1
|
Bhamdare H, Pahade P, Bose D, Durgbanshi A, Carda-Broch S, Peris-Vicente J. Evaluating the effectiveness of different household washing techniques for removal of insecticides from spinach and chickpea leaves by micellar liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465043. [PMID: 38908066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the employment of green analytical approaches in chromatographic method development has attracted the analytical separation community. The greenness of the developed method depends upon the toxicity of solvents and the amount of generated post-analysis waste generated. In this concern, micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a simple and rapid technique that generates very low toxic waste compared to traditional chromatographic pesticide detection methods. Here, MLC method has been validated and applied for the determination of monocrotofos (MCF), imidacloprid (ICP), dimethoate (DM) and profenofos (PFF) in spinach and chickpea leaves. The optimized mobile phase was 0.065 M SDS-2 % 1-propanol, 0.01 M NaH2PO4 buffered to pH 7. A C18 column was used for separation with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The developed method has been validated following the guidelines of SANTE/11,312/2021 and ICH guidelines for; limit of quantification (0.05-0.20 mg/kg), linearity (r2> 0.997-0.999), precision (<6.3 %), accuracy (96.3 %-99.8 %) and robustness (<6) in real samples. ICP and MCF, apart from DM and PFF, were detected in the present work. After detecting insecticides in spinach and chickpea leaves both were washed with different household chemicals i.e. normal, lukewarm, common salt, lemon juice water and commercial ozonizer. Based on five washing techniques with insecticide concentration time intervals reduction rates were calculated for each washing treatment. The results show that lemon juice, common salt water, and ozonizer can be used as washing techniques for the reduction of superficial and systematic residues of ICP and MCF. Common salt and lemon juice water were better for washing over vinegar and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as they enhance the colour of the green leafy vegetables and are available in every Indian kitchen. They can be easily used by lower socioeconomic classes who cannot afford KMnO4 and vinegar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Bhamdare
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Priyanka Pahade
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Devasish Bose
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Abhilasha Durgbanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India.
| | - Samuel Carda-Broch
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, Castello 12071, Spain
| | - Juan Peris-Vicente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Burjassot-Valencia 46100, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Liu C, Liu F, Zhang X, Chen X, Peng Q, Wu G, Zhao Z. Substantial removal of four pesticide residues in three fruits with ozone microbubbles. Food Chem 2024; 441:138293. [PMID: 38183718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Developing a straightforward method to remove pesticide residues from fruits is essential for food safety. In this study, ozone microbubble treatment was performed on three fruits (strawberry, cherry, and apricot) to remove four pesticide residues (emamectin benzoate, azoxystrobin, boscalid, and difenoconazole) while comparing removal efficiency. The concentration of hydroxyl radicals in different washing orientations was homogeneous at a concentration ranging between 8.9 and 10.2 μmol·L-1. Under long washing time (18 min), strawberry, cherry, and apricot obtained higher removal rates of 51 %∼65 %, 51 %∼59 % and 24 %∼70 %, respectively. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle (CA) revealed that apricot has better hydrophobicity, leading to a higher pesticide removal of 45 ∼ 84 % with less water and more vigorous washing. Notably, vitamin C content in fruits remain largely unchanged following ozone microbubble treatment. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of ozone microbubble treatment as pollution-free method for enhancing food safety by removing pesticide residues on fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xianzhao Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuehui Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingrong Peng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ge Wu
- Infinitus China Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
SUDSIRI CJ, JUMPA N, RITCHIE RJ. Magnetically treated water for removal of surface contamination by Malathion on Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea L.). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298371. [PMID: 38758738 PMCID: PMC11101036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malathion® is a persistent organophosphate pesticide used against biting and chewing insects on vegetables. It is a difficult-to-remove surface contaminant of vegetables and contaminates surface and ground water and soils. Malathion® is only partially water soluble, but use of detergent carriers makes adhering Malathion® residues difficult to subsequently remove. Magnetically treated water (MTW) successfully removed Malathion® from Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), meeting Maximum Residue Load (MRL) standards. Samples were soaked in MTW for 30 min prior to detection with GC/MS/MS, 98.5±3.02% of Malathion® was removed after washing by MTW. Removal by simple washing was only ≈42±1.2% which was not nearly sufficient to meet MRL criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chadapust J. SUDSIRI
- Faculty of Sciences and Industrial Technology Prince of Songkla University in Suratthani, Suratthani, Thailand
| | - Nattawat JUMPA
- Sciences Laboratory and Equipment Centre, Prince of Songkla University in Suratthani, Suratthani, Thailand
| | - Raymond J. RITCHIE
