a lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mengyu Jin
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yinuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Leilei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qiuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Liu J, Zhao B, Xue L, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu Y, Qin C. Immunization with a fusion protein vaccine candidate generated from truncated peptides of human enterovirus 71 protects mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infections. Virol J 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 32321526 PMCID: PMC7178760 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic vaccines are critical in preventing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) primarily caused by human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Children aged less than 5 years are especially susceptible to EV71 infections. In addition to the development of vaccines containing the inactivated virus, those containing virus-like particles (VLPs) with repeated antigens also constitute an effective preventive strategy for EV71 infections, with safety and productivity advantages. We previously developed a fusion protein composed with truncated peptides of the EV71 capsid protein, which assembled into spherical particles. This study aimed to assess the immunoprotective effects of this fusion protein as a vaccine candidate in a mouse model of EV71 infection. Methods To evaluate the protective effect of fusion protein vaccine candidate, neonatal mice born by immunized female mice, as well as normal neonatal mice immunized twice were infected with EV71 virus. Whereafter, the survival rates, clinical scores and viral loads were measured. Results The high dosage and booster immunization helped induce specific serum antibodies with high neutralization titers, which were transferred to neonatal mice, thereby facilitating effective resistance towards EV71 infection. An active immune response was also observed in neonatal mice which generated following immunization. Conclusions The present results suggest that this fusion protein is a suitable vaccine candidate in treating EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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The Pyrimidine Analog FNC Potently Inhibits the Replication of Multiple Enteroviruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00204-20. [PMID: 32075935 PMCID: PMC7163137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00204-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs), including coxsackieviruses, the numbered enteroviruses, and echoviruses, cause a wide range of diseases, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. Therefore, broad-spectrum anti-EV drugs are urgently needed to treat EV infection. Here, we demonstrate that FNC (2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine), a small nucleoside analog inhibitor that has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of HIV and entered into a clinical phase II trial in China, potently inhibits the viral replication of a multitude of EVs, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), CA6, EVD68, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), at the nanomolar level. The antiviral mechanism of FNC involves mainly positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis inhibition by targeting and competitively inhibiting the activity of EV71 viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol), as demonstrated through quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), in vitro 3Dpol activity, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments. We further demonstrated that FNC treatment every 2 days with 1 mg/kg of body weight in EV71 and CA16 infection neonatal mouse models successfully protected mice from lethal challenge with EV71 and CA16 viruses and reduced the viral load in various tissues. These findings provide important information for the clinical development of FNC as a broad-spectrum inhibitor of human EV pathogens.IMPORTANCE Human enterovirus (EV) pathogens cause various contagious diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid myelitis, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis, which have become serious health threats. However, except for the EV71 vaccine on the market, there are no effective strategies to prevent and treat other EV pathogen infections. Therefore, broad-spectrum anti-EV drugs are urgently needed. In this study, we demonstrated that FNC, a small nucleoside analog inhibitor that has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of HIV and entered into a clinical phase II trial in China, potently inhibits the viral replication of a multitude of EVs at the nanomolar level. Further investigation revealed that FNC inhibits positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis of EVs by interacting and interfering with the activity of EV71 viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol). Our findings demonstrate for the first time that FNC is an effective broad-spectrum inhibitor for human EV pathogens.
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Roberts JA, Hobday LK, Ibrahim A, Thorley BR. Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44. [PMID: 32299336 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2020.44.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of AFP in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the WHO. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2018, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.24 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Several non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus A4, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 9, echovirus 30, enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2018, 33 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Roberts
- National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda K Hobday
- National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aishah Ibrahim
- National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce R Thorley
- National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
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Environmental and Adaptive Changes Necessitate a Paradigm Shift for Indicators of Fecal Contamination. Microbiol Spectr 2020. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.erv-0001-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Changes in the occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of waterborne pathogens due to global climate change may increase the risk of human exposure to these microorganisms, thus heightening the need for more reliable surveillance systems. Routine monitoring of drinking water supplies and recreational waters is performed using fecal indicator microorganisms, such as
Escherichia coli
,
Enterococcus
spp., and coliphages. However, the presence and numbers of these indicators, especially
E. coli
and
Enterococcus
spp., do not correlate well with those of other pathogens, especially enteric viruses, which are a major cause of waterborne outbreaks associated with contaminated water and food, and recreational use of lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuarine waters. For that reason, there is a growing need for a surveillance system that can detect and quantify viral pathogens directly in water sources to reduce transmission of pathogens associated with fecal transmission. In this review, we present an updated overview of relevant waterborne enteric viruses that we believe should be more commonly screened to better evaluate water quality and to determine the safety of water use and reuse and of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks. We also discuss current methodologies that are available to detect and quantify these viruses in water resources. Finally, we highlight challenges associated with virus monitoring. The information presented in this review is intended to aid in the assessment of human health risks due to contact with water sources, especially since current environmental and adaptive changes may be creating the need for a paradigm shift for indicators of fecal contamination.
