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Liang Z, Xu Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Gao Q, Cao H, Liao M. Ecological Toxicity of Cyantraniliprole against Procambarus clarkii: Histopathology, Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3363-3373. [PMID: 38324778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cyantraniliprole is a novel insecticide recently introduced for rice pest control that may cause potential threats to the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in rice-crayfish coculture systems. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of cyantraniliprole against P. clarkii with a LC50 value of 149.77 mg/L (96 h), first. Some abnormal behaviors of P. clarkii treated with 125 mg/L cyantraniliprole, including incunabular hyperexcitability, imbalance, inactivity, and increased excretion were observed. Moreover, it was observed that exposure to 5 mg/L cyantraniliprole for 14 days resulted in histopathological alterations in abdominal muscle, gills, hepatopancreas, and intestines. Furthermore, exposure to 0.05 and 5 mg/L cyantraniliprole induced increased activities of several oxidative stress-related enzymes, which was verified by the upregulation of related genes. Additionally, dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota was determined via 16S rRNA sequencing. These results will provide the basis for the utilization of cyantraniliprole in the fields of rice-crayfish integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Quan Gao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
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Shiry N, Darvishi P, Gholamhossieni A, Pastorino P, Faggio C. Exploring the combined interplays: Effects of cypermethrin and microplastic exposure on the survival and antioxidant physiology of Astacus leptodactylus. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 259:104257. [PMID: 37922724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste and micro/nanoplastic particles pose a significant global environmental challenge, along with concerns surrounding certain pesticides' impact on aquatic organisms. This study investigated the effects of microplastic particles (MPPs) and cypermethrin (CYP) on crayfish, focusing on biochemical indices, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, hematological changes, and histopathological damage. After determining the LC50-96 h value (4.162 μg/L), crayfish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of CYP (1.00 ppb (20%) and 2.00 ppb (50%)) and fed a diet containing 100 mg/kg MPPs for 60 days. Hemolymph transfusion and histopathological examinations of the hepatopancreas were conducted. The results showed significant alterations in crayfish. Total protein levels decreased, indicating protein breakdown to counteract contaminants, while total cholesterol and triglyceride levels declined, suggesting impaired metabolism. Glucose levels increased in response to chemical stress. The decline in total antioxidant capacity highlighted the impact of prolonged xenobiotic exposure and oxidative stress, while increased CAT, SOD, and MDA activities helped mitigate oxidative stress and maintain cellular homeostasis. The elevated total hemocyte count, particularly in semi-granular cells, suggests their active involvement in the detoxification process. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Shiry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Iran Fisheries Organization, Administration of Khuzestan Province, Abadan, Iran
| | - Paria Darvishi
- Iran Fisheries Organization, Administration of Khuzestan Province, Abadan, Iran; Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amin Gholamhossieni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Liu Y, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang Z, Pang S, He X, Song J. Spray losses study of two pesticides by UASS in integrated rice-crayfish farming system and acute toxicity evaluation on Procambarus clarkii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1212818. [PMID: 37767301 PMCID: PMC10519795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1212818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction While the integrated rice-crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) farming system (IRCFS) is widely developing in China, the widespread use of Unmanned Aerial Spraying Systems (UASS) to protect rice from pests has led to potential pesticide risk for the crayfish in IRCFS. Therefore, it is crucial to examine UASS's spray deposition and drift in IRCFS. Method In this study, we used the oligonucleotide sequence-tracking / dot-blotting (OSTDB) method to trace pesticide spraying. We collected detailed data not only on spray loss in the paddy fields, but also on spray drift in the breeding ditches caused by upwind and downwind spray areas. Additionally, pesticide residues in the breeding ditches were measured using LC-MS/MS by collecting water samples after pesticide application. Results The data analysis indicated that the spray loss in the paddy field was significantly greater than that in the breeding ditches. The spray drift in the breeding ditches, caused by the upwind spray area, was seven times higher than that originating from the downwind spray area. Furthermore, the results also revealed that the bulk flow between the paddy fields and the breeding ditches contributed a substantial amount of pesticide residue to the water body in the breeding ditches. In addition, we investigated the acute toxicities of common insecticides using in paddy fields, including thiamethoxam (THI), chlorantraniliprole (CHI), THI·CHI-Mix and THI·CHI-WG. Discussion The results demonstrated that the spray losses and spray drift from UASS spray applications of these pesticides in IRCFS would not cause acute toxicity or death in crayfish. These findings provide important materials for establishing pesticide application standards and guiding the field testing of droplet deposition and drift in IRCFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Unmanned Systems, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Unmanned Systems, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Pang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongkui He
