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Jang JH, Jeong SH. Human risk assessment through development and application of a physiologically based toxicokinetic model for 4-tert-octylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124613. [PMID: 39053795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP) is an ecologically hazardous substance, and exposure to it in the environment has been consistently reported in the past. Despite the hazards and widespread exposure to 4-tert-OP, tools for scientific assessment of 4-tert-OP exposure risk level in humans are lacking. The main purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically-based-toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 4-tert-OP and to perform quantitative risk assessment of 4-tert-OP in various population groups using the established model. Based on the results of toxicokinetic experiments on male rats, the PBTK model for 4-tert-OP was established and verified, and this was converted to a model for humans through interspecies extrapolation. Based on the previously reported no-observed-adverse-effect-levels for rats, it was possible to estimate the 4-tert-OP reference dose in humans through reverse dosimetry using the model. Biomonitoring data derived from various population groups were applied to the human PBTK model to calculate external exposures and margin of safety for 4-tert-OP for each population group. The PBTK model established in this study adequately explained the toxicokinetic experimental values at acceptable levels and was able to quantitatively predict the 4-tert-OP exposure level in the testes related to male reproductive toxicity. In addition, the degree of external exposure to 4-tert-OP could be scientifically estimated based on biomonitoring values derived from various biological matrices. The reference doses for systemic and reproductive toxicity caused by 4-tert-OP in male humans were calculated to be 0.16 and 1.12 mg/kg/day, respectively. The mean external exposure to 4-tert-OP in each population group estimated based on plasma and urine biomonitoring data was 0.04-66.24 mg/kg/day, showing very large exposure diversity between groups. Exposure risks to 4-tert-OP in populations ranged from safe to risky, suggesting the need for continued monitoring and risk management of 4-tert-OP worldwide. This study provides valuable scientific insight regarding the 4-tert-OP human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-Si, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Jeong SH, Jang JH, Cho HY, Lee YB. Sex differences in 4-tert-octylphenol toxicokinetics: Exploration of sex as an effective covariate through an in vivo modeling approach. Toxicology 2024; 502:153733. [PMID: 38253230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP) is a potentially harmful substance, which is found widely in the environment. Nevertheless, information on the in vivo toxicokinetics of 4-tert-OP is lacking, and quantitative risk assessment studies are urgently needed. Therefore, we aimed to quantitatively identify differences in the toxicokinetics of 4-tert-OP and its distribution among tissues between sexes. To this end, following exposure of male and female rats to 10 or 50 mg/kg 4-tert-OP orally and 4 or 8 mg/kg 4-tert-OP intravenously, we conducted a quantitative analysis of samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the 4-tert-OP plasma concentration profiles differed between sexes; however, systemic absorption of 4-tert-OP through the gastrointestinal tract occurred within 0.5 h of exposure in both sexes. Although small, the excretion percentage of 4-tert-OP in urine and feces was lower in males than females (0.06-0.08% vs. 0.82-1.11% of exposure). Significant sex differences were also confirmed in the tissue distribution patterns of 4-tert-OP, and overall, the average tissue distribution in males was lower than that in females. The distribution of 4-tert-OP to liver, adipose, spleen, kidney, brain, and lung in both sexes was predominant. A covariate exploration modeling approach revealed that sex explained the differences in 4-tert-OP toxicokinetics between sexes. These significant differences in the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of 4-tert-OP between sexes will be important for the scientific precision human risk assessment of 4-tert-OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Gao Q, Huan C, Song Y, Jia Z, Cao Q, Wang C, Mao Z, Huo W. Exposure Profile and Characteristics of Parabens and Alkylphenols in Plasma among Rural Adults in Central China. TOXICS 2023; 11:926. [PMID: 37999578 PMCID: PMC10675222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and alkylphenols pose serious hazards to human health, yet there are few studies on their exposure profiles and health risks in rural Chinese populations. In this study, 804 participants were selected from the Henan Rural Cohort in mid-eastern China. The plasma levels of parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben (BuP)) and alkylphenols (4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP)) were analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear regression models were used to investigate factors that may influence pollutant exposure levels. The correlation between contaminants was assessed using Spearman's correlation. The human contaminant intake was estimated using the estimated daily intake (EDI). The health risk was assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ). The detection frequency of four parabens and two alkylphenols exceeded 75%, with median concentrations of 0.444, 0.067, 0.078, 0.053, 8.810, and 6.401 ng/mL, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between parabens, as well as between 4-t-BP and 4-t-OP. Regarding gender, paraben concentrations were higher in women than in men, except for BuP. The EDI for pollutants except 4-t-OP was lower than their respective tolerable/acceptable daily intake. In total, 85.70% of participants had 4-t-OP HQ > 1. A widespread exposure to parabens and alkylphenols among the rural population was found. The high health risks of alkylphenol exposure indicate that alkylphenols should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
| | - Changsheng Huan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
| | - Zexin Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
| | - Qingqing Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.W.)