- Biotechnology of Electromechanics Research Unit, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University in Phuket, Phuket, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du X, Gao Z, He L. Quantifying the effect of non-ionic surfactant alkylphenol ethoxylates on the persistence of thiabendazole on fresh produce surface. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2630-2640. [PMID: 37985216 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the role of adjuvants in pesticide persistence is crucial to develop effective pesticide formulations and manage pesticide residues in fresh produce. This study investigated the impact of a commercial non-ionic surfactant product containing alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) on the persistence of thiabendazole on apple and spinach surfaces against the 30 kg m-3 baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3 ) soaking, which was used to remove the active ingredient (AI) in the cuticular wax layer of fresh produce through alkaline hydrolysis. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping method was used to quantify the residue levels on fresh produce surfaces at different experimental scenarios. Four standard curves were established to quantify surface thiabendazole in the absence and presence of APEOs, on apple and spinach leaf surfaces, respectively. RESULTS Overall, the result showed that APEOs enhanced the persistence of thiabendazole over time. After 3 days of exposure, APEOs increased thiabendazole surface residue against NaHCO3 hydrolysis on apple and spinach surfaces by 5.39% and 10.47%, respectively. CONCLUSION The study suggests that APEOs led to more pesticide residues on fresh produce and greater difficulty in washing them off from the surfaces using baking soda, posing food safety concerns. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zili Gao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang A, Wan Y, Qi W, Mahai G, Qian X, Zheng T, Li Y, Xu S, Xiao H, Xia W. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid insecticides and oxidative stress: A repeated measurement analysis among pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169565. [PMID: 38145670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to insecticides may be associated with increased oxidative stress (OS), but few studies have assessed the associations of OS biomarkers (OSBs) with exposure to multiple insecticides and their mixture, especially in pregnant women who are a vulnerable population. In the present study, 1,094 Chinese pregnant women were recruited and a total of 3,282 urine samples were collected at their three trimesters to measure eight metabolites of organophosphates, three metabolites of pyrethroids, nine typical neonicotinoids/their metabolites, and three OSBs of DNA damage (8-OHdG), RNA damage (8-OHG), and lipid peroxidation (HNE-MA). Among the twenty target insecticide metabolites, sixteen of them were frequently detected; thirteen of them were detected in over 86% of all the urine samples except for imidacloprid (IMI, detection frequency: 72.9%), desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI, 70.0%), and clothianidin (CLO, 79.6%). The reproducibility of their concentrations across the three trimesters was poor to fair (intraclass correlation coefficients <0.50). Multiparity and warm season were related to higher urinary levels of some insecticide metabolites, while higher education level and inadequate weight gain during pregnancy were significantly associated with lower concentrations of certain insecticide metabolites. Linear mixed model analyses suggested that almost all the frequently detected insecticide metabolites [other than 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)] were significantly associated with elevated levels of the three OSBs (8-OHdG, 8-OHG, and HNE-MA), where the percent change (Δ%) ranged 8.10-36.0% for 8-OHdG, 8.49-34.7% for 8-OHG, and 5.92-182% for HNE-MA, respectively, with each interquartile ratio (IQR)-fold increase in the concentrations of the individual exposure biomarkers. Weighted quantile sum models demonstrated that the insecticide metabolite mixture was positively associated with the three OSBs. Overall, urinary desmethyl-clothianidin (DM-CLO) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) were the top insecticide exposure biomarkers contributing to the association with 8-OHdG and 8-OHG levels, while PNP contributed the most to the association with HNE-MA levels. These findings suggested that gestational exposure to organophosphates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, their transformation products, and their mixture may increase oxidative damage to lipids, RNA, and DNA during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Wang
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Wei Qi
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430040, PR China
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Han Xiao
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, PR China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi Y, Cao J, Li C, Ren P, Qin S, Li J. Dissipation, Processing Factors and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Myclobutanil in Tomato. Molecules 2023; 28:5978. [PMID: 37630230 PMCID: PMC10459743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myclobutanil residue poses a potential threat to consumers' health. This work aims to investigate the degradation behavior, residue levels, processing factors (PFs) and dietary risk of myclobutanil in tomato. Myclobutanil was analyzed using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and average recoveries ranged from 82% to 102% with relative standard deviations RSDs ≤ 9.1%. After spraying myclobutanil miscible oil under field conditions, the initial concentration of myclobutanil was 0.055 mg/kg, and its dissipation followed the first-order kinetics equation with a half-life of 2.88 days. Myclobutanil was mainly present in the tomato skin, and its concentration was about four times that in the whole tomato. The initial concentration of myclobutanil in raw tomato was 0.100 mg/kg. After washing, peeling, homogenization, simmering and canning, the residual level of myclobutanil decreased to 0.067 mg/kg, 0.023 mg/kg, 0.013 mg/kg, 0.044 mg/kg and 0.041 mg/kg, respectively. Although the procedure of simmering led to an increase in myclobutanil concentration, the PFs were all less than 1 in the whole process, showing that the processing procedure significantly decreased the residual level of myclobutanil canned tomato paste in comparison with the raw agricultural commodity. Washing, peeling, and homogenization played critical roles in reducing pesticide residues. The residues of myclobutanil during the processing of tomato pose low dietary exposure risks to consumers in China, which were acceptable. However, the acute and chronic risk quotient for children revealed that it was necessary to monitor the dietary exposure of pesticide residues for children closely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jindong Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.Q.); (J.C.); (C.L.); (P.R.); (S.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choi BS, Lee DU, Kim WS, Park CW, Choe WJ, Moon MJ. Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments. Foods 2023; 12:3001. [PMID: 37628000 PMCID: PMC10453053 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for evaluating pesticide residues is essential in order to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products since the Republic of Korea implemented the Positive List System (PLS). The objective of this research was to establish a method for the simultaneous analysis of 322 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables (such as coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper), using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study introduces a robust, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method for screening the target pesticide residues in agricultural products, achieving the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg LOQ. Despite some compounds not aligning with the CODEX recovery guideline, sufficient reproducibility was confirmed, attesting to the method's applicability in qualitative analyses. A health risk assessment conducted using estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake ratios indicated low risks associated with product consumption (<0.035391%), thereby confirming their safety. This efficient method holds significant implications for the safe distribution of agricultural products, including during import inspections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Sun Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woo-Seong Kim