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Unmanned Systems, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Song
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Unmanned Systems, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WCF, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TPC. Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants' natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:67997-68021. [PMID: 37148518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in agricultural production due to the negative impact of insects and weeds, as well as the health and economic burden associated with vector-borne diseases, has promoted the wide use of chemicals that control these "enemies." However, the use of these synthetic chemicals has been recognized to elicit negative impacts on the environment as well as the health and wellbeing of man. In this study, we presented an overview of recent updates on the environmental and health impacts of synthetic pesticides against agro-pest and disease vectors while exhaustive reviewing the potentials of natural plant products from Zanthoxylum species (Rutaceae) as sustainable alternatives. This study is expected to spur further research on exploiting these plants and their chemicals as safe and effective pesticide entities to minimize the impact of their chemical and synthetic counterparts on health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Joseph Chinedum Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Zeng S, Li C, Huang L, Chen Z, Wang P, Qin D, Gao L. Carbon Nanotube-Supported Dummy Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Adsorption of Amide Herbicides in Aquatic Products. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091521. [PMID: 37177066 PMCID: PMC10180091 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a carbon nanotube (CNTs)-supported dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer (DMIPs) material was synthesized and utilized for the detection of amide herbicides in aquatic products via matrix solid-phase dispersion technology (MSPD). The DMIPs material was characterized, and its adsorption kinetics and isotherm were determined, the adsorption model was established, and the selective adsorption coefficient was calculated. The extract parameters of the method were optimized and successfully employed for the separation, analysis and detection of real samples, with satisfactory detection limits and linear ranges obtained. By comparing with other methods, the CNTs@DMIPs combined with MSPD technology established in our study can effectively solve false negative problems caused by insufficient destructive force, using dummy template molecules can also address the issue of false positives caused by template molecule leakage in molecular imprinting. Overall, the method is appropriate for the separation and detection of endogenous substances from highly viscous and poorly dispersed samples and is used as a routine detection tool in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Zeng
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Li Huang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Dongli Qin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150070, China
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San Juan MRF, Lavarías SML, Aparicio V, Larsen KE, Lerner JEC, Cortelezzi A. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in sediments of Pampean streams, Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137598. [PMID: 36549510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After their application in agricultural areas, pesticides are dispersed throughout the environment, causing contamination problems. In Argentina, the main promoter of transgenic biotechnology in the region, the total consumption of agrochemicals has increased significantly in recent years. Most chemicals dumped near surface waters eventually end up in bottom sediments and can be toxic to the organisms that live there. However, published data on the mixing of pesticides in this compartment is still scarce. The objective of this work was to detect and quantify pesticide residues in the sediment of rural streams in the Pampas region and to carry out acute and chronic risk assessment in these aquatic ecosystems. The study area comprises the mountainous system of Tandilia, located in one of the most productive agricultural areas in the country. The concentration of atrazine, acetochlor, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and 2,4-D in the sediment of four rural streams was determined in three different seasons, and the toxic units (TU) and the risk ratios (RQ) were calculated. All the compounds analyzed were detected in most of the sampling seasons and study sites, at concentrations higher than those established in the national and international quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic biota in surface waters and for human consumption. Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and acetochlor were the main pesticides contributing to the TU and RQ values, representing a medium or high ecological risk in most of the sites. Therefore, the evaluation of these pesticides in the bottom sediments could be a decisive factor in assessing the risk to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fernández San Juan
- Instituto Multidisciplinario Sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable (ECOSISTEMAS), UNICEN, Tandil, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), UNICEN, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - S M L Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA-CCT CONICET) La Plata - UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - V Aparicio
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73,3, Balcarce, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Argentina.
| | - K E Larsen
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNICEN, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - J E Colman Lerner
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco" (CONICET-UNLP-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - A Cortelezzi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario Sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable (ECOSISTEMAS), UNICEN, Tandil, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Argentina.