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.W.)
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Z.J.)
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Shin C, Lee SM, Kim M, Kim YS. Simultaneous determination of the free and total forms of nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, and nonylphenol diethoxylate in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6583-6593. [PMID: 37712952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) are widely used in various daily products and have been cataloged as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Due to their high lipophilicity and low biodegradability, these compounds remain in the environment and enter the human body through the food chain. Growing concerns regarding the potential negative effects of NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO on human health have raised the need for biomonitoring to investigate human exposure to these compounds. In this study, a simultaneous analysis method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established by controlling the background contamination of NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO, which are ubiquitous in laboratory environments. The proposed method showed proper linearity of over 0.999 and a recovery greater than 85.8% for all analytes. Accuracy and precision were verified in ranges of 92.97-116.30% and 0.65-9.29%, respectively. The detection limits for NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO were 0.0363 μg L-1, 0.0401 μg L-1, and 0.0364 μg L-1, respectively, which were suitable for determining the trace analytes in human urine. Therefore, this simple and integrated analytical method was applied to measure the free and total forms of the target analytes in 25 human urine samples collected in Korea. Overall, free NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO were detected with average contents of 3.94 ± 4.14 μg L-1, 4.63 ± 2.62 μg L-1, and 0.293 ± 0.638 μg L-1, respectively, and with total NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO contents of 6.14 ± 8.24 μg L-1, 5.99 ± 2.91 μg L-1, and 0.806 ± 1.10 μg L-1, respectively. These data showed that these compounds are prevalent in human urine, and indicate the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaerin Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, New Engineering Building, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, New Engineering Building, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, New Engineering Building, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Lee KM, Han SM, Lee HJ, Kang M, Jeong TY, Son J, Min H, Cha S, Oh HB, Oh WK, Lee J. Influence of mobile phase composition on the analytical sensitivity of LC-ESI-MS/MS for the concurrent analysis of bisphenols, parabens, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and alkylphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115305. [PMID: 36642120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenols are significant environmental endocrine disruptors that can have adverse health effects on exposed individuals. Correlating phenol exposure to potential health implications requires the development of a comprehensive and sensitive analytical method capable of analyzing multiple phenols in a single sample preparation and analytical run. Currently, no such method is available for multiple classes of phenols due to electrospray ionization (ESI) limitations in concurrent ionization and lack of sensitivity to certain phenols, particularly alkylphenols. In this study, we investigated the influence of mobile phase compositions in ESI on concurrent ionization and analytical sensitivity of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) during the analysis of multiple classes of phenols, and we propose a comprehensive and sensitive analytical method for various classes of phenols (i.e., bisphenols, parabens, benzophenones, chlorophenols, and alkylphenols). The proposed method was affected by 0.5 mM ammonium fluoride under methanol conditions. It enabled the concurrent ionization of all the phenols and significantly improved the analytical sensitivity for bisphenols and alkylphenols, which typically have poor ionization efficiency. This method, combined with a "dilute and shoot" approach, allowed us to simultaneously quantify 38 phenols with good chromatographic behavior and sensitivity. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of 61 urine samples collected from aquatic (swimming) and land (indoor volleyball and outdoor football) athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kang
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Shi L, Meng F, Wang S, Hu Z, Li J, Tian F, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ge RS, Li H. Effects of phenolic compounds on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human and rat placenta: Screening, mode of action, and docking analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 225:106202. [PMID: 36241036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (HSD3B1) and rat type IV (HSD3B4) in placentas catalyze the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone, which plays a key role in maintaining pregnancy. Many phenolic compounds potentially inhibit HSD3B in placentas as endocrine disruptors. In this study, the effects of 16 phenolic compounds on the activity of human HSD3B1 and rat HSD3B4 were determined and the structure-activity relationship was compared. HSD3B1 in human placental microsomes and HSD3B4 in rat placental microsomes were used to measure their activities and pregnenolone and NAD+ were used as substrates. Of the 16 phenolic compounds, 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol resulted in residual human HSD3B1 activity lower than 50 % and 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol resulted in residual rat HSD3B4 activity lower than 50 %. 