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Hu Y, Xu Y, Huang Z, Deng Z, Fan J, Yang R, Ma H, Song J, Zhang Y. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of SH-SY5Y cells infected with EV71 reveals the potential neuropathic mechanisms. Virus Res 2020; 282:197945. [PMID: 32220619 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV71) remains the most common causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and the neurological complications induced by EV71 are usually the leading cause of death in children with HFMD. However, the mechanism of nervous system changes caused by EV71 infection is still unclear. Therefore, in the current study, EV71 was inoculated into the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and subsequent transcriptome sequencing was used to examine the alterations of the transcriptome in infected SH-SY5Y cells. It is expected to determine the underlying mechanism of neurological diseases in response to EV71 infection. As a result, a total of 82,406,974, 112,410,808 and 87,780,371 clean reads were found in the control, EV71-12 h and EV71-24 h groups, respectively. Moreover, 160 and 745 differentially expressed genes were identified in the EV71-12 h and EV71-24 h groups, respectively, as compared to the control group. Next, to further explore the pathogenic mechanism triggered by EV71 infection, we mainly focused on the common differentially expressed genes at different time points of EV71 infection. And it was discovered that there were 95 common differentially expressed genes, which were used to conduct GO and pathway analysis. GO enrichment analysis demarcated related biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, and KEGG pathway analysis enabled annotations of metabolic pathways and revealed interactions among the significantly enriched pathways. The results showed that the enriched GO term "Nervous system development" and enriched pathway "CCKR signaling map" might be important contributors to EV71-induced neuropathological mechanisms. In addition, we also screened 10 up- and down-regulated non-protein coding genes with significantly different expression in our transcriptome profiling, which suggested that these abnormally regulated non-protein-encoding genes might also play important roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 infection. Eventually, RT-qPCR technology was adopted to validate the transcriptome sequencing data and the experiment demonstrated that the RT-qPCR and transcriptome sequencing results were basically consistent. In summary, this is the first transcriptome analysis of SH-SY5Y cells in response to EV71 infection and provides valuable cues for further exploring the mechanism of nervous system changes caused by EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Zhenming Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Jingyuan Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Ruian Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650022, China.
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Zhang Z, Liang Z, Zeng J, Zhang J, He P, Su J, Zeng Y, Fan R, Zhao D, Ma W, Zeng G, Zhang Q, Zheng H. Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Administered Simultaneously With Hepatitis B Vaccine and Group A Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Center, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:392-399. [PMID: 30891604 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that the immunogenicity and safety of the simultaneous administration of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine (dose 1) with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) on day 1 and EV71 vaccine (dose 2) with group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MenA) on day 30 is not inferior to separate administration of each vaccine. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial. A total of 775 healthy infants aged 6 months were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive simultaneous administration of EV71 vaccine (dose 1) and HepB on day 1 and EV71 vaccine (dose 2) and MenA on day 30 (the SI group); administration of doses 1 and 2 of EV71 vaccine on days 1 and 30, respectively (the SE1 group); or administration of HepB and MenA on days 1 and 30, respectively (the SE2 group). RESULTS According to the per protocol set, antibody responses against EV71, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and group A meningococcal polysaccharide were similar regardless of administration schedule. With the non-inferiority margin setting at 10%, the seroconversion rates of the three pathogens in the SI group (100% [98.25, 100], 44.84% [38.20, 51.63] and 27.83% [21.91, 34.38]) were not inferior to those in SE1 or SE2 group (100% [98.31, 100], 44.35% [37.82, 51.02] and 29.17% [23.20, 35.72], respectively). Frequencies of adverse reactions to each vaccination regimen were comparable (60.62% in the SI group vs 52.33% in the SE1 group and 56.98% in the SE2 group; P = .16). CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous administration of combined EV71 vaccine with HepB and MenA has noninferior immunogenicity and safety, compared with separate administration of these vaccines. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03274102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewu Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | | | | | - Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Peng He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
| | - Jiali Su
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Yaoming Zeng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | - Renfeng Fan
- Guangdong Province Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica
| | - Dan Zhao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
