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Krambrich J, Akaberi D, Lindahl JF, Lundkvist Å, Hesson JC. Vector competence of Swedish Culex pipiens mosquitoes for Japanese encephalitis virus. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:220. [PMID: 38741172 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus that poses a significant public health risk in many temperate and tropical regions in Asia. Since the climate in some endemic countries is similar to temperate climates observed in Europe, understanding the role of specific mosquito species in the transmission of JEV is essential for predicting and effectively controlling the potential for the introduction and establishment of JEV in Europe. METHODS This study aimed to investigate the vector competence of colonized Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes for JEV. The mosquitoes were initially collected from the field in southern Sweden. The mosquitoes were offered a blood meal containing the Nakayama strain of JEV (genotype III), and infection rates, dissemination rates, and transmission rates were evaluated at 14, 21, and 28 days post-feeding. RESULTS The study revealed that colonized Swedish Cx. pipiens are susceptible to JEV infection, with a stable infection rate of around 10% at all timepoints. However, the virus was only detected in the legs of one mosquito at 21 days post-feeding, and no mosquito saliva contained JEV. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this research shows that Swedish Cx. pipiens can become infected with JEV, and emphasizes the importance of further understanding of the thresholds and barriers for JEV dissemination in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Krambrich
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dario Akaberi
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Animal Health and Antibiotic Strategies, Swedish National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny C Hesson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
- Biologisk Myggkontroll, Nedre Dalälvens Utvecklings AB, Gysinge, Sweden
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Zhang X, Jin N, Tu A, Dong M, Shi T, Ren X, Liu S, Zhao X, Liu J, Wu Z, Li Y, Wu D, Wang H, Wang H, Hu Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Meng L. Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28782. [PMID: 37212323 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mainland China included Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 to control the JE epidemic. However, Gansu province in Western China experienced the largest JE outbreak since 1958 in 2018. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study to explore the causes of this outbreak. We found that adults aged ≥20 years (especially those in rural areas) were the main JE cases in Gansu Province, with a significant increase in the JE incidence in older adults aged ≥60 years in 2017 and 2018. In addition, JE outbreaks in Gansu Province were mainly located in the southeastern region, while the temperature and precipitation in Gansu Province were gradually increasing in recent years, which made the JE epidemic areas in Gansu Province gradually spread to the western of Gansu Province. We also found that adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province had lower JE antibody positivity than children and infants, and the antibody positivity rate decreased with age. In the summer of 2017 and 2018, the density of mosquitoes (mainly the Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in Gansu Province was significantly higher than in other years, and the genotype of JEV was mainly Genotype-G1. Therefore, in the future JE control in Gansu Province, we need to strengthen JE vaccination for adults. Moreover, strengthening mosquito surveillance can provide early warning of JE outbreaks and the spread of epidemic areas in Gansu Province. At the same time, strengthening JE antibody surveillance is also necessary for JE control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aixia Tu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maoxing Dong
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianshan Shi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yixing Li
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Longnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longnan, China
| | - Yukun Hu
- Department of Immunization Program, Pingliang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pingliang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Tianshui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianshui, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Qingyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingyang, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
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Aryaprema VS, Steck MR, Peper ST, Xue RD, Qualls WA. A systematic review of published literature on mosquito control action thresholds across the world. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011173. [PMID: 36867651 PMCID: PMC10016652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the use of numerous methods of control measures, mosquito populations and mosquito-borne diseases are still increasing globally. Evidence-based action thresholds to initiate or intensify control activities have been identified as essential in reducing mosquito populations to required levels at the correct/optimal time. This systematic review was conducted to identify different mosquito control action thresholds existing across the world and associated surveillance and implementation characteristics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Searches for literature published from 2010 up to 2021 were performed using two search engines, Google Scholar and PubMed Central, according to PRISMA guidelines. A set of inclusion/exclusion criteria were identified and of the 1,485 initial selections, only 87 were included in the final review. Thirty inclusions reported originally generated thresholds. Thirteen inclusions were with statistical models that seemed intended to be continuously utilized to test the exceedance of thresholds in a specific region. There was another set of 44 inclusions that solely mentioned previously generated thresholds. The inclusions with "epidemiological thresholds" outnumbered those with "entomological thresholds". Most of the inclusions came from Asia and those thresholds were targeted toward Aedes and dengue control. Overall, mosquito counts (adult and larval) and climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) were the most used parameters in thresholds. The associated surveillance and implementation characteristics of the identified thresholds are discussed here. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The review identified 87 publications with different mosquito control thresholds developed across the world and published during the last decade. Associated surveillance and implementation characteristics will help organize surveillance systems targeting the development and implementation of action thresholds, as well as direct awareness towards already existing thresholds for those with programs lacking available resources for comprehensive surveillance systems. The findings of the review highlight data gaps and areas of focus to fill in the action threshold compartment of the IVM toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindhya S. Aryaprema
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Madeline R. Steck
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven T. Peper
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rui-de Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
| | - Whitney A. Qualls
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xie BL, Guo RS, Liang W, Yang XW, Xu JQ, Wan LJ, Yao WY, Yi Z, Hu NY, Zhang B. Epidemiologic Correlation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Open Limb Injury External Conditions. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:1703-1714. [PMID: 35765776 PMCID: PMC9363730 DOI: 10.1111/os.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the epidemiological correlation and drug resistance of external factors of infection caused by open injury of limbs to pathogens. Methods This experiment is a retrospective study. We took the geographical location and climate of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China as the background, analyzed 2017 strains of pathogens from 1589 patients with limb trauma infection in a University Affiliated Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups according to the type of incision: I, In‐hospital infection of clean limb incision, II, In‐hospital infection with open injury, III, Community infection with open injury of the limb. Groups II and Groups III were divided into six subgroups according to the causes of trauma, including: accidents from non‐motor vehicles, machinery, cutting/piercing, pedestrian injuries, struck by/against, pedal cycles, and other injuries. We found eight common pathogens of orthopedic infection, which were mainly divided into Gram‐positive bacteria (G+, mainly including Staphylococcus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (G‐, mainly Enterobacteriaceae). The relationship between main pathogens and damage mechanism, apparent temperature and relative humidity was discussed in this study. SPSS v22.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Friedman's two‐way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the injury mechanism and incidence of pathogenic bacteria. Linear regression was used to determine the trend between the incidence of major pathogens and seasonal temperature and humidity. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05. Results There was no significant difference in the distribution of pathogens between Groups II and Groups III (P>0.05). The drug resistance of Groups III was significantly higher than that of Groups II and Groups I. G+ bacteria were resistant to cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins and erythromycin and other macrolides. They were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. G‐ were resistant to the first‐ and the second‐generation cephalosporins, including cefotetan and cefazolin, and ampicillin and other penicillins, while they were sensitive to third‐generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, as well as to levofloxacin and other quinolones, meropenem, and other beta‐lactamases. The correlation between the injury mechanism and infection of pathogenic bacteria was not significant. The monthly average apparent temperature and relative humidity were correlated with the infection rate of pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion In open injury of extremities, apparent temperature and relative humidity is an important risk factor for infection by pathogenic bacteria and the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in out‐of‐hospital infection was lower than that of hospital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Run-Sheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Ye Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ni-Ya Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zhao S, Li Y, Fu S, Liu M, Li F, Liu C, Yu J, Rui L, Wang D, Wang H. Environmental factors and spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese encephalitis after vaccination campaign in Guizhou Province, China (2004-2016). BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1172. [PMID: 34809606 PMCID: PMC8607706 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a vaccination campaign has been conducted since 2004, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is still a public health problem in Guizhou, one of the provinces with the highest incidence of JE in China. The aim of this study was to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of JE and its relationship with environmental factors in Guizhou Province in the post-vaccination era, 2004–2016. Methods We collected data on human JE cases in Guizhou Province from 2004 to 2016 from the national infectious disease reporting system. A Poisson regression model was used to analyze the relationship between JE occurrence and environmental factors amongst counties. Results Our results showed that the incidence and mortality of JE decreased after