4-Nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol were mixed inhibitors of human HSD3B1, with Ki values of 2.31, 3.58 and 4.86 µM, respectively, while 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol were noncompetitive inhibitors of rat HSD3B4 with Ki values of 20.86 and 141.8 µM. Molecular docking showed that 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol docked to the active sites of human HSD3B1 and rat HSD3B4, and the shift of residue S125 in human HSD3B1 to T125 in rat HSD3B4 could explain the species-dependent difference in their inhibitory potency and mode of action. This study demonstrates that 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol are mixed inhibitors of human placental HSD3B1, while 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol are noncompetitive inhibitors of rat HSD3B4, possibly blocking the placental steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fangyan Meng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fuhong Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Klančič V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Environmental contamination status with common ingredients of household and personal care products exhibiting endocrine-disrupting potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73648-73674. [PMID: 36083363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) produces an immense amount of chemicals, such as parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are of great concern due to their well-known endocrine-disrupting properties. These chemicals easily enter the environment through man-made activities, thus contaminating the biota, including soil, water, plants and animals. Thus, on top of the direct exposure on account of their presence in HPCPs, humans are also susceptible to secondary indirect exposure attributed to the ubiquitous environmental contamination. The aim of this review was therefore to examine the sources and occurrence of these noteworthy contaminants (i.e. parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, alkylphenol ethoxylates), to summarise the available research on their environmental presence and to highlight their bioaccumulation potential. The most notable environmental contaminants appear to be MeP and PrP among parabens, BPA and BPS among bisphenols, BP-3 among benzophenones and NP among alkylphenols. Their maximum detected concentrations in the environment are mostly in the range of ng/L, while in human tissues, their maximum concentrations achieved μg/L due to bioaccumulation, with BP-3 and nonylphenol showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate. Finally, of another great concern is the fact that even the unapproved parabens and benzophenones have been detected in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Xu C, Ling H, Fan C, Xiang L, Zhang S, Li W, Yi C. Higher levels of nonylphenol were found in human urine and drinking water from rural areas as compared to metropolitan regions of Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:66950-66959. [PMID: 35511329 PMCID: PMC9492561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The suspected endocrine disruptor nonylphenol (NP) is closely associated with anthropogenic activities; therefore, studies on this compound have been clustered in urban areas. This study investigated the NP concentrations in drinking water sources (n = 8), terminal tap water (n = 36), and human urine samples (n = 127) collected from urban and rural areas in Wuhan, China. The mean concentrations of NP measured in drinking water sources in urban and rural areas were 92.3 ± 7.5 and 11.0 ± 0.8 ng/L (mean ± SD), respectively, whereas the mean levels in urban and rural tap waters were 5.0 ± 0.7 and 44.2 ± 2.6 ng/L (mean ± SD), respectively. Nevertheless, NP was detected in 74.1% and 75.4% of the human urine samples from urban and rural participants, with geometric mean concentrations of 0.19 ng/mL (0.26 µg/g creat) and 0.27 ng/mL (0.46 µg/g creat), respectively. Although the NP concentrations measured in the drinking water sources of urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas (P < 0.05), the tap water and urine NP concentrations measured in urban areas were unexpectedly lower than those of rural areas (P < 0.05). Additionally, this investigation showed that the materials comprising household water supply pipelines and drinking water treatment processes in the two areas were also different. Our results indicated that the levels of exposure to NP in drinking water and human urine in rural areas were not necessarily lower than those in urban areas. Thus, particular attention should be paid to rural areas in future studies of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangang Fan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Luojing Xiang
