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Schipperijn J, Madsen CD, Toftager M, Johansen DN, Lousen I, Amholt TT, Pawlowski CS. The role of playgrounds in promoting children's health - a scoping review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:72. [PMID: 38978019 PMCID: PMC11232259 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active outdoor play is important for children's health and development, and playgrounds provide good places for play. However, the importance of playground use for health and well-being is unclear. Our scoping review aims to create an overview of all research on playground use and health benefits for children. METHODS Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo were searched using two search blocks, focusing on 'playground' and 'children' respectively, for publications from 2000 to November 2023. The primary inclusion criterion was examining the relationship between playground use and positive physical, mental, or social health outcomes. Only papers published in English were reviewed. For each publication, we synthesized and condensed the results, categorizing them by playground setting, reported health outcome, participant age group, study design, methodologies, publication's country, year, and 'stage of evidence'. RESULTS Data from 247 studies were extracted and nearly 80% of these publications were descriptive or exploratory studies. Fifty-two were intervention studies. Adding playground markings to schoolyards led to increased physical activity. Greening schoolyards had mainly positive effects on social and mental health. In Early Childhood Education and Care, renewing play structures had a positive effect on physical activity in three publications. All Public Open Space interventions we found were different, with mixed effects on health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence provides good arguments for policy makers, city planners and school-leaders to invest in adding playground markings in schoolyards as this will likely result in more physical activity. The evidence for the health benefits of investing in new play structures indicated that tailoring the playground to local needs is important as 'one size does not fit all' and playgrounds need to be designed as engaging and interesting places for children's play if they are to generate health benefits. Investing in 'greening' playgrounds is likely to result in social and mental health benefits for children, but does not always result in more physical activity. The research field needs more efficacy and effectiveness studies, and in particular replication and scale-up studies to demonstrate which type of playground interventions are successful. PROTOCOL The review protocol was registered at Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UYN2V ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Schipperijn
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Cathrine Damsbo Madsen
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mette Toftager
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Danielle Nørager Johansen
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ida Lousen
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thea Toft Amholt
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 5, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Skau Pawlowski
- World Playground Research Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Webster EK, Kepper MM, Saha S, Beyl RA, Kracht CL, Romain JS, Staiano AE. Painted playgrounds for preschoolers' physical activity and fundamental motor skill improvement: a randomized controlled pilot trial of effectiveness. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:455. [PMID: 37689622 PMCID: PMC10492343 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool children are not meeting recommended levels of physical activity (PA) nor are they proficient in fundamental motor skills (FMS), which are the foundation for PA. As such, interventions are needed to increase PA and FMS in young children. This trial examined the effects of an environmental ("painted playgrounds") and capacity-building (written toolkit) intervention on child FMS, PA, and sedentary behavior at early childhood education (ECE) centers and examined feasibility. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, four ECE centers were randomly assigned to an intervention group or wait-list control. For intervention centers, stencils were spray painted adjacent to playgrounds and teachers were provided material for using stencils for FMS practice. Follow-up assessments were conducted six to eight weeks after baseline. Time spent in PA and sedentary behavior was assessed via accelerometry and FMS were evaluated using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) at baseline and follow-up. A repeated measures linear model was performed to test the effects of the painted playgrounds on the primary outcomes of interest. Feasibility was measured by stencil engagement via direct observation and satisfaction surveys. RESULTS A total of 51 preschoolers completed baseline assessments (4.3±0.6 years; 43.1% male). There were no significant changes in PA or sedentary behavior (all confidence intervals contain 0) between control and intervention groups. Intervention children significantly improved ball skill, locomotor, and overall TGMD-3 percentile scores at follow-up (all (all confidence intervals contain 0), which was not observed in control group. However, there was no significant change in FMS between the control and intervention groups (confidence intervals contain 0). For stencil use, boys and girls interacted with different stencils during their free play. Directors and teachers reported children incorporated academic concepts and initiated games, and teachers prompted more PA opportunities on the playground. CONCLUSIONS This intervention did not show statistically significant changes in children's PA, FMS, or sedentary behavior compared to a control group; however, small FMS improvements for the intervention group were found from baseline to follow-up. Further work should examine intervention fidelity as well as inexpensive supplies, teacher training, or other strategies to increase preschool children's PA and improve FMS at ECE centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kipling Webster
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, 1914 Andy Holt Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Maura M Kepper
- Washington University of St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sanjoy Saha
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Chelsea L Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Jessica St Romain
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Sanger Hall 1101 E. Marshall, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Simpson A, Stein M, Rosenberg M, Ward B, Derbyshire A, Thornton AL, Jackson B. Early childhood educator outcomes from online professional development for physical literacy: A randomised controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 68:102464. [PMID: 37665906 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early childhood is recognised as a critical window of opportunity for physical literacy development, however early childhood educators typically lack the training required to effectively provide appropriate physical literacy opportunities for children. We examined the effects of an online physical literacy professional development program-relative to continuing with 'standard' practice-on early childhood educators' physical literacy knowledge and application. METHODS We conducted a parallel two-arm randomised controlled trial, in which 88 early childhood educators were randomly assigned to an online professional development program designed to support educators' physical literacy instructional skills (intervention arm; n = 37), or a 'standard practice' control condition (n = 51). Data were collected prior to and after the four-week intervention period. We measured educators' physical literacy knowledge and application (our primary outcome) through independent coding of open-ended survey responses, and educators' self-reported perceptions of values, confidence, behaviours, and barriers (secondary outcomes). Between-group differences were assessed through analysis of covariance. RESULTS One intervention arm participant withdrew from the study, resulting in 87 participants included in analysis. Educators in the intervention arm scored significantly higher on post-intervention physical literacy knowledge (d = 0.62) and application (d = 0.33) than those in the control arm. Educators in the intervention arm also scored significantly higher than controls on confidence in teaching physical activity (d = 0.42) and significantly lower than controls on perceived personal barriers to physical activity (d = 0.53). Thirteen participants in the intervention arm (36%) did not begin the online professional development program. CONCLUSION Improvements in physical literacy instructional outcomes indicate the potential for further investigation into broader implementation of online professional development programs of this nature in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Simpson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Michelle Stein