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Wu F, Cheng W, Zhao F, Tang M, Diao Y, Xu R. Association of N6-methyladenosine with viruses and related diseases. Virol J 2019; 16:133. [PMID: 31711514 PMCID: PMC6849232 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA modulating gene expression. m6A modification is a dynamic reversible process regulated by three protein groups: methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers). m6A modification is involved in all phases of RNA metabolism, including RNA folding, stability, splicing, nuclear exporting, translational modulation and degradation. Main body In recent years, numerous studies have reported that abnormal m6A modification causes aberrant expression of important viral genes. Herein, we review the role of m6A in viral lifecycle and its contribution to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Particularly, we focus on the viruses associated with human diseases such as HIV-1, IAV, HBV, HCV, EBV and many others. Conclusions A better understanding of m6A-virus relationship would provide new insights into the viral replication process and pathogenesis of human diseases caused by viruses. In addition, exploration of the role of m6A in disease-causing viruses will reveal novel approaches for the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.,School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenzhao Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China. .,Stem Cell Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Feiyuan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.,School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingqing Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.,School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Detection in Universities, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China. .,School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Detection in Universities, Xiamen, China.
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Chiu ML, Luo ST, Chen YY, Chung WY, Duong V, Dussart P, Chan YF, Perera D, Ooi MH, Thao NTT, Truong HK, Lee MS. Establishment of Asia-Pacific Network for Enterovirus Surveillance. Vaccine 2019; 38:1-9. [PMID: 31679864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV), the major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina, affect millions of children each year. Most human enteroviruses cause self-limited infections except polioviruses, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), and several echoviruses (Echo) and coxsackieviruses (CV). Especially, EV-A71 has repeatedly caused large-scale outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Some Asian countries have experienced cyclical outbreaks of severe EV-A71 infections and initiated development of EV-A71 vaccines. Five EV-A71 vaccine candidates have been clinically evaluated and three of them were approved for marketing in China. However, none of the China-approved products seek marketing approval in other countries. This situation supports a role for collaboration among Asian countries to facilitate clinical trials and licensure of EV-A71 vaccines. Additionally, enterovirus D68 outbreaks have been reported in the US and Taiwan currently and caused severe complications and deaths. Hence, an Asia-Pacific Network for Enterovirus Surveillance (APNES) has been established to estimate disease burden, understand virus evolution, and facilitate vaccine development through harmonizing laboratory diagnosis and data collection. Founded in 2017, the APNES is comprised of internationally recognized experts in the field of enterovirus in Asian countries working to raise awareness of this potentially fatal and debilitating disease. This article demonstrated the summaries of the first expert meeting, 2017 International Workshop on Enterovirus Surveillance and Vaccine Development, held by APNES in Taipei, Taiwan, March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Lin Chiu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Luo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yen Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wan Yu Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Cambodia
| | | | - Yoke-Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mong How Ooi
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia; Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Huu Khanh Truong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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Formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of coxsackievirus B1 VLP vaccine. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104595. [PMID: 31491431 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and aseptic meningitis. However, no CVB-vaccines are available for human use. We have previously produced virus-like particles (VLPs) for CVB3 with a baculovirus-insect cell production system. Here we have explored the potential of a VLP-based vaccine targeting CVB1 and describe the production of CVB1-VLPs with a scalable VLP purification method. The developed purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography is compatible with industrial scale production. CVB1-VLP vaccine was treated with UV-C or formalin to study whether stability and immunogenicity was affected. Untreated, UV treated and formalin treated VLPs remained morphologically intact for 12 months at 4 °C. Formalin treatment increased, whereas UV treatment decreased the thermostability of the VLP-vaccine. High neutralising and total IgG antibody levels, the latter predominantly of a Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in female BALB/c mice immunised with non-adjuvanted, untreated CVB1-VLP vaccine. The immunogenicity of the differently treated CVB1-VLPs (non-adjuvanted) were compared in C57BL/6 J mice and animals vaccinated with formalin treated CVB1-VLPs mounted the strongest neutralising and, CVB1-specific IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. This study demonstrates that formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP vaccine and may offer a universal tool for the stabilisation of VLPs in the production of more efficient vaccines.