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Won-Jo Choe
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Moon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Flamminii F, Minetti S, Mollica A, Cichelli A, Cerretani L. The Effect of Washing, Blanching and Frozen Storage on Pesticide Residue in Spinach. Foods 2023; 12:2806. [PMID: 37509898 PMCID: PMC10379809 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a representative green leafy vegetable commonly consumed fresh or as a ready-to-cook frozen product, with increasing consumption because of its many health-related properties. Among leafy vegetables, spinach poses a major concern in terms of pesticide residue detection due to common phytotechnical practices. In this study, spinach leaves were treated in the open field with three commercial pesticide formulations containing propamocarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, fluopicolide and chlorantraniliprole at the highest concentration. The effects of the successive processing steps of washing, blanching, freezing and frozen storage were evaluated on the levels of the four pesticide residues and the degradation product (propamocarb n-desmethyl). The washing step caused a reduction of fluopicolide and chlorantraniliprole of -47% and -43%, respectively, while having a mild effect on lambda-cyhalothrin content (+5%). A two-minute blanching step allowed for the reduction of pesticides content ranging from -41% to -4% with respect to the washed sample. Different behaviors were depicted for longer blanching times, mainly for propamocarb, reaching -56% after 10 min of treatment. Processing factors higher than 1 were reported mainly for lambda-cyhalothrin and fluopicolide. Frozen storage led to a slight increase in the pesticide content in samples treated for 6 and 10 min. The optimal blanching treatment for spinach, submitted to freezing and frozen storage, seems to be 2 min at 80 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Flamminii
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Minetti
- Società Abruzzese Lavorazione Prodotti Agricoli (S.A.L.P.A.) S.A.C.arl, Via Nazionale, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cerretani
- Società Abruzzese Lavorazione Prodotti Agricoli (S.A.L.P.A.) S.A.C.arl, Via Nazionale, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Du X, Gao Z, Yang T, Qu Y, He L. Understanding the impact of a non-ionic surfactant alkylphenol ethoxylate on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of pesticides on apple surfaces. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122954. [PMID: 37270975 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide active ingredients (AIs) are often applied with adjuvants to facilitate the stability and functionality of AIs in agricultural practice. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of a common non-ionic surfactant, alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO), on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) analysis of pesticides as well as its impact on pesticide persistence on apple surfaces, as a model fresh produce surface. The wetted areas of two AIs (thiabendazole and phosmet) mixed with APEO were determined respectively to correct the unit concentration applied on apple surfaces for a fair comparison. SERS with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) mirror substrates was applied to measure the signal intensity of AIs with and without APEO on apple surfaces after a short-term (45 min) and a long-term (5 days) exposure. The limit of detection (LOD) of thiabendazole and phosmet using this SERS-based method were 0.861 ppm and 2.883 ppm, respectively. The result showed that APEO decreased the SERS signal for non-systemic phosmet, while increased SERS intensity of systemic thiabendazole on apple surfaces after 45 min pesticide exposure. After 5 days, the SERS intensity of thiabendazole with APEO was higher than thiabendazole alone, and there was no significant difference between phosmet with and without APEO. Possible mechanisms were discussed. Furthermore, a 1% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) washing method was applied to test the impact of APEO on the persistence of the residues on apple surfaces after short-term and long-term exposures. The results indicated that APEO significantly enhanced the persistence of thiabendazole on plant surfaces after a 5-day exposure, while there was no significant impact on phosmet. The information obtained facilitates a better understanding of the impact of the non-ionic surfactant on SERS analysis of pesticide behavior on and in plants and helps further develop the SERS method for studying complex pesticide formulations in plant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Zili Gao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Tianxi Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yanqi Qu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pesticide Residues and Effect of Household Processing in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:7503426. [PMID: 36755781 PMCID: PMC9902158 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7503426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The long-term and indiscriminate use of pesticides has resulted in serious health effects. Aside from that, developing countries do not have any monitoring systems in place to prevent the consumption of high levels of pesticides in foods. Therefore, this study aimed to determine pesticide residues and the effect of processing in commonly consumed vegetables in the southwestern part of Ethiopia. In total, 12 samples of 1 kg of each type of vegetable were collected from selected markets. Moreover, as a solution to pesticide residue problems in vegetables, the effect of different processing methods such as washing, peeling, boiling, and their cumulative effect was studied. In the analytical procedure, the modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction with florisil as a cleanup sorbent was used and the identification of pesticides was done by using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The parent p,p'-DDT was detected at a concentration of 0.015 mg/kg in potato samples from the Serbo market and a concentration of 0.516, 0.232, 0.174, and 1.512 mg/kg in Merkato, Kochi, Serbo, and Shebe onion samples, respectively. P`p-DDT is detected at a high concentration compared to its metabolites (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD), which is an indication of recent use. DDT and its metabolites, other organochlorines (lindane, γ-chlordane, dimethachlor, and heptachlor), and pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) exceeded the recommended limits by FAO and WHO in multiple samples of potato, onion, and cabbage. The processing result showed that washing, boiling, and the combination of the two revealed a 100% reduction in o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT pesticides detected in cabbage. In conclusion, multiple residues were detected in the three vegetables studied, indicating that pesticides were applied intensively. Pesticide levels were reduced by home processing procedures, which is important for consumer safety.