the initiation of vaccination. JE cases were mainly concentrated in preschool and school-age children and the number of cases in children over age 15 years was significantly decreased compared with the previous 10 years; the seasonality of JE before and after the use of vaccines was unchanged. JE incidence was positively associated with cultivated land and negatively associated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, vegetation coverage, and developed land. In areas with cultivated land coverage < 25%, vegetation coverage > 55%, and urban area coverage > 25%, the JE risk was lower. The highest JE incidence was among mid-level GDP areas and in moderately urbanized areas. Conclusions This study assessed the relationship between incidence of JE and environmental factors in Guizhou Province. Our results highlight that the highest risk of JE transmission in the post-vaccination era is in mid-level developed areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suye Zhao
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,School of National Security and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chunting Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liping Rui
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Li C, Zhao Q, Zhao Z, Liu Q, Ma W. The association between tropical cyclones and dengue fever in the Pearl River Delta, China during 2013-2018: A time-stratified case-crossover study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009776. [PMID: 34499666 PMCID: PMC8454958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that tropical cyclones are associated with several infectious diseases, while very few evidence has demonstrated the relationship between tropical cyclones and dengue fever. This study aimed to examine the potential impact of tropical cyclones on dengue fever incidence in the Pearl River Delta, China. Methods Data on daily dengue fever incidence, occurrence of tropical cyclones and meteorological factors were collected between June and October, 2013–2018 from nine cities in the Pearl River Delta. Multicollinearity of meteorological variables was examined via Spearman correlation, variables with strong correlation (r>0.7) were not included in the model simultaneously. A time-stratified case-crossover design combined with conditional Poisson regression model was performed to evaluate the association between tropical cyclones and dengue fever incidence. Stratified analyses were performed by intensity grades of tropical cyclones (tropical storm and typhoon), sex (male and female) and age-groups (<18, 18–59, ≥60 years). Results During the study period, 20 tropical cyclones occurred and 47,784 dengue fever cases were reported. Tropical cyclones were associated with an increased risk of dengue fever in the Pearl River Delta region, with the largest relative risk of 1.62 with the 95% confidence interval (1.45–1.80) occurring on the lag 5 day. The strength of association was greater and lasted longer for typhoon than for tropical storm. There was no difference in effect estimates between males and females. However, individuals aged over 60 years were more vulnerable than others. Conclusions Tropical cyclones are associated with increased risk of local dengue fever incidence in south China, with the elderly more vulnerable than other population subgroups. Health protective strategies should be developed to reduce the potential risk of dengue epidemic after tropical cyclones. Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne tropical infectious disease, has been increasingly serious in recent decades, causing great healthcare burden in low-latitude regions and countries. Aedes is the vector of dengue fever, particularly sensitive to climatic conditions during all stages of the life cycle. Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association between dengue fever and meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation and relative humidity). Tropical cyclones are a common extreme weather events in the low latitude and have been associated with the outbreak of several infectious diseases. However, the impact of tropical cyclones on the incidence of dengue fever has not been well clarified. In this study, we explored the association between tropical cyclones and dengue fever in the Pearl River Delta region, China. The results showed that the local incidence of dengue fever was substantially associated with tropical cyclones over a certain lag period, with the effect estimate greater for stronger tropical cyclones. The elderly was more vulnerable than any other population subgroups. The findings highlighted the importance of developing public health surveillance, preparedness, and response targeting the outbreak of dengue fever during the tropical cyclone season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
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Pan YH, Liao MY, Chien YW, Ho TS, Ko HY, Yang CR, Chang SF, Yu CY, Lin SY, Shih PW, Shu PY, Chao DY, Pan CY, Chen HM, Perng GC, Ku CC, King CC. Use of seroprevalence to guide dengue vaccination plans for older adults in a dengue non-endemic country. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009312. [PMID: 33793562 PMCID: PMC8075253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A shift in dengue cases toward the adult population, accompanied by an increased risk of severe cases of dengue in the elderly, has created an important emerging issue in the past decade. To understand the level of past DENV infection among older adults after a large dengue outbreak occurred in southern Taiwan in 2015, we screened 1498 and 2603 serum samples from healthy residents aged ≥ 40 years in Kaohsiung City and Tainan City, respectively, to assess the seroprevalence of anti-DENV IgG in 2016. Seropositive samples were verified to exclude cross-reaction from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), using DENV/JEV-NS1 indirect IgG ELISA. We further identified viral serotypes and secondary DENV infections among positive samples in the two cities. The overall age-standardized seroprevalence of DENV-IgG among participants was 25.77% in Kaohsiung and 11.40% in Tainan, and the seroprevalence was significantly higher in older age groups of both cities. Although the percentages of secondary DENV infection in Kaohsiung and Tainan were very similar (43.09% and 44.76%, respectively), DENV-1 and DENV-2 spanned a wider age range in Kaohsiung, whereas DENV-2 was dominant in Tainan. As very few studies have obtained the serostatus of DENV infection in older adults and the elderly, this study highlights the need for further investigation into antibody status, as well as the safety and efficacy of dengue vaccination in these older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Pan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ying Liao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital (NCKUH), College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Rur Yang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Fen Chang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pin-Wei Shih