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Ng JWQ, Mahendran V, Alonso S. Recent progress and challenges in drug development to fight hand, foot and mouth disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:359-371. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1659241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Wei Qing Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikneswari Mahendran
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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A comparative study of the effect of UV and formalin inactivation on the stability and immunogenicity of a Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:5962-5971. [PMID: 31471148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) belong to the enterovirus genus, and they cause both acute and chronic diseases in humans. CVB infections usually lead to flu-like symptoms but can also result in more serious diseases such as myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and life-threatening multi-organ infections in young infants. Thus, CVBs have long been considered as important targets of future vaccines. We have previously observed CVB1 capsid disintegration and virus concentration decrease with 12-day long formalin inactivation protocol. Here a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method was developed, and purified CVB1 was inactivated with UV-C or formalin. Virus morphology and concentration remained unchanged, when the UV (2 min) or formalin (5 days) inactivation were performed in the presence of tween80 detergent. The concentration of the native and UV inactivated CVB1 remained constant at 4 °C during a six months stability study, whereas the concentration of the formalin inactivated vaccine decreased 29% during this time. UV treatment decreased, whereas formalin treatment increased the thermal stability of the capsid. The formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was more immunogenic than the UV inactivated vaccine; the protective neutralizing antibody levels were higher in mice immunized with formalin inactivated vaccine. High levels of CVB1 neutralizing antibodies as well as IgG1 antibodies were detected in mice that were protected against viremia induced by experimental CVB1 infection. In conclusion, this study describes a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method and optimized 5-day long formalin inactivation method that preserves CVB1 capsid structure and immunogenicity. Formalin treatment stabilizes the virus particle at elevated temperatures, and the formalin inactivated vaccine induces high levels of serum IgG1 antibodies (Th2 type response) and protective levels of neutralizing antibodies. Formalin inactivated CVB vaccines are promising candidates for human clinical trials.
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[Association of interleukin-10 gene polymorphism with enterovirus 71 infection in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21. [PMID: 31416504 PMCID: PMC7389907 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) -1082A/G, -819C/T, and -592C/A polymorphisms with IL-10 level and the severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in children. METHODS A total of 137 children with hand-foot-mouth disease due to EV71 infection were enrolled as EV71 infection group, which was further divided into mild group with 91 children and severe group with 46 children, and 122 healthy children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as healthy control group. Related clinical data were collected. ELISA was used to measure the serum level of IL-10, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to analyze IL-10 -1082A/G, -819C/T and -592C/A polymorphisms. RESULTS Compared with the healthy control group, the children with EV71 infection had significantly higher frequency of -1082 AA genotype and A allele (P<0.05). Among the children with EV71 infection, the severe group had significantly higher frequency of -1082 AA genotype and A allele than the mild group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the distribution of IL-10 -819C/T and IL-10 -592C/A polymorphisms between the two groups (P>0.05). The severe group had a significantly higher serum level of IL-10 than the mild group and the healthy control group. IL-10 -1082 AA genotype, -819 TT genotype, and -592 AA genotype were associated with the low expression of IL-10 (P<0.05). As for haplotype, the EV71 infection group had a significantly lower frequency of GCC haplotype than the healthy control group (P<0.05). In the severe group, the children with ATA haplotype had a significantly lower IL-10 level than those with other haplotypes, and the children with GCC haplotype had a significantly higher IL-10 level than those with other haplotypes (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-10 level between children with different haplotypes in the mild group and the healthy control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-10 gene polymorphisms are associated with IL-10 expression and the severity of EV71 infection in children.