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lecerf JM, Périquet A, Carlin F, Lanckriet S, Paris N, Robaglia C, Gleizer B, Belzunces L, Cravedi JP, Calvarin J. Comparison of pesticide residue and specific nutrient levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:496-505. [PMID: 36468616 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the consumption of apples has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, largely as a result of their micronutrient and phytoconstituent contents. Apple peel not only contains more polyphenols than the flesh, but also is likely to contain pesticide residues. The present study aimed to compare the contents of certain micronutrients and residual pesticide levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. RESULTS Peeled apples contained fewer pesticide residues at lower concentrations than unpeeled apples. However, whether samples were peeled or not, the exposure values for pesticide residues in apples never exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI), but ranged between 0.04% and 2.10% of the ADI in adults for food intake estimated at the 95th percentile (277 g per person per day). Determination of polyphenol, fibre, magnesium and vitamin C levels showed that the nutritional differences observed between peeled and unpeeled apples were marginal. CONCLUSION The consumption of apples, such as the apples tested in the present study, results in an exposure to pesticides that is low for unpeeled apples, and lower for peeled apples. Moreover, there was no significant loss of nutritional value from eating peeled apples based on the nutrients investigated. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Lecerf
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lanckriet
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Paris
- Optima Europe Statistical Consulting Firm, Floirac, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences & Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Plant Genetics & Biophysics Team, Marseille, France
| | | | - Luc Belzunces
- INRAE, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, UR 0406 A&E, Avignon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh S, Solanki V, Bardhan K, Kansara R, Vyas TK, Gandhi K, Dhakan D, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH. Evaluation of Ozonation Technique for Pesticide Residue Removal in Okra and Green Chili Using GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3202. [PMID: 36501242 PMCID: PMC9739672 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural commodities has become a global health concern. Various household methods are employed to remove pesticide residues from agricultural commodities, e.g., water and ozone. Many ozone-based commercial pesticide removal machines are available in the market for the general public. The current study compares the pesticide removal efficiency of ozone-based washing of fruits and vegetables to simple tap water through commercially available machines and its health risk assessment to different age groups of consumers. The okra and green chili fruits were treated with acetamiprid and ethion as foliar application at the fruiting stage, using the recommended dose (RD) and double to the recommended dose (2RD), respectively. A modified QuEChERS-based pesticide extraction method was verified for its accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. The treated samples were washed with tap and ozonated water at different intervals, i.e., 3, 8, and 10 min using a commercial food purifier. Washing with ozonized water for 3 min recorded the maximum removal of acetamiprid and ethion from okra and chili fruits. Further, the risk quotient values (RQ) obtained were lower than one at both doses. Thus, washing vegetables with ozonized water for 3 min ensures vegetables are safer for general consumption without any health risk to Indian consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Singh
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Vanrajsinh Solanki
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kirti Bardhan
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohan Kansara
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Trupti K. Vyas
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kelvin Gandhi
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sapbamrer R, Chittrakul J. Determinants of Consumers' Behavior in Reducing Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits, Northern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13033. [PMID: 36293605 PMCID: PMC9602482 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in vegetables in northern Thailand exceed the maximum residue limits established by the European Union. Therefore, improved knowledge and behavior in reducing pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits (VF) would reduce the risk of exposure to pesticides. This study aims to investigate the contributing factors of consumers' behavior in reducing pesticide residues in VF. The differences in knowledge, attitude, and behavior in reducing pesticide residues in VF between consumers living in rural and urban communities of Chiang Mai, Thailand were also investigated. The cross-sectional study was carried out during August and October 2021 with 456 participants. Data was collected from participants using a Google form questionnaire. The results indicated that pesticide-free was the top-ranked consideration for VF purchasing. Linear regression analysis found that factors associated with consumers' behavior in reducing pesticide residues in VF were total knowledge scores (Beta (β) ± standard error (SE.) = 1.15 ± 0.18, 95%CI = 0.79, 1.51), total attitude scores (β ± SE. = 1.30 ± 0.49, 95%CI = 3.87, 10.40), having co-morbidity (β ± SE. = 3.2 ± 1.37, 95%CI = 0.52, 5.90), type of VF purchasing (β ± SE. = 1.98 ± 0.57, 95%CI = 0.85, 3.11), frequency of VF purchasing (β ± SE. = 3.81 ± 1.18, 95%CI = 1.49, 6.13), price of VF products (β ± SE. = -2.23 ± 1.13, 95%CI = -4.45, -0.02), and getting information from the broadcasting tower in the village (β ± SE. = 7.13 ± 1.66, 95%CI = 0.32, 2.27).