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yun Shu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ying Pan
- Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guey-Chuen Perng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Diptyanusa A, Herini ES, Indarjulianto S, Satoto TBT. The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in Megachiropteran bats in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: A potential enzootic transmission pattern in the absence of pig holdings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:280-286. [PMID: 33898229 PMCID: PMC8056122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The West Kalimantan province in Borneo island, Indonesia belongs to endemic area of Japanese encephalitis (JE) that accounts for approximately 30% of total cases yearly. As the presence of pig holdings is uncommon in West Kalimantan, another reservoir host might have played a role in the local transmission of JE virus in this area. Current study aimed to identify the potential role of bats in the local transmission of JE by performing molecular detection of JE virus in bats and mosquitoes using RT-PCR. Sample collection was performed in 3 districts in West Kalimantan, covering 3 different ecosystems: forest, coastal, and residential areas. Bat collection was performed using mist net and harp net, while mosquito collection was carried out using animal-baited trap and human landing collection. A total of 373 blood samples from bats were tested for JE virus, among which 21 samples (5.6%) showed positive results, mainly from Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat) found in residential areas. Out of 53 mosquito pools, 3 JE-positive pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui were collected at the same location as JE-positive bats. Current study showed the first evidence of JE virus detection in several species of Megachiropteran bats in Indonesia, demonstrated the potential role of frugivorous bats in local transmission of JE in West Kalimantan. More aggressive measures are required in JE risk mitigation, particularly in initiating JE vaccination campaign and in avoiding disruption of bats’ natural habitats through changes in land-use. First evidence of JE virus detection in Megachiropteran bats in Indonesia. Molecular detection of JE virus using RT-PCR instead of using antibodies. Collection of JE-positive bats and mosquitoes at the same site. Involvement of bats in JE transmission cycle in the absence of pig holdings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajib Diptyanusa
- Doctoral Study Program of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Elisabeth Siti Herini
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | | | - Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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9
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Folly AJ, Dorey-Robinson D, Hernández-Triana LM, Ackroyd S, Vidana B, Lean FZX, Hicks D, Nuñez A, Johnson N. Temperate conditions restrict Japanese encephalitis virus infection to the mid-gut and prevents systemic dissemination in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6133. [PMID: 33731761 PMCID: PMC7971067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the main cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. However, with changing climate JEV has the potential to emerge in novel temperate regions. Here, we have assessed the vector competence of the temperate mosquito Culex pipiens f. pipiens to vector JEV genotype III at temperatures representative of those experienced, or predicted in the future during the summer months, in the United Kingdom. Our results show that Cx. pipiens is susceptible to JEV infection at both temperatures. In addition, at 25 °C, JEV disseminated from the midgut and was recovered in saliva samples, indicating the potential for transmission. At a lower temperature, 20 °C, following an incubation period of fourteen days, there were reduced levels of JEV dissemination and virus was not detected in saliva samples. The virus present in the bodies of these mosquitoes was restricted to the posterior midgut as determined by microscopy and viable virus was successfully recovered. Apart from the influence on virus dissemination, mosquito mortality was significantly increased at the higher temperature. Overall, our results suggest that temperature is a critical factor for JEV vector competence and infected-mosquito survival. This may in turn influence the vectorial capacity of Cx. pipiens to vector JEV genotype III in temperate areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran J Folly
- Arbovirus Research Team, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Daniel Dorey-Robinson
- Arbovirus Research Team, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Luis M Hernández-Triana
- Arbovirus Research Team, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stuart Ackroyd
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Beatriz Vidana
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Arbovirus Research Team, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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10