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Lee I, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Brüning T, Choi K, Koch HM. Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10229-10238. [PMID: 35801963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and environmental contaminant. Yet, data on individual body burdens and potential health risks in humans, especially among children, are scarce. We analyzed two specific urinary NP metabolites, hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP. In contrast to parent NP, OH-NP has a much higher urinary excretion fraction (Fue), and both are insusceptible to external contamination. We investigated spot urine samples from school children of Thailand (n = 104), Indonesia (n = 89), and Saudi Arabia (n = 108) and could quantify OH-NP in 100% of Indonesian and Saudi children (median concentrations: 8.12 and 8.57 μg/L) and in 76% of Thai children (1.07 μg/L). Median oxo-NP concentrations were 0.95, 1.10, and <0.25 μg/L, respectively, in line with its lower Fue. Median daily NP intakes (DIs), back-calculated from urinary OH-NP concentrations, were significantly higher in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia [0.47 and 0.36 μg/(kg bw·d), respectively] than in Thailand [0.06 μg/(kg bw·d)]. Maximum DIs were close to the preliminary tolerable DI of 5 μg/(kg bw·d) from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Dominant sources of exposure or relevant exposure pathways could not be readily identified by questionnaire analyses and also potentially varied by region. The novel biomarkers provide long-needed support to the quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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10
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Human risk assessment of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling: analysis of gender exposure differences and application to exposure analysis related to large exposure variability in population. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2687-2715. [PMID: 35723719 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As a toxic substance, 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) or 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) is widely present in the environment. 4-n-NP is a single substance with a linear-alkyl side chain, but 4-NP usually refers to a random mixture containing various branched types. Unfortunately, human risk assessment and/or exposure level analysis for 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) were almost nonexistent, and related research was urgently needed. This study aimed to analyze the various exposures of 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) through development of a physiologically based-pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model considering gender difference in pharmacokinetics of 4-n-NP and its application to human risk assessment studies. A PBPK model was newly developed considering gender differences in 4-n-NP pharmacokinetics and applied to a human risk assessment for each gender. Exposure analysis was performed using a PBPK model that considered gender differences in 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) exposure and high variabilities in several countries. Furthermore, an extended application was attempted as a human risk assessment for random mixture 4-NP, which is difficult to accurately evaluate in reality. External-exposure and margin-of-safety estimated with the same internal exposure amount differed between genders, meaning the need for a differentiated risk assessment considering gender. Exposure analysis based on biomonitoring data confirmed large variability in exposure to 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) by country, group, and period. External-exposures estimated using PBPK model varied widely, ranging from 0.039 to 63.875 mg/kg/day (for 4-n-NP or 4-NP). By country, 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) exposure was higher in females than in males and the margin-of-safety tended to be low. Overall, exposure to 4-n-NP (or 4-NP) in populations was largely not safe, suggesting need for ongoing management and monitoring. Considering low in vivo accumulation confirmed by PBPK model, risk reduction of 4-n-NP is possible by reducing its use.
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11
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Efficient Removal of Nonylphenol Isomers from Water by Use of Organo-Hydrotalcites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127214. [PMID: 35742463 PMCID: PMC9222827 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The presence of potent organic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in natural aquifers can have adverse impacts on public health and the environment. 4-nonylphenol, one such EDC, can be efficiently removed from water by adsorption onto a clayey material. In this work, we created an effective sorbent for this purpose by using co-precipitation and subsequent ion-exchange to intercalate the organic anion deoxycholate into a Mg/Al hydrotalcite. Intercalating deoxycholate ions increased the organophilicity of the hydrotalcite surface. The solid was used to adsorb 4-nonylphenol at different pollutant concentrations and temperatures. The adsorption process was subjected to a kinetic study. Based on the results, the EDC was adsorbed by chemisorption. In addition, based on the equilibrium isotherms used for the process, the Freundlich model was the most accurate in reproducing the adsorption of 4-nonylphenol onto deoxycholate-intercalated hydrotalcite.