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Yang Z, Gao F, Wang X, Shi L, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhang C, Zhou C, Zeng X, Liu G, Fan J, Mao Q, Shi L. Development and characterization of an enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine produced in Pichia pastoris. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1602-1610. [PMID: 31403352 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1649554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Although there are three inactivated virus-based HFMD vaccines licensed in China, alternative approaches have been taken to produce an effective and safer vaccine that is easier to manufacture in large scale. Among these, a virus-like particles (VLPs) based EV71 vaccine is under active development. For this purpose, an efficient methodology for the production of EV71-VLPs by recombinant technology is needed. We here report the construction and expression of the P1 and 3C genes of EV71 in Pichia pastoris for producing VLP-based EV71 vaccine antigen with a high yield and simple manufacturing process. Based on codon-optimized P1 and 3C genes, EV71-VLPs were efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris system, and the expression level reached 270 mg/L. Biochemical and biophysical analyses showed that the produced EV71-VLPs consisted of processed VP0, VP1, and VP3 present as ~35nm spherical particles. The immune response as a function of EV71-VLPs and adjuvant dose ratio was investigated for vaccine development. Immunization with EV71-VLPs of 1-5 µg/dose and adjuvant of 225 µg/dose induced robust neutralizing antibody responses in mice and provided effective protection against lethal challenge in both maternally transferred antibody and passive transfer protection mouse models. Therefore, the yeast produced EV71-VLPs antigen is a promising candidate for the development of a vaccine against HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Likang Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | | | - Xinxing Ma
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xianfang Zeng
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiang Fan
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
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Lin WY, Yu YJ, Jinn TR. Evaluation of the virucidal effects of rosmarinic acid against enterovirus 71 infection via in vitro and in vivo study. Virol J 2019; 16:94. [PMID: 31366366 PMCID: PMC6670152 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important public health threat, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, there are still no effective drugs or vaccines to treat and prevent EV71 infection. Therefore, it is critical to develop prophylactic and therapeutic agents against EV71. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phytochemical, has been discovered to possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. METHODS The virucidal effects of RA on EV71 were determined by MTT, western blot, median cell culture infectious dose, apoptosis detection, plaque reduction, semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence detection, molecular docking analysis, and mouse protection assay. RESULTS RA showed a strong protective effect against EV71 infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells when the multiplicity of infection was 1, with a low IC50 value (4.33 ± 0.18 μM) and high therapeutic index (340). RA not only protected cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, but also from EV71-induced apoptosis. The results of time-of-addition analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of RA was highest at the early stage of viral infection. Consistent with this, the infectivity of EV71 in the early stage of viral infection also was observed to be limited in neonatal mice treated with RA. Further, molecular docking predicts that RA could replace the natural pocket factor within the VP1 capsid-binding hydrophobic pocket. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RA has the potential to be developed as an antiviral agent against initial EV71 infection to prevent or reduce EV71-induced pathogenesis and complications, since RA can effectively reduce EV71 infection in the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jen Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzyy-Rong Jinn
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Tambyah PA, Oon J, Asli R, Kristanto W, Hwa SH, Vang F, Karwal L, Fuchs J, Santangelo JD, Gordon GS, Thomson C, Rao R, Dean H, Das SC, Stinchcomb DT. An inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults: A phase I, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, study of two dosages. Vaccine 2019; 37:4344-4353. [PMID: 31230881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially that caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, is a public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. We report a phase I clinical trial of an EV71 candidate vaccine (INV21) based on a binary ethylenimine inactivated B2 sub-genotype formulated with aluminum hydroxide. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose escalation study adult volunteers received two vaccinations 28 days apart of low or high dose formulations of the candidate vaccine and were then monitored for safety and reactogenicity for four weeks after each dose, and for their immune responses up to 28 weeks. RESULTS Of 36 adults enrolled, 35 completed the study as planned. Either no or mild adverse events were observed, mainly injection site pain and tiredness. Seroconversion was 100% after two vaccinations. High geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers (GMT) were observed 14 days post first dose, peaking 14 days post second dose (at Day 42) in both high and low dose groups; GMTs on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 were 128, 81, 323, 203 and 144, 100, 451, 351 in low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Titers for both doses declined gradually to Day 196 but remained higher than baseline and the placebo groups, which had low GMTs throughout the duration of the study. Cross-neutralizing antibody activity against heterologous sub-genotypes was demonstrated. CONCLUSION These data show that the EV71 candidate vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults and supports further clinical development as a potential pediatric vaccine by initiating a dose-escalation study for determining the dose-dependent safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in young naïve children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jolene Oon