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Zhu H, Guan X, Pu L, Shen L, Hua H. Acute toxicity, biochemical and transcriptomic analysis of Procambarus clarkii exposed to avermectin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:206-215. [PMID: 36129128 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides are extensively applied globally. Pesticide residues induce calamitous effects on the environment and untargeted organisms. Public concerns for the safety of freshwater organisms and the challenges posed by aquatic contaminants remain high. In the present study, the acute toxicity of avermectins (AVMs) to the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii was evaluated. We also evaluated the potential effects of AVM on the biochemical and transcriptomic status of the hepatopancreas and gastrointestinal tract in P. clarkii. RESULTS The 24, 48, 72, 96 h median lethal concentrations (LC50 ) of AVM on crayfish were 2.626, 1.162, 0.723, 0.566 mg L-1 , respectively. The crayfish were then exposed to 0.65 mg L-1 of AVM for 96 h. AVM significantly altered biochemical parameters including AChE and CAT activities in the hepatopancreas, and AChE, SOD and Na + -K + -ATPase activities in the gastrointestinal tract at several time points. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 953 and 1851 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreas and gastrointestinal tract, respectively. KEGG enrichment showed that the gene expression profiles of the hepatopancreas and gastrointestinal tract were distinct from each other. The DEGs in the hepatopancreas were mostly enriched with stress-response pathways, while the majority of the DEGs in the gastrointestinal tract belonged to metabolism-related pathways. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the AVM induced acute toxicity, oxidative stress, osmoregulation disturbance, neurotoxicity and transcriptome imbalance in crayfish. These findings unraveled the detrimental effects of AVMs exposure on crayfish. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjun Guan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyang Shen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Tresnakova N, Kubec J, Stara A, Zuskova E, Faggio C, Kouba A, Velisek J. Chronic Toxicity of Primary Metabolites of Chloroacetamide and Glyphosate to Early Life Stages of Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060927. [PMID: 35741448 PMCID: PMC9219952 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Degradation products of herbicides, alone and in combination, may affect non-target aquatic organisms via leaching or runoff from the soil. The effects of 50-day exposure of primary metabolites of chloroacetamide herbicide, acetochlor ESA (AE; 4 µg/L), and glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA; 4 µg/L), and their combination (AMPA + AE; 4 + 4 µg/L) on mortality, growth, oxidative stress, antioxidant response, behaviour, and gill histology of early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) were investigated. While no treatment effects were observed on cumulative mortality or early ontogeny, growth was significantly lower in all exposed groups compared with the control group. Significant superoxide dismutase activity was observed in exposure groups, and significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity only in the AMPA + AE group. The gill epithelium in AMPA + AE-exposed crayfish showed swelling as well as numerous unidentified fragments in interlamellar space. Velocity and distance moved in crayfish exposed to metabolites did not differ from controls, but increased activity was observed in the AMPA and AE groups. The study reveals the potential risks of glyphosate and acetochlor herbicide usage through their primary metabolites in the early life stages of marbled crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tresnakova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Jan Kubec
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Alzbeta Stara
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Eliska Zuskova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-348-404-2634
| | - Antonin Kouba
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Josef Velisek
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; (N.T.); (J.K.); (A.S.); (E.Z.); (A.K.); (J.V.)