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12
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Ikeda-Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Miyashita C, Brüning T, Kishi R, Koch HM. Nonylphenol exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children between 2012 and 2017- Estimation of daily intakes based on novel urinary metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107145. [PMID: 35168185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been under scrutiny for decades due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and its ubiquity in the environment. Despite its widespread occurrence, robust and reliable exposure data are rare. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) measuring the novel urinary alkyl-chain-oxidized biomarkers OH-NP and oxo-NP to determine NP exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children. The new biomarkers are advantageous over measuring unchanged NP because they are not prone to external contamination. We analyzed 180 first morning void urine samples collected between 2012 and 2017. OH-NP and oxo-NP were detected in 100% and 66% of samples at median concentrations of 2.69 and 0.36 µg/L, respectively. 10-fold concentration differences between OH-NP and oxo-NP are in line with recent findings on human NP metabolism. Based on OH-NP we back-calculated median and maximum NP daily intakes (DI) of 0.14 and 0.95 µg/(kg bw*d). These DIs are rather close to but still below the current provisional tolerable daily intake of 5 µg/(kg bw*d) by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Between 2012 and 2017 the DIs decreased by an average of 4.7% per year. We observed no seasonal changes or gender differences and questionnaire data on food consumption, housing characteristics or pesticide use showed no clear associations with NP exposure. Urinary OH-NP was weakly associated with the oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) biomarkers N-ε-hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) (Spearman ρ = 0.30 and 0.22, respectively), but not with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Further research is needed to identify and understand the major sources of NP exposure and to investigate a potential role in oxidative stress. This study is the first to investigate NP exposure in Japanese children based on robust and sensitive HBM data. It is a first step to fill the long-standing gap in quantitative human NP exposure monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Li J, Wu Y, Bai H, Wen X, Zhou Q, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Guo L. Highly efficient adsorption and mechanism of alkylphenols on magnetic reduced graphene oxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131232. [PMID: 34147978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of alkylphenols to environment cannot be ignored, as they are common product from chemical industries and potential threat to human health. Some alkylphenols are listed as persistent toxic substances (PTS) by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, the optimized magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MrGO) was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method, and investigated for adsorption of three typical alkylphenols. In neutral condition, MrGO showed extremely high adsorption capacity of three typical alkylphenols, 4-heptylphenol (4-HP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), which could reach 938.9 mg g-1 (40 °C), 987.8 mg g-1 (40 °C), and 989.7 mg g-1 (20 °C), respectively. This study revealed that the adsorption process was a heterogeneous multi-layer physical adsorption, and the adsorption rates were related to the number of unoccupied vacancies on the adsorbent surface. From batch experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the main adsorption interactions between MrGO and alkylphenols were deduced to be π-π, hydrogen-bond, and hydrophobic interactions. What's more, the different affinities of MrGO towards different targets were further distinguished and explained in detail. The wonderful stability and recyclability of MrGO made it a promising cost-effective remediation candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yalin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China; Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Huahua Bai
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiangli Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yongyong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yongli Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Libing Guo
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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14
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Hayen H, Weiss T, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of specific urinary nonylphenol metabolites by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS as novel human exposure biomarkers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1177:122794. [PMID: 34098181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disrupting and ecotoxic substance that has been detected in a variety of environmental matrices. It is utilized for the production of non-ionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) detergents and other high production volume chemicals. Human biomonitoring data are scarce and mostly limited to the non-oxidized NP, which is ubiquitous in the (laboratory) environment and susceptible to external contamination. Here, we describe a sensitive, precise, accurate and rugged analytical method for the determination of OH-NP and oxo-NP, two potential alkyl-chain-oxidized metabolites of NP in human urine. We used single isomer standards, obtained by custom synthesis, for the quantification of the sum of the respective isomers. After enzymatic hydrolysis of potential urinary phase II conjugates, urine samples were analyzed by online turbulent flow chromatography for analyte enrichment and matrix depletion coupled to reversed phase liquid chromatography with negative electrospray-ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry detection (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). Quantification was performed by stable isotope dilution analysis. Limits of quantification in urinary matrix were 0.5 µg/L for OH-NP and 0.25 µg/L for oxo-NP. Mean relative recoveries were 101-105% (OH-NP) and 112-117% (oxo-NP) and the method imprecision (CV) in matrix was below 5%. In spite of extensive use restrictions in the EU since 2003, we could quantify OH-NP and oxo-NP in 94% and 47% of spot urine samples from the general German population (n = 32) collected in 2014. Thus, both metabolites seem suitable as sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers of NP exposure for future human biomonitoring population studies. Currently this method is used to quantitatively investigate human NP metabolism and to derive urinary metabolite excretion fractions that can be used to calculate external doses based on urinary biomarker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
