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Pang K, Hao L, Yang S, Ren Z, Luo K. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of natural water in the South China Mountains: the case in Lianzhou. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9837-9853. [PMID: 37864616 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
South China Mountain Region has a well-developed water system with the most abundant water in China. Untreated natural water is the main source of drinking water for the local people. This study aimed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and trace element concentrations of natural water in the mountainous regions of South China. In this study, 116 water samples were collected. Traditional hydrochemical methods, water quality index (WQI), hazard index (HI), and nutrient speciation of trace elements (NSTE) were used for analysis. In general, the hydrochemical type was mainly Ca-HCO3- type. The hydrochemical characteristics were mainly influenced by the weathering of calcite and silicate rocks. Overall total dissolved solids (TDS) were low, indicating mainly soft and very soft water. The water that met the standards for mineral water had an average concentration of 59.69 mg/L for Sr (strontium) and an average concentration of 0.46 mg/L for H2SiO3 (silicic acid). Although the water quality index (WQI) indicated that 91.3% of the water samples in the study area were of good quality (WQI < 25), 2.58% of the water samples had significant non-carcinogenic risk (HI > 1) due to the high As and Pb concentrations. The water in the study area contributed significantly to human intake of Sr, Cr, and V, accounting for 8.4, 8.3, and 7.7% of the required daily intake for adults, respectively. It is recommended that a comprehensive water quality evaluation system be constructed to ensure that mountain water is managed for development and safe to drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Pang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Litao Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sujiao Yang
- School of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kunli Luo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010234. [PMID: 35010494 PMCID: PMC8744857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical quality of waters from eight karst springs from the Southern Carpathians and the health risk of small rural communities using these springs as a drinking water source were assessed. The results indicated that the spring waters in the studied area are chemically suitable to be used as drinking water and pose no health risks for adults and children. The spring water can be generally described as having circumneutral pH, Ca-Mg-HCO3− facies, excellent to good palatability, and low trace metal and nitrate content. The variation of chemical parameters between spring and autumn was low. These springs could become appropriate drinking water sources for the neighboring rural communities after the assessment of their microbiological status and, if it is the case, proper water treatment. Moreover, periodic monitoring of the water’s chemical parameters, mostly nitrates, as well as the establishment of a protected area near the springs to prevent the negative impact of anthropogenic sources on water quality is recommended.
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Roegner A, Sitoki L, Weirich C, Corman J, Owage D, Umami M, Odada E, Miruka J, Ogari Z, Smith W, Rejmankova E, Miller TR. Harmful Algal Blooms Threaten the Health of Peri-Urban Fisher Communities: A case study in Kisumu Bay, Lake Victoria, Kenya. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2020; 12:835-848. [PMID: 33748532 PMCID: PMC7968335 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-019-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Available guidance to mitigate health risks from exposure to freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) is largely derived from temperate ecosystems. Yet in tropical ecosystems, HABs can occur year-round, and resource-dependent populations face multiple routes of exposure to toxic components. Along Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya, fisher communities rely on lake water contaminated with microcystins (MCs) from HABs. In these peri-urban communities near Kisumu, we tested hypotheses that MCs exceed exposure guidelines across seasons, and persistent HABs present a chronic risk to fisher communities through ingestion with minimal water treatment and frequent, direct contact. We tested source waters at eleven communities across dry and rainy seasons from September 2015 through May 2016. We measured MCs, other metabolites, physicochemical parameters, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton abundance and diversity, and fecal indicators. We then selected four communities for interviews about water sources, usage, and treatment. Greater than 30% of source water samples exceeded WHO drinking water guidelines for MCs (1μg/L), and over 60% of source water samples exceeded USEPA guidelines for children and immunocompromised individuals. 50% of households reported sole use of raw lake water for drinking and household use, with alternate sources including rain and boreholes. Household chlorination was the most widespread treatment utilized. At this tropical, eutrophic lake, HABs pose a year-round health risk for fisher communities in resource -limited settings. Community-based solutions and site-specific guidance for Kisumu Bay and similarly impacted regions is needed to address a chronic health exposure likely to increase in severity and duration with global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lewis Sitoki
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chelsea Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jessica Corman
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Dickson Owage
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Moses Umami
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ephraim Odada
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jared Miruka
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Zachary Ogari
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eliska Rejmankova