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Tu T, Xu K, Xu L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, He Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Ji H, Tang W. Association between meteorological factors and the prevalence dynamics of Japanese encephalitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247980. [PMID: 33657174 PMCID: PMC7928514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute infectious disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Meteorological conditions are known to play a pivotal role in the spread of JEV. In this study, a zero-inflated generalised additive model and a long short-term memory model were used to assess the relationship between the meteorological factors and population density of Culex tritaeniorhynchus as well as the incidence of JE and to predict the prevalence dynamics of JE, respectively. The incidence of JE in the previous month, the mean air temperature and the average of relative humidity had positive effects on the outbreak risk and intensity. Meanwhile, the density of all mosquito species in livestock sheds (DMSL) only affected the outbreak risk. Moreover, the region-specific prediction model of JE was developed in Chongqing by used the Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the JE dynamics and helps the local government establish precise prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotian Tu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Keqiang Xu
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaming He
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hengqing Ji
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (HJ)
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (HJ)
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11
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Wang X, Su L, Zhu H, Hu W, An J, Wang C, E Q, Qi X, Zhuang G. Long-Term Epidemiological Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Infection in Gansu Province, China: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2065-2076. [PMID: 32996458 PMCID: PMC7646783 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has greatly declined in China. However, JE incidence has significantly increased in Gansu in recent years, on the top of ranks among all provinces in China. To explore the spatial spread and resurgence of JE transmission in Gansu in the past 60 years, we collected yearly data on reported JE in each county (1958–2017) and monthly data on JE cases (1968–2017), respectively. We grouped the dataset into six categories, each consisting of a 10-year period between 1958 and 2017. Spatial cluster analysis was applied to identify the potential space–time clusters of JE incidence, and logistic regression models were used to identify the spatial and temporal dispersion of JE. Japanese encephalitis incidence in Gansu showed an upward trend from 1970 to 1977 and peaked in 1974, then declined, and fluctuated over the study period until an outbreak again in 2017. Japanese encephalitis incidence for the first 30-year period (1958–1987) peaked in September each year and thereafter peaked in July and August during 1988–2017. Spatial cluster analysis showed the geographical range of JE transmission fluctuated over the past 60 years. The high-incidence clusters of JE were primarily concentrated in the southeast of Gansu. We found significant space–time clustering characteristics of JE in Gansu, and the geographical range of notified JE cases has significantly expanded over recent years. The potential rebound of JE transmission occurred in 2016–2017 should be placed on the top priority of government work during the control and prevention of JE in Gansu, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Wang
- Health Hotline, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jing An
- Health Hotline, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiannan E
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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12
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Tong MX, Zhang Y, Xiang J, Gao Q, Wang S, Sun S, Jiang B, Bi P. Nonlinear and Threshold Effect of Meteorological Factors on Japanese Encephalitis Transmission in Southwestern China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2442-2449. [PMID: 33124540 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported that meteorological factors might affect the risk of Japanese encephalitis (JE), the relationship between meteorological factors and JE remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between meteorological factors and JE and identify the threshold temperature. Daily meteorological data and JE surveillance data in Dazhou, Sichuan, were collected for the study period from 2005 to 2012 (restricting to May-October because of the seasonal distribution of JE). A distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the lagged and cumulative effect of daily average temperature and daily rainfall on JE transmission. A total of 622 JE cases were reported over the study period. We found JE was positively associated with daily average temperature and daily rainfall with a 25-day lag and 30-day lag, respectively. The threshold value of the daily average temperature is 20°C. Each 5°C increase over the threshold would lead to a 13% (95% CI: 1-17.3%) increase in JE. Using 0 mm as the reference, a daily rainfall of 100 mm would lead to a 132% (95% CI: 73-311%) increase in the risk of JE. Japanese encephalitis is climate-sensitive; meteorological factors should be taken into account for the future prevention and control measure making, especially in a warm and rainy weather condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- Department of Personnel, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jianjun Xiang
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Qi Gao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzi Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Sun