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Rosmonaliza Asli
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - William Kristanto
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Shi-Hsia Hwa
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Fue Vang
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lovkesh Karwal
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Fuchs
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph D Santangelo
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gilad S Gordon
- Takeda Vaccines, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Thomson
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Raman Rao
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Hansi Dean
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Subash C Das
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dan T Stinchcomb
- Takeda Vaccines, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Enterovirus A71 VP1 Variation A289T Decreases the Central Nervous System Infectivity via Attenuation of Interactions between VP1 and Vimentin In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050467. [PMID: 31121933 PMCID: PMC6563288 DOI: 10.3390/v11050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM) is a surface receptor for enterovirus-A71, mediating the initial binding and subsequent increase in EV-A71 infectivity. The caspid protein VP1 variation, A289T, is reportedly closely associated with less severe central nervous system (CNS) infections in humans. However, it is unclear whether VIM is associated with a reduction in CNS infections of EV-A71 in the presence of A289T. We investigated whether VIM served as a receptor for EV-A71 in the presence of an A298T substitution in VP1. EV-A71-289A and EV-A71-289T were used to infect human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, control human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and VIM-knockout (KO) HBMECs and inoculated BALB/c mice, SV129 mice, and VIM-KO SV129 mice. Furthermore, we cloned VP1-289A-Flag and VP1-289T-Flag proteins for co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Analysis of viral function revealed that the capacity of viral attachment, replication, and protein synthesis and secretion decreased in HBMECs during an EV-A71-289A infection, the infectivity being higher than that of EV-A71-289T upon VIM-KO. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of brain tissue revealed that cerebral cortical damage was more extensive in EV-A71-289A than in EV-A71-289T infections in control SV129 mice; however, no significant difference was observed upon VIM-KO. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an interaction between VP1 and VIM, which was attenuated in VP1 harboring A289T; however, this attenuation was reversed by VIM (1-58) peptide. The A289T variation of VP1 specifically decreased the virulence of EV-A71 in HBMECs, and the attenuated interaction between VP1 harboring the A289T variation and VIM essentially decreased the CNS infectivity of EV-A71 in vitro and vivo.
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Apostol LN, Shimizu H, Suzuki A, Umami RN, Jiao MMA, Tandoc A, Saito M, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Molecular characterization of enterovirus-A71 in children with acute flaccid paralysis in the Philippines. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:370. [PMID: 31046684 PMCID: PMC6498601 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several inactivated enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) vaccines are currently licensed in China; however, the development of additional EV-A71 vaccines is ongoing, necessitating extensive analysis of the molecular epidemiology of the virus worldwide. Until 2012, laboratory confirmation of EV-A71 for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and other associated diseases had not occurred in the Philippines. Because EV-A71 has been linked with cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), AFP surveillance is one strategy for documenting its possible circulation in the country. To expand current knowledge on EV-A71, molecular epidemiologic analysis and genetic characterization of EV-A71 isolates were performed in this study. Methods A retrospective study was performed to identify and characterize nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) associated with AFP in the Philippines, and nine samples were found to be EV-A71–positive. Following characterization of these EV-A71 isolates, the complete viral protein 1 (VP1) gene was targeted for phylogenetic analysis. Results Nine EV-A71 isolates detected in 2000 (n = 2), 2002 (n = 4), 2005 (n = 2), and 2010 (n = 1) were characterized using molecular methods. Genomic regions spanning the complete VP1 region were amplified and sequenced using specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length VP1 region identified all nine EV-A71 Philippine isolates as belonging to the genogroup C lineage, specifically the C2 cluster. The result indicated a genetic linkage with several strains isolated in Japan and Taiwan, suggesting that strains in the C2 cluster identified in the Asia-Pacific region were circulating in the Philippines. Conclusion The study presents the genetic analysis of EV-A71 in the Philippines. Despite some limitations, the study provides additional genetic data on the circulating EV-A71 strains in the Asia-Pacific region, in which information on EV-A71 molecular epidemiology is incomplete. Considering that EV-A71 has a significant public health impact in the region, knowledge of its circulation in each country is important, especially for formulating vaccines covering a wide variety of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Necitas Apostol
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines.
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Rifqiyah Nur Umami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Maria Melissa Ann Jiao
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Amado Tandoc
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Mariko Saito
- Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Socorro Lupisan
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa, Philippines
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