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Cai T, Wen S, Yang X, Yu X, Chen J, Wu J, Zhang L, Zhan L, Luo K, Yi J, Zhu X, Nie Y. Subacute dermal toxicity study of bensulfuron-methyl in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2022; 41:162-167. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2077750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Cai
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Sihui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhong Yang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lichao Zhan
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Luo
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Yi
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Zhu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Nie
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Disease, Changsha, P. R. China
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Ma X, Zhang Y, Guan M, Zhang W, Tian H, Jiang C, Tan X, Kang W. Genotoxicity of chloroacetamide herbicides and their metabolites in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:103. [PMID: 33907828 PMCID: PMC8054635 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of chloroacetamide herbicide in embryo development remains unclear. Acetochlor (AC) is a chloroacetamide that metabolizes into 2‑ethyl‑6‑methyl-2-chloroacetanilide (CMEPA) and 6‑ethyl‑o‑toluidine (MEA). The present study determined the potential effect of AC and its metabolites on embryo development. Both HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos were exposed to AC, CMEPA and MEA in the presence or absence of co‑treatment with anti‑reactive oxygen species (ROS) reagent N‑acetylcysteine. The generation of ROS, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from HepG2 cells were investigated. The effects of AC, CMEPA and MEA on DNA breakage, MAPK/ERK pathway activity, viability and apoptosis of HepG2 cells were examined by comet assay, western blotting, MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Levels of LDH, SOD and GSH in zebrafish embryos exposed to AC, CMEPA and MEA were measured. The hatching and survival rates of zebrafish embryos exposed to AC, CMEPA and MEA, were determined, and apoptosis of hatched fish was investigated using acridine orange staining. The present data showed AC, CMEPA and MEA induced generation of ROS and decreased levels of SOD and GSH in HepG2 cells, which in turn promoted DNA breakage and LDH leakage from cells, ultimately inhibiting cell viability and inducing apoptosis, as well as phosphorylation of JNK and P38. However, co‑treatment with N‑acetylcysteine alleviated the pro‑apoptosis effect of AC and its metabolites. Moreover, exposure to AC, CMEPA and MEA lead to toxicity of zebrafish embryos with decreased SOD and GSH and increased LDH levels and cell apoptosis, ultimately decreasing the hatching and survival rates of zebrafish, all of which was attenuated by treatment with N‑acetylcysteine. Therefore, AC and its metabolites (CMEPA and MEA) showed cytotoxicity and embryo development toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Ma
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Mingyang Guan
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Tian
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Caixiao Jiang
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Tan
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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11
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Hossain MS, Kubec J, Guo W, Roje S, Ložek F, Grabicová K, Randák T, Kouba A, Buřič M. A combination of six psychoactive pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations alter the locomotory behavior of clonal marbled crayfish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141383. [PMID: 32882544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment worldwide and considered emerging contaminants. Their effects on growth, behavior, and physiological processes of aquatic organisms have been identified even at very low concentrations. Ecotoxicological investigations have primarily focused on single compound exposure, generally at a range of concentrations. In the natural environment, pollutants seldom occur in isolation, but little is known about the effects and risks of combinations of chemicals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of concurrent exposure to six psychoactive PhACs on locomotory behavior and life history traits of clonal marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Crayfish were exposed to ~1 μg L-1 of the antidepressants sertraline, citalopram, and venlafaxine; the anxiolytic oxazepam; the opioid tramadol; and the widely abused psychostimulant methamphetamine. In the absence of shelter, exposed crayfish moved significantly shorter distances and at lower velocity and showed significantly less activity than controls. With available shelter, exposed crayfish moved significantly more distance, showed higher activity, and spent a significantly more time outside the shelter than controls. Molting, mortality, and spawning frequency did not vary significantly between the groups. Hemolymph glucose level did not vary among groups and was not correlated with observed behaviors. Results suggest that environmental concentrations of the tested compounds in combination can alter the behavior of non-target aquatic organisms as individual exposure of these compounds, which may lead to disruption of ecosystem processes due to their reduced caution in polluted conditions. Further research is needed using varied chemical mixtures, exposure systems, and habitats, considering molecular and physiological processes connected to behavior alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawate Hossain
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Department of Fisheries Biology and Aquatic Environment, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Jan Kubec
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Wei Guo
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Roje
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Ložek
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in České Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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12
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Guo W, Hossain MS, Kubec J, Grabicová K, Randák T, Buřič M, Kouba A. Psychoactive compounds at environmental concentration alter burrowing behavior in the freshwater crayfish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135138. [PMID: 32000346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) have been increasingly detected in freshwater and marine waterbodies worldwide and are recognized as major emerging micropollutant threat to the aquatic environment. Despite their low concentrations in the environment, there is evidence of effects on non-target aquatic organisms in natural habitats. To assess the potential effects of PhACs on its burrowing behavior, we exposed the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii to methamphetamine or tramadol at the environmentally relevant concentration of 1 μg/L. Methamphetamine-exposed females constructed burrows of lower depth and volume relative to individual weight than did controls. Tramadol-exposed females consistently exhibited a tendency for smaller burrows, but this difference was not significant. Exposed males showed a non-significant tendency to excavate larger burrows compared with the control. Control and tramadol-treated females maintained the natural tendency of constructing relatively deeper and/or larger-volume burrows compared with males. This sex-related pattern was not detected in the methamphetamine group. The rate of human therapeutic PhAC usage is relatively stable year-round, and impacts on crayfish burrowing can be particularly damaging during periods of drought, when the dilution of waste waters is reduced, and burrowing becomes a critical survival strategy. Our results suggest that an increasingly broad range of environmental impacts of PhACs on non-target organisms can be expected in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Md Shakhawate Hossain
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubec
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic.