Collapse
|
14
|
Effectiveness of Different Washing Strategies on Pesticide Residue Removal: The First Comparative Study on Leafy Vegetables. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182916. [PMID: 36141043 PMCID: PMC9498324 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leafy vegetables are used in various cuisines worldwide; however, as they cannot be peeled and their leaf surface area is large, the risk of retaining pesticide residues on these vegetables is relatively higher than on others. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study to reveal the effect of removing pesticide residues from five artificially contaminated leafy vegetables (lettuce, perilla leaves, spinach, crown daisy, and ssamchoo (Brassica lee ssp. namai)) using different removal methods. The percent reduction range for each method was 43.7−77.0%, and the reduction range for the five leafy vegetables was 40.6−67.4%. Lettuce had the highest reduction (67.4 ± 7.3%), whereas ssamchoo had the lowest reduction (40.6 ± 12.9%). Spinach and crown daisy showed no significant difference in their reductions. Based on reduction by method, running water (77.0 ± 18.0%) and boiling (59.5 ± 31.2%) led to the highest reduction, whereas detergent (43.7 ± 14.5%) led to the lowest reduction. The reductions of chlorfenapyr, diniconazole, indoxacarb, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, and lufenuron in the leafy vegetables were lower with blanching and boiling than with other methods (p < 0.05). These results highlight the importance of thoroughly washing leafy vegetables to lower the intake of pesticide residues before cooking.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wasilewski T, Hordyjewicz-Baran Z, Zarębska M, Zajszły-Turko E, Zimoch J, Kanios A, De Barros Sanches M. Effect of Talc Particle Size in Detergents for Fruits and Vegetables on the Ability to Remove Pesticide Residues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25046-25054. [PMID: 35910140 PMCID: PMC9330108 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detergents containing abrasive talc particles for washing fruits and vegetables were designed and investigated. Detergent prototypes were developed with the following composition: 40% talc particles, 1.5% surfactants, 5% ethyl alcohol, 1% sodium citrate, 1% sodium carbonate, 1.5% glycerin, and 0.5% preservative. Xanthan gum (0.5% concentration) was used as a viscosity modifier to stabilize the dispersion of talc particles. Three types of detergent prototypes were prepared, differing in the size of the talc particles. The following fractions were used: 50-125, 250-500, and 710-1000 μm. The particle size effect on the effectiveness of the removal of surface pesticide residues was investigated. A specially developed methodology was used. Three types of pesticides (boscalid, acetamiprid, and pyraclostrobin) were applied to a cherry tomato, tangerine, and cucumber, and then a model washing process was performed using the developed detergents. The changes in the pesticide content on the surface of fruit and vegetables were assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Detergents with talc particles of sizes 50-125 and 250-500 μm were more efficient in the removal of pesticide residues from the surface of fruit and vegetables compared to detergents with 710-1000 μm talc particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasilewski
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity
Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of
Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Zofia Hordyjewicz-Baran
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zarębska
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Ewa Zajszły-Turko
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zimoch
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Anna Kanios
- ELEMENTIS
Specialties, 17595 Energy
Rd, 26155 New Martinsville, West Virginia, United States
| | - Mano De Barros Sanches
- ELEMENTIS
Specialties, 17595 Energy
Rd, 26155 New Martinsville, West Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A New LC-MS Method for Evaluating the Efficacy of Pesticide Residue Removal from Fruit Surfaces by Washing Agents. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture uses pesticides to improve the quality and quantity of crops. However, pesticide residues can remain on agricultural products, posing very serious risks to human health and life. It is recommended to wash fruits and vegetables before consumption. To assess the removal efficacy of pesticide residue, a sensitive and reliable method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of four pesticide residues (acetamiprid, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, and pendimethalin). Isotope-labeled standards were used to validate the method in terms of recovery, linearity, matrix effects, precision, and sensitivity. The mean recovery values for both low-quality control (LQC) and high-quality control (HQC) transitions were in the range of 89–105%, and the intra-day precision was less than 13.7%. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.003 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for evaluating the quality of detergents for removing pesticide residues from fruit surfaces.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mahdavi V, Eslami Z, Gordan H, Ramezani S, Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Maˈmani L, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Pesticide residues in green-house cucumber, cantaloupe, and melon samples from Iran: A risk assessment by Monte Carlo Simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112563. [PMID: 34922982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to analyze 56 pesticide residues in 100 green-house cucumber and 150 cantaloupe and melon samples collected from markets in Iran by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method based on analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In addition, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic probabilistic health risk assessments were evaluated by Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) based on the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. According to Iranian regulation, 18% of cucumber and 22% of cantaloupe and melon samples were contaminated by at least one pesticide. Arrange pesticides based on HQ ranking was diazinon > thiacloprid > imidacloprid tebuconazole for cucumbers and chlorpyrifos > thiacloprid > imidacloprid > metalaxyl for cantaloupes and melons. In addition, HI for adults was 0.067 in cucumber and 0.24 in cantaloupe and melon; and for children, 0.30 in cucumber and 0.60 in cantaloupe and melon. Arrange pesticides based on CR ranking was thiacloprid > imidacloprid > metalaxyl > chlorpyrifos > tebuconazole > diazinon. However, CR was more than 1.0E-6 value due to thiacloprid, so consumers were at considerable carcinogenic risk in these commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Eslami