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15
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Paolella G, Romanelli AM, Martucciello S, Sposito S, Lepretti M, Esposito C, Capaldo A, Caputo I. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of 4-nonylphenol in a human hepatic cell line involves ER-stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22780. [PMID: 33957011 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an emerging environmental pollutant widely diffused in waters and sediments. It mainly derives from the degradation of alkyl phenol ethoxylates, compounds commonly employed as industrial surfactants. 4-NP strongly contaminates foods and waters for human use; thus, it displays a wide range of toxic effects not only for aquatic organisms but also for mammals and humans. After ingestion through the diet, it tends to accumulate in body fluids and tissues. One of the main organs where 4-NP and its metabolites are concentrated is the liver, where it causes, even at low doses, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 4-NP on a human hepatic cell line (HepG2) to deepen the knowledge of its cytotoxic mechanism. We found that 4-NP, in a range of concentration from 50 to 100 μM, significantly reduced cell viability; it caused a partial block of proliferation and induced apoptosis with activation of caspase-3 and overexpression of p53. Moreover, 4-NP induced-apoptosis seemed to involve both an ER-stress response, with the appearance of high level of GRP78, CHOP and the spliced XBP1, and a dysregulation of mitochondrial physiology, characterized by an overexpression of main markers of mitochondrial dynamics. Our data support the idea that a daily consumption of 4-NP-contaminated foods may lead to local damages at the level of gastrointestinal system, including liver, with negative consequences for the organ physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Sposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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16
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Wen HJ, Chang TC, Ding WH, Tsai SF, Hsiung CA, Wang SL. Exposure to endocrine disruptor alkylphenols and the occurrence of endometrial cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115475. [PMID: 33254616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals with oestrogenic effects has been associated with the development of endometrial cancer (EMCa). EMCa has become the most commonly diagnosed cancer of the female genital tract. To further understand the potential association between exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and the occurrence of EMCa, we performed a case-control study between 2011 and 2014. We aimed to detect and compare concentrations of a known hormone disruptor, alkylphenol, between women diagnosed with either EMCa or uterine leiomyoma, and those who did not have either of these. Subjects were women diagnosed with either EMCa or uterine leiomyoma (LM) and healthy controls. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on lifestyle and health status. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure urinary NP and OP concentrations in participants. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between exposure and outcomes. Overall, 397 women were recruited, including 49 with EMCa, 247 with LM, and 101 controls. Among them, 73.6% showed detectable levels of NP and 61.0% showed detectable levels of OP. The EMCa group had a significantly higher NP concentration than the control group. Higher OP concentrations were also found in participants with EMCa than those with LM and controls. In addition, women in the upper tertile of the NP group had a significantly increased risk of EMCa occurrence (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 4.47 [1.69-11.84] for EMCa vs. control). The same was found in the group of women with more than the median level of OP (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 4.32 [2.01-9.30] for EMCa vs. LM). Stratification of pre- and post-menopausal groups resulted in a similar association. The results show that NP/OP exposure is associated with EMCa. Further investigations and exposure minimisation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Hsien Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fen Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Medicine, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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17
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4-tert-Octylphenol Exposure Disrupts Brain Development and Subsequent Motor, Cognition, Social, and Behavioral Functions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8875604. [PMID: 33294128 PMCID: PMC7691001 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8875604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine-disrupting chemical 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) is a widespread estrogenic chemical used in consumer products such as epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastic. However, the effects of OP on brain development are unknown. The present study examined the effects of OP on neuron and neurobehavioral development in mice. By using primary cortical neuron cultures, we found that OP-treated showed a decreased length of axons and dendrites and an increased number of primary and secondary dendrites. OP reduced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), mitotic marker Ki67, and phospho-histone H3 (p-Histone-H3), resulting in a reduction of neuronal progenitor proliferation in offspring mouse brain. Moreover, OP induced apoptosis in neuronal progenitor cells in offspring mouse brain. Furthermore, offspring mice from OP-treated dams showed abnormal cognitive, social, and anxiety-like behaviors. Taken together, these results suggest that perinatal exposure to OP disrupts brain development and behavior in mice.