- National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Saxena SK, Kumar S, Haikerwal A. Animal Flaviviruses. EMERGING AND TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL VIRUSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Ciota AT, Keyel AC. The Role of Temperature in Transmission of Zoonotic Arboviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E1013. [PMID: 31683823 PMCID: PMC6893470 DOI: 10.3390/v11111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the literature on the role of temperature in transmission of zoonotic arboviruses. Vector competence is affected by both direct and indirect effects of temperature, and generally increases with increasing temperature, but results may vary by vector species, population, and viral strain. Temperature additionally has a significant influence on life history traits of vectors at both immature and adult life stages, and for important behaviors such as blood-feeding and mating. Similar to vector competence, temperature effects on life history traits can vary by species and population. Vector, host, and viral distributions are all affected by temperature, and are generally expected to change with increased temperatures predicted under climate change. Arboviruses are generally expected to shift poleward and to higher elevations under climate change, yet significant variability on fine geographic scales is likely. Temperature effects are generally unimodal, with increases in abundance up to an optimum, and then decreases at high temperatures. Improved vector distribution information could facilitate future distribution modeling. A wide variety of approaches have been used to model viral distributions, although most research has focused on the West Nile virus. Direct temperature effects are frequently observed, as are indirect effects, such as through droughts, where temperature interacts with rainfall. Thermal biology approaches hold much promise for syntheses across viruses, vectors, and hosts, yet future studies must consider the specificity of interactions and the dynamic nature of evolving biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Alexander C Keyel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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15
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Lo SH, Tang HJ, Lee SSJ, Lee JC, Liu JW, Ko WC, Chang K, Lee CY, Chang YT, Lu PL. Determining the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for the outcomes of Japanese encephalitis in adults: A multicenter study from southern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:893-901. [PMID: 31628089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Southeast Asia, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important cause of viral encephalitis which may cause severe neurological sequelae. JE affects mostly children; therefore, clinical presentations and prognosis of adult JE patients are seldom addressed. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for the outcome of adult JE patients. METHODS Medical records of adult JE patients with acute encephalitis syndrome during 2001-2018 from five medical centers in southern Taiwan were reviewed. Clinical characteristics, brain images, and prognostic factors for outcomes were analyzed. Patients were divided into the good outcome (GO) group and poor outcome (PO) group according to their Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores (GCS >8 vs. ≤ 8) at discharge. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients (men, 61.8%; median age, 50 years) were included. Summer is the epidemic season, and the number of cases peaked in June. The most common symptoms at initial presentation were altered consciousness and fever (both 94.1%), followed by headache (51.4%). The most commonly involved brain regions were thalamus (55.7%) and basal ganglion (37.7%). The median GCS score at nadir was 8, and the median time from onset to nadir was five days. Fifty-two patients were included in the GO group, while 16 were included in the PO group. On multivariate analysis, flaccidity, rigidity, and elevated CSF protein level were identified as independent prognostic factors for PO. CONCLUSION Initial clinical presentations of abnormal muscle tone including flaccidity, rigidity and high CSF protein levels are independent prognostic factors for PO in adult JE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jien-Wei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siao-Kang Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siao-Kang Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030111. [PMID: 31357540 PMCID: PMC6789543 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
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17
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How Socio-Environmental Factors Are Associated with Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi, China-A Bayesian Spatial Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040608. [PMID: 29584661 PMCID: PMC5923650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicated that socio-environmental factors were associated with occurrence of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study explored the association of climate and socioeconomic factors with JE (2006–2014) in Shaanxi, China. JE data at the county level in Shaanxi were supplied by Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population and socioeconomic data were obtained from the China Population Census in 2010 and statistical yearbooks. Meteorological data were acquired from the China Meteorological Administration. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to examine the association of meteorological and socioeconomic factors with JE. A total of 1197 JE cases were included in this study. Urbanization rate was inversely associated with JE incidence during the whole study period. Meteorological variables were significantly associated with JE incidence between 2012 and 2014. The excessive precipitation at lag of 1–2 months in the north of Shaanxi in June 2013 had an impact on the increase of local JE incidence. The spatial residual variations indicated that the whole study area had more stable risk (0.80–1.19 across all the counties) between 2012 and 2014 than earlier years. Public health interventions need to be implemented to reduce JE incidence, especially in rural areas and after extreme weather.
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