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasti Gordan
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ramezani
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran; Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Maˈmani
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mir SA, Dar B, Mir MM, Sofi SA, Shah MA, Sidiq T, Sunooj KV, Hamdani AM, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Current strategies for the reduction of pesticide residues in food products. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
19
|
Premjit Y, Sruthi NU, Pandiselvam R, Kothakota A. Aqueous ozone: Chemistry, physiochemical properties, microbial inactivation, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and application in food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1054-1085. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Premjit
- Agricultural & Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - N. U. Sruthi
- Agricultural & Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - R. Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology Division ICAR‐Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) Kasaragod Kerala India
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Degradation of Imidacloprid Residues on Unripe Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) by AOPs and Its Analysis using Spectrophotometer and HPLC. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2021. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.24.7.268-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide-active ingredient used by farmers to kill and control insects. Imidacloprid residue can be found in unripe tomatoes. Consuming unripe tomatoes contaminated with imidacloprid can cause human health problems such as cancer, chronic kidney disease, neurological disorders, and reproductive issues. In this study, imidacloprid pesticide residues on unripe tomatoes were degraded by the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) method, namely ozonolysis, sonolysis, and sonozolysis at various processing times (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes) in 50 g sample mass and 100 mL water volume. The changes in imidacloprid concentration before and after degradation were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and HPLC. The results of imidacloprid residue degradation by sonolysis was 66.99%, ozonolysis was 74.87%, and sonozolysis was 66.00%. The degradation kinetics of the imidacloprid residue was then studied. Kinetic study of all AOPs methods found that imidacloprid degradation followed a first-order kinetic model. The kinetics data showed that ozonolysis degradation is faster than sonolysis and sonozolysis, with a half-life (t1/2) of 16.90 minutes.
Collapse
|
21
|
The efficacy of washing strategies in the elimination of fungicide residues and the alterations on the quality of bell peppers. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110579. [PMID: 34399550 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Food safety problems caused by pesticide residues in vegetables have become a top issue to raise public concern. In this study, bell peppers were grown in an experimental field and sprayed with two systemic (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole) and one contact (chlorothalonil) fungicides. Ozone (ozonated water and water continuously bubble with ozone) or conventional domestic (washing with distilled water, detergent, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hypochlorite solutions) procedures were investigated to identify the most effective way to remove fungicide residues in bell peppers. The residues in the fruits and the washing solutions were determined by solid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partition (SLE/LTP) and liquid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partition (LLE/LTP), respectively, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Water continuously bubbled with ozone a concentration of 3 mg L-1 was the most efficient treatment with removal of fungicides residues ranging from 67% to 87%. However, similar treatment at a lower concentration (1 mg L-1) did not only efficiently removed fungicide residues (between 53% and 75%) but also preserving the quality of the fruit along a storage time of 13 days. Among the conventional solutions, sodium bicarbonate at 5% showed good efficiency removing between 60% and 81% of the fungicide residues from bell peppers, affecting the color quality of the fruit. Overall, the most affected physicochemical parameters in bell peppers after the treatments were weight loss, color, and vitamin C content.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cui K, Wu X, Wei D, Zhang Y, Cao J, Xu J, Dong F, Liu X, Zheng Y. Health risks to dietary neonicotinoids are low for Chinese residents based on an analysis of 13 daily-consumed foods. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106385. [PMID: 33503555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticide residues are ubiquitous in various foodstuffs and may adversely affect human health. We performed a nationwide survey of neonicotinoid residues in foodstuffs collected from Chinese markets and evaluated the risks of chronic and acute exposure in 1-6-year-old children and the general population. Among the 3406 samples of 13 commodities, 62.21% contained neonicotinoids with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1471.43 μg/kg, and 37.58% were simultaneously contaminated with 2-7 neonicotinoids. Acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid were the top three detected neonicotinoids (22.14-34.32% of samples). Chronic and acute cumulative risk assessment using the relative potency factor method revealed that exposure to neonicotinoids was within established safety limits (below 1); however, the acute risk was much greater than the chronic risk (chronic hazard index range, 1.40 × 10-6-2.33 × 10-3; acute hazard index range, 1.75 × 10-6-0.15). A relatively greater