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18
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Wang JM, Xu R, Di QN, Fu HW, Xu Q. Determination of urinary carnitine levels as a potential indicator of uterine fibroids caused by nonylphenol exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122248. [PMID: 32590215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that uterine fibroids are associated with nonylphenol (NP) exposure, and the changes of carnitines in critical reproductive tissues and body fluids could be used to indicate the female reproductive toxicity caused by NP exposure. In this work, on the basis of further clarifying the correlation between NP exposure level and uterine fibroids, the possibility of the urinary carnitine levels as a potential indicator of uterine fibroids caused by NP exposure was discussed. The urine samples were collected from 84 female volunteers: the control group of 34 healthy women without gynecological disease and 50 uterine fibroids patients, respectively. Methods were respectively established for the determination of NP and eight carnitines in human urine samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the NP level of uterine fibroids group was significantly higher than that of control group (P = 0.002), indicating that NP exposure was an important environmental factor in the occurrence of uterine fibroids. It was further found that in urine samples of the uterine fibroids group, the levels of L-Carnitine (C0), L-Acetyl-carnitine (C2), L-Octanoyl-carnitine (C8), Tetradecanoyl-carnitine (C14), Oleoyl-carnitine (C18:1) and Linoleoyl-carnitine (C18:2) had obviously increased compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001; = 0.003; < 0.001; = 0.010). The concentrations of L-Hexanoyl-carnitine (C6) and L-Palmitoyl-carnitine (C16) in the uterine fibroids group were also higher than those in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The results suggested that the changes in urinary carnitine levels might be a potential indicator to help to warn of the risk of uterine fibroids caused by NP exposure at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Run Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian-Nan Di
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao-Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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19
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Zhou X, Peng F, Luo Z, Li Y, Li H, Yang Z. Assessment of water contamination and health risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals in outdoor and indoor swimming pools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135277. [PMID: 31831230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in swimming pool waters has been scarcely investigated. In this study, the concentrations of 20 EDCs (4 phenols, 6 estrogens, 4 progestogens, 5 androgens, and 1 pharmaceutical) in 40 outdoor and indoor swimming pools in Changsha, China were investigated. Out of them, two phenols (bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol), three estrogens (17β-estradiol, 17ɑ-ethinlestradiol (EE2), and hexestrol), one pharmaceutical (caffeine), and two progestogens (progesterone and levonorgestrel) were detected in the collected samples. The androgens were not detected. Bisphenol A and caffeine were the dominant EDCs at concentrations of ND-23.22 ng/L and ND-39.08 ng/L, respectively. The levels of caffeine were significantly higher in indoor swimming pools (11.15 ng/L in average) than those in outdoor pools (1.90 ng/L in average) (p < 0.05), owing to the less sun's UV radiation and less use of sunscreens containing caffeine. The progestogens (progesterone and levonorgestrel) and estrogens (17β-estradiol and hexestrol) were only detected in outdoor swimming pools. The detection frequencies and concentrations of bisphenol A and caffeine in downtown pools were significantly higher than those in outskirt pools. Besides, the correlations between the concentrations of EDCs and water quality parameters evaluated by the Spearman correlation analysis implied that residual chlorine had strong oxidant capable to bisphenol A and suggested that caffeine could be a potential indicator of organic contamination in swimming pool water. Finally, a quantitative risk assessment revealed that non-athletic child and athletic adult female were vulnerable subpopulations. The EDItotal of EE2 for athletic child, non-athletic female, non-athletic male, and non-athletic child were higher than ADIEE2 adopted by Australia and the EDItotal of EE2 for athletic female and athletic male were higher than ADIEE2 adopted by the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhoufei Luo
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China.