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Hui T, Qifa S, Zhuang K, Xuguang L, Jizhong D, Hongtao J. Groundwater chemistry and health risks associated with nitrate intake in Hailun, northeast China. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:1033-1049. [PMID: 33328373 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Hailun, analyze the hydrochemical process, and evaluate its health risks associated with nitrate intake, 77 shallow groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that groundwater in the study area is weakly acidic and groundwater chemical type was dominated by HCO3-Ca, HCO3•Cl-Ca, HCO3-Ca•Na and HCO3•Cl-Ca•Na. Rock weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and human activities are the main reasons affecting the chemical composition of shallow groundwater in Hailun. The weathering and dissolution process of silicate under weakly alkaline conditions is the source of Na. The dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the main form of water-rock interaction. Results of health risk assessment show that the HQ value for adult males, adult females, children, and infants were in range of 0-1.52, 0-1.75, 0-3.58 and 0-6.08, respectively, and with a mean value of 0.19, 0.22, 0.44, 0.75, respectively. The harm of NO3 pollution is in the order of infant > child > adult female > adult male. The results of this study made local governments pay attention to drinking water safety issues for local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hui
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China and College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Sun Qifa
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail:
| | - Kang Zhuang
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail:
| | - Li Xuguang
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail:
| | - Du Jizhong
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail:
| | - Jin Hongtao
- Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China E-mail:
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Bwire G, Sack DA, Kagirita A, Obala T, Debes AK, Ram M, Komakech H, George CM, Orach CG. The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1128. [PMID: 32680495 PMCID: PMC7368733 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water is the most abundant resource on earth, however water scarcity affects more than 40% of people worldwide. Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and is a United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. Globally, waterborne diseases such as cholera are responsible for over two million deaths annually. Cholera is a major cause of ill-health in Africa and Uganda. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the surface and spring water in cholera endemic communities of Uganda in order to promote access to safe drinking water. METHODS A longitudinal study was carried out between February 2015 and January 2016 in cholera prone communities of Uganda. Surface and spring water used for domestic purposes including drinking from 27 sites (lakes, rivers, irrigation canal, springs and ponds) were tested monthly to determine the vital physicochemical parameters, namely pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity. RESULTS Overall, 318 water samples were tested. Twenty-six percent (36/135) of the tested samples had mean test results that were outside the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended drinking water range. All sites (100%, 27/27) had mean water turbidity values greater than the WHO drinking water recommended standards and the temperature of above 17 °C. In addition, 27% (3/11) of the lake sites and 2/5 of the ponds had pH and dissolved oxygen respectively outside the WHO recommended range of 6.5-8.5 for pH and less than 5 mg/L for dissolved oxygen. These physicochemical conditions were ideal for survival of Vibrio. cholerae. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that surface water and springs in the study area were unsafe for drinking and had favourable physicochemical parameters for propagation of waterborne diseases including cholera. Therefore, for Uganda to attain the SDG 6 targets and to eliminate cholera by 2030, more efforts are needed to promote access to safe drinking water. Also, since this study only established the vital water physicochemical parameters, further studies are recommended to determine the other water physicochemical parameters such as the nitrates and copper. Studies are also needed to establish the causal-effect relationship between V. cholerae and the physicochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Bwire
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atek Kagirita
- Uganda National Health Laboratory Services (UNHS/CPHL), Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tonny Obala
- Department of Quality Control, Uganda National Drug Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amanda K Debes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henry Komakech
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Marie George
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Garimoi Orach
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Ford L, Waldner C, Sanchez J, Bharadwaj L. Risk Perception and Human Health Risk in Rural Communities Consuming Unregulated Well Water in Saskatchewan, Canada. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2559-2575. [PMID: 31158313 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rural communities dependent on unregulated drinking water are potentially at increased health risk from exposure to contaminants. Perception of drinking water safety influences water consumption, exposure, and health risk. A community-based participatory approach and probabilistic Bayesian methods were applied to integrate risk perception in a holistic human health risk assessment. Tap water arsenic concentrations and risk perception data were collected from two Saskatchewan communities. Drinking water health standards were exceeded in 67% (51/76) of households in Rural Municipality #184 (RM184) and 56% (25/45) in Beardy's and Okemasis First Nation (BOFN). There was no association between the presence of a health exceedance and risk perception. Households in RM184 or with an annual income >$50,000 were most likely to have in-house water treatment. The probability of consuming tap water perceived as safe (92%) or not safe (0%) suggested that households in RM184 were unlikely to drink water perceived as not safe. The probability of drinking tap water perceived as safe (77%) or as not safe (11%) suggested households in BOFN contradicted their perception and consumed water perceived as unsafe. Integration of risk perception lowered the adult incremental lifetime cancer risk by 3% to 1.3 × 10-5 (95% CI 8.4 × 10-8 to 9.0 × 10-5 ) for RM184 and by 8.9 × 10-6 (95% CI 2.2 × 10-7 to 5.9 × 10-5 ) for BOFN. Probability of exposure to arsenic concentrations >1:100,000, negligible cancer risk, was 23% for RM184 and 22% for BOFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei Ford
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Lalita Bharadwaj
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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