acute cumulative risk was found for children with respect to consumption of grapes, mandarins, and cowpeas (acute hazard index range, 0.11-0.15). Despite the low health risk, the potential health hazards of neonicotinoids should be continuously assessed, given their ubiquity and cumulative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongmei Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Wang J, Zhu X, Liu Y, Cheng M, Xing W, Wan Y, Li N, Yang L, Song P. Effects of electrolyzed water treatment on pesticide removal and texture quality in fresh-cut cabbage, broccoli, and color pepper. Food Chem 2021; 353:129408. [PMID: 33714792 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed water (AlEW, AcEW) treatment on the removal of pesticides (phorate, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, procymidone, and chlorothalonil) and texture quality of fresh-cut cabbage, broccoli, and color pepper were investigated. AlEW efficiently removed pesticides from color pepper, whereas AcEW was the optimal treatment for pesticide removal from cabbage and broccoli. AcEW resulted in greater losses of pyrethroid and organophosphates than fungicides, while AlEW was superior for removing fungicides. The best pesticide removal from cabbage (72.28%-91.04%) was achieved by continuous oscillation treatment, while intermittent oscillation for 20 min achieved optimal results for broccoli and color pepper (72.28%-90.11% and 72.24%-88.12%, respectively). No significant deterioration in texture was detected in samples treated with electrolyzed water for 5-25 min. The results suggest that electrolyzed water treatment is effective for removing organophosphate, pyrethroid, and fungicide residues from fresh-cut vegetables while not negatively affecting their texture quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Zhangjiakou Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety for Charactenistics Agro-Products, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Zhangjiakou Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety for Charactenistics Agro-Products, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.
| | - Xuran Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Weihai Xing
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Beijing Kwinbon Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.8, High Ave 4, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Na Li
- Hebei Kingmoral Biotech Co., Ltd., 136 Yellow River Street, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Liting Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, 11 Diamond South Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of plasma activated water and buffer solution on fungicide degradation from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Food Chem 2021; 350:129195. [PMID: 33636620 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of plasma-activated liquid (PAL) including plasma-activated water (PAW) and plasma-activated buffer solution (PABS) for the reduction of chlorothalonil (CTL) and thiram (THM) pesticide residues on tomato fruit. Results revealed that the PAL obtained by using atmospheric air as the feed gas, CTL residues were decreased to 85.3% and 74.2% and THM residues decreased to 79.47 and 72.21% after treatments with PAW10 and PABS10, respectively, and increasing the activation time caused a significant reduction in fungicide residues. In addition, CTL and THM residues were also decreased while increasing the activation time of PAL using Ar/O2 as the feed gas, the concentrations of the CTL residues were decreased to 75.07 and 69.89% for PAW10 and PABS10, respectively and THM residues decreased to 65.89 and 61.91% for PAW10 and PABS10, respectively. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and electrical conductivity (EC) were increased significantly after plasma treatment, while pH values of both solutions were decreased significantly with activation time. NO3- and NO2- concentrations of PAW increased significantly, while for PABS, NO3- concentration decreased but NO2-, with increasing the plasma activation time. Additionally, washing with PAW and PABS caused no notable negative impact on tomato fruit. Results confirmed that PAL treatments showed a significant reduction of CTL and THM fungicide residues (p < 0.05) in tomato without affecting the quality.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gavahian M, Sarangapani C, Misra NN. Cold plasma for mitigating agrochemical and pesticide residue in food and water: Similarities with ozone and ultraviolet technologies. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110138. [PMID: 33642005 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide and agrochemical residues in food and water are among hazardous chemicals that are associated with adverse health effects. Consequently, technologies for pesticide abatement in food and water remain in focus. Cold plasma is an emerging decontamination technology, that is being increasingly explored for the abatement of agrochemical and pesticide residue in food and water. In some cases, rapid and complete degradation of pesticide residues has come to light. Such promising results encourage exploring scale-up and commercialization. To achieve this, unraveling mechanisms involved in plasma decontamination and the nature of degradation products is needed. The present review identifies the mechanisms involved in plasma- assisted removal of pesticide residues from food and water, draws parallels with mechanism of ozone and ultraviolet technologies, investigates the chemistry of the intermediates and degradates, and identifies some future research needs. The review recognizes that mechanisms involved in plasma processes have overlapping similarities to those identified for ozone and ultraviolet light, involving oxidation by hydroxyl radical and photo-oxidation. The toxicity of intermediates and degradates in plasma processing have not received much attention. The safety aspects of end products form plasma led degradation of pesticides should be considered for practical exploitation. Identification of intermediates and degradation products, recognition of most potent plasma species, understanding the influence of co-existing entities, the energy efficiency of plasma reactors, and the process economics deserve research focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chaitanya Sarangapani
- School of Food Science and Environmental health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N N Misra