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13
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Fathy M, Mohamed IA, Farghal AIA, Temerak SAH, Sayed AEDH. Hemotoxic effects of some herbicides on juvenile of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30857-30865. [PMID: 31446602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the residues of some common and widely used herbicides (acetochlor, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon, bensulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, and quinclorac) were detected in the surface water, soil, sediments, and fish tissues as the agricultural drainage problems. In this study, juveniles of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of these herbicides as 2.625, 0.800, 36.00, 2.50, 1.275, and 11.250 mg/l for acetochlor, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon, bensulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, and quinclorac respectively for 96 h. Some hemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated. In comparison with the control group, sub-lethal concentrations of all tested herbicides induced alterations in the shape of erythrocytes. Also, in all tested herbicides, hematological parameters of exposed fish exhibited a significant decrease in red blood cell count except bentazon. However, all tested herbicides showed an insignificant reduction in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and total white blood cells except bensulfuron-methyl. For biochemical parameters, most tested herbicides induced a significant increase in levels of cholesterol, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total plasma protein (only with acetochlor), urea, and creatinine (except bentazon and halosulfuron-methyl that exhibited non-significant decrease in creatinine level) compared with the control. In conclusion, the fish blood profiles can be used as good biomarkers for laboratory study to assess the toxicity of the tested rice herbicides at a sub-acute level especially acetochlor on O. niloticus. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fathy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Mohamed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I A Farghal
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Sobhy A H Temerak
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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14
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Yu J, Xu EG, Li W, Jin S, Yuan T, Liu J, Li Z, Zhang T. Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050984. [PMID: 29757963 PMCID: PMC5982023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of pymetrozine to juvenile Procambarus clarkii. Two 96-h toxicity tests were conducted to assess the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values, behaviors, and histopathology (at 50% of the 96 h LC50) after pymetrozine exposure. The results showed high toxicity of pymetrozine to juvenile P. clarkii in a dose and time dependent manner, with a decreasing LC50 from 1.034 mg/L at 24 h to 0.479 mg/L at 96 h. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of pymetrozine for P. clarkii was 0.106 mg/L. Behavioral abnormalities were observed in pymetrozine-treated crayfish, such as incunabular hyperexcitability, subsequent disequilibrium, lethargy, and increased defecation. Significant lesions were observed in all pymetrozine-treated tissues, including: (1) in gill, hemocytic infiltration and 33.27% of epithelial cells lesions; (2) in perigastric organs, 64.37%, 29.06%, and 13.99% of tubules with lumen atrophy, vacuolation, and cell lysis, respectively; (3) in heart, 2.5%, 8.55% and 7.74% of hemocytic infiltration, vacuolization, and hyperplasia, respectively; (4) in stomach, 80.82%, 17.77%, 6.98%, 5.24% of cuticula swelling, vacuolization, muscle fragmentation, hemocytic infiltration, respectively; (5) in midgut, 7.45%, 10.98%, 6.74%, and 13.6% of hyperplasia, tissue lysis and vacuolation, hemocytic infiltration, muscle fracture; and (6) in abdominal muscle, 14.09% of myofiber fracture and lysis. This research demonstrates that pymetrozine is highly toxic to juvenile P. clarkii, with significant effects on mortality, behavior and histopathology at concentrations of ≤1.1 mg/L, while the estimated practical concentration of pymetrozine in rice-crayfish culture water was around 20 times lower than the calculated MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Shiyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiashou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhongjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Tanglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
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