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Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 4-n-nonylphenol in rats. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3121-3139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ghosh K, Chatterjee B, Maheswari U, Athifa M, Kanade SR. 4-Nonylphenol-enhanced EZH2 and RNF2 expression, H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1 marks resulting in silencing of p21CDKN1A in vitro. Epigenomics 2019; 11:899-916. [PMID: 31144530 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine the impact of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), on the expression of polycomb repressive complexes and cellular proliferation. Materials & methods: Cell proliferation assays, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR were used for the study. Results: The 4-NP at 100 nM concentration significantly increased proliferation of MCF-7 cells. It enhanced the expression of RNF2-BMI1 and EZH2-SUZ12 and concomitantly increased H2AK119ub1 and H3K27me3 repressive marks at p21 proximal promoter resulting in its reduced expression. Selective inhibition of RNF2 or EZH2 reverted the 4-NP action. The phospho-CREB, SP1 and E2F-1 are enriched at proximal promoter of RNF2 and EZH2 and cyclin D1, but not p21. Conclusion: The 4-NP-mediated upregulation of RNF2 and EZH2 resulted in epigenetic silencing of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Uma Maheswari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Mariyam Athifa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India.,Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Liu T, Cao W, Di Q, Zhao M, Xu Q. Evaluation of toxicokinetics of nonylphenol in the adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using a physiologically based toxicokinetic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:42-50. [PMID: 30954491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was firstly developed in female rats to quantitatively evaluate toxicokinetics of nonylphenol (NP). Changes in NP serum concentrations over time of single oral NP administration experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats and literature data were collected to establish and calibrate the PBTK model in the SimBiology framework. The calibrated model predicted the serum and tissue NP concentrations of repeat oral NP administration for model evaluation. NP concentrations in serum and tissues (liver, kidneys, adipose, brain, uterus and ovaries) were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The model output of the time course data (values are within the standard deviation defined for each data point) indicated proximity of predictions to reality. The coefficients of determination r2 were all greater than 0.9, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) were within 0.177-2.027, which means the model predicted and observed serum NP concentrations were in excellent agreement. The results indicated that the model could contribute to a simplification of the future exposure risk assessments of NP in a more realistic scenario and provided a better understanding of the disposition process of NP in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiannan Di
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Acir IH, Guenther K. Endocrine-disrupting metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates - A critical review of analytical methods, environmental occurrences, toxicity, and regulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1530-1546. [PMID: 29874777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) are classified as hazardous substances, they continue to be released into the environment from a variety of sources and are not usually monitored. Their wide use has led to an increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans, which is cause for alarm. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about the behaviour of these metabolites with respect to the environment and toxicity, and their biological effects on human health. The aim of this work is to give an overview of the APEO metabolites and their analysis, occurrences and toxicity in various environmental and human samples. APEO metabolites have adverse effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment through their release into the environment. Currently, there are some reviews available on the behaviour of alkylphenols in soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water and food. However, none of these articles consider their toxicity in humans and especially their effect on the nervous and immune system. This work summarises the environmental occurrences of metabolites of APEOs in matrices, e.g. water, food and biological matrices, their effect on the immune and nervous systems, and isomer-specific issues. With that emphasis we are able to cover most common occurrences of human exposure, whether direct or indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail-H Acir
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Guenther
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Over recent years, many environmental pollutant chemicals have been shown to possess the ability to interfere in the functioning of the endocrine system and have been termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These compounds exist in air as volatile or semi-volatile compounds in the gas phase or attached to particulate matter. They include components of plastics (phthalates, bisphenol A), components of consumer goods (parabens, triclosan, alkylphenols, fragrance compounds, organobromine flame retardants, fluorosurfactants), industrial chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls), products of combustion (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, herbicides, and some metals. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the sources of EDCs in air, measurements of levels of EDCs in air, and the potential for adverse effects of EDCs in air on human endocrine health.
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