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sridhar A, Ponnuchamy M, Kumar PS, Kapoor A. Food preservation techniques and nanotechnology for increased shelf life of fruits, vegetables, beverages and spices: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 19:1715-1735. [PMID: 33192209 PMCID: PMC7651826 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Food wastage is a major issue impacting public health, the environment and the economy in the context of rising population and decreasing natural resources. Wastage occurs at all stages from harvesting to the consumer, calling for advanced techniques of food preservation. Wastage is mainly due to presence of moisture and microbial organisms present in food. Microbes can be killed or deactivated, and cross-contamination by microbes such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be avoided. Moisture removal may not be feasible in all cases. Preservation methods include thermal, electrical, chemical and radiation techniques. Here, we review the advanced food preservation techniques, with focus on fruits, vegetables, beverages and spices. We emphasize electrothermal, freezing and pulse electric field methods because they allow both pathogen reduction and improvement of nutritional and physicochemical properties. Ultrasound technology and ozone treatment are suitable to preserve heat sensitive foods. Finally, nanotechnology in food preservation is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
| | - Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110 India
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203 Kanchipuram, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abedi-Firoozjah R, Ghasempour Z, Khorram S, Khezerlou A, Ehsani A. Non-thermal techniques: a new approach to removing pesticide residues from fresh products and water. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1786704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abedi-Firoozjah
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasempour
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sirous Khorram
- Physics Faculty, Photonics and Plasma Technology groups, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Khezerlou
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effectiveness of short exposure times to electrolyzed water in reducing Salmonella spp and Imidacloprid in lettuce. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
29
|
Pandiselvam R, Kaavya R, Jayanath Y, Veenuttranon K, Lueprasitsakul P, Divya V, Kothakota A, Ramesh S. Ozone as a novel emerging technology for the dissipation of pesticide residues in foods–a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
30
|
Yigit N, Velioglu YS. Effects of processing and storage on pesticide residues in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3622-3641. [PMID: 31858819 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1702501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals frequently used in agriculture to obtain maximum yield and improve product quality. Thousands of active ingredients and formulations of different pesticides are commercially available. Besides their advantages, a major disadvantage of pesticides is their residues, even though strict maximum residue limits have been set for each pesticide and permitted agricultural commodity. Permanence of pesticide residues on agricultural products depends on several factors such as the properties of pesticide, formulation, and applied concentration. Light, temperature, plant morphology, and plant growth factors are also effective in determining permanence. Degradation effects of the processing treatments rely on the dissolution of pesticides in the surrounding atmosphere, hydrolysis, microbial degradation, oxidation, penetration, and photo-degradation. Various steps applied during food processing, such as washing with water or other aqueous solutions, peeling, chopping, pickling, heat treatments, and processes such as drying, canning, fruit juice and concentrate production, malt, beer and wine production, oil production, and storage have certain effects on the presence of pesticide residues as well. Only washing with water can remove pesticide residue up to 100%, depending on the location of residue, residence time on food, water solubility of residue, washing temperature, and agents used to increase effectiveness. Besides washing, skin removal or peeling is one of the most effective treatments for residue removal, especially on non-systemic pesticides. During cooking, residues might be evaporated or hydrolyzed. Effects of storage temperature on reduction are related to volatilization, penetration, metabolism of pesticide, moisture content, and microbial growth, if any. In refrigerated or frozen storage, residues are stable or degrade slowly. Drying may increase the residue content because of the concentration, but in sun-drying reduction may occur because of photo-degradation. Clarification and filtration may eliminate residues retained in suspended particles. The degradation product, however, may be more toxic than the initial compound in some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Yigit
- Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yakup Sedat Velioglu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University, Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Factors controlling the fate of pyrethroids residues during post-harvest processing of raw agricultural crops: An overview. Food Chem 2019; 295:58-63. [PMID: 31174799 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Control of residual levels of synthetic pyrethroids in fresh fruits and vegetables as well as in foodstuff made of fresh agricultural produces is of utmost importance. Apart from the need to more control on application of pesticides by farmers, simple and effective postharvest practices by consumers and/or manufacturers usually applied to produces before consumption may enhance food safety from potentially harmful pesticide residues. The present review discusses the underline factors that control the effectiveness of crops postharvest treatments and the possible mechanisms of loss of pesticides during food processing. It is shown that the effectiveness of postharvest processes is controlled by various factors and that understanding such factors is essential for more control of residual pesticides. Though postharvest processes may lead to substantial reduction of residual pesticides, metabolites of broken pesticides are of great concern.
Collapse
|