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Rosenberg
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brodie Ward
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Derbyshire
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Thornton
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Australia; Kids Rehab WA, Perth Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Martin A, Brophy R, Clarke J, Hall CJS, Jago R, Kipping R, Reid T, Rigby B, Taylor H, White J, Simpson SA. Environmental and practice factors associated with children's device-measured physical activity and sedentary time in early childhood education and care centres: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:84. [PMID: 35836231 PMCID: PMC9284804 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings offer a potentially cost-effective and sustainable solution for ensuring children have opportunities to meet physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) guidelines. This paper systematically reviewed the association between childcare environment and practice and children's PA and ST. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched, and citation tracking of eligible studies performed between June-July 2020 (updated March 2022). Studies were eligible when (i) participants attended ECEC settings, (ii) they reported the association between use of outdoor space, including factors of time, availability, play, size and equipment, and children's device-measured PA and ST, and (iii) where applicable, they compared the exposure to use of indoor space. Risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tools. A synthesis was performed using effect direct plots and charts to visualise effect sizes. RESULTS Of 1617 reports screened, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies provided data on outdoor versus indoor time (n = 9; 960 children), outdoor versus indoor play (n = 3; 1104 children), outdoor play space (n = 19; 9596 children), outdoor space use external to ECEC (n = 2; 1148 children), and portable (n = 7; 2408 children) and fixed (n = 7; 2451 children) outdoor equipment. Time spent outdoors versus indoors was associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA) and total PA, while the association with ST was inconclusive. The mean (standard deviation) levels of outdoor MVPA (4.0 ± 3.2 to 18.6 ± 5.6 min/h) and LPA (9.9 ± 2.6 to 30.8 ± 11.8 min/h) were low, and ST high (30.0 ± 6.5 to 46.1 ± 4.3 min/h). MVPA levels doubled when children played outdoors versus indoors. Outdoor play space, and outdoor portable equipment, were associated with increased MVPA. A dose-response relationship for outdoor play area size was observed, demonstrating increased MVPA with areas ≥505m2 (5436 ft2), but no further increases when areas were > 900m2 (9688 ft2). No studies reported on injuries in outdoor settings. CONCLUSIONS ECEC policies and practices should promote not only outdoor time but also the availability of resources such as portable play equipment and sufficient size of outdoor play areas that enable children to be physically active for sustained periods while outdoors. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) Registration Number: CRD42020189886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK.
| | - Rachel Brophy
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Joanne Clarke
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte J S Hall
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Tom Reid
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Benjamin Rigby
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
| | - Hilary Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - James White
- DECIPHer, Centre for Trials Research, University of Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Sharon A Simpson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
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Johnstone A, McCrorie P, Cordovil R, Fjørtoft I, Iivonen S, Jidovtseff B, Lopes F, Reilly JJ, Thomson H, Wells V, Martin A. Nature-Based Early Childhood Education and Children's Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Motor Competence, and Other Physical Health Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:456-472. [PMID: 35537707 PMCID: PMC7613039 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to synthesize evidence on the association between nature-based Early Childhood Education (ECE) and children's physical activity (PA) and motor competence (MC). METHODS A literature search of 9 databases was concluded in August 2020. Studies were eligible if (1) children were aged 2-7 years old and attending ECE, (2) ECE settings integrated nature, and (3) assessed physical outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened full-text articles and assessed study quality. Synthesis was conducted using effect direction (quantitative), thematic analysis (qualitative), and combined using a results-based convergent synthesis. RESULTS 1370 full-text articles were screened and 39 (31 quantitative and 8 qualitative) studies were eligible; 20 quantitative studies assessed PA and 6 assessed MC. Findings indicated inconsistent associations between nature-based ECE and increased moderate to vigorous PA, and improved speed/agility and object control skills. There were positive associations between nature-based ECE and reduced sedentary time and improved balance. From the qualitative analysis, nature-based ECE affords higher intensity PA and risky play, which could improve some MC domains. The quality of 28/31 studies was weak. CONCLUSIONS More controlled experimental designs that describe the dose and quality of nature are needed to better inform the effectiveness of nature-based ECE on PA and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johnstone
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - P McCrorie
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - R Cordovil
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Fjørtoft
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Education Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Lærerskoleveien 40, 3679 Notodden, Norway
| | - S Iivonen
- School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - B Jidovtseff
- Research Unit on Childhood, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, 2 Allee des sports, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - F Lopes
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada, 1499-002 Portugal
| | - JJ Reilly
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 50 George Street, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK
| | - H Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - V Wells
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - A Martin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
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van de Kolk I, Gerards S, Verhees A, Kremers S, Gubbels J. Changing the preschool setting to promote healthy energy balance-related behaviours of preschoolers: a qualitative and quantitative process evaluation of the SuperFIT approach. Implement Sci 2021; 16:101. [PMID: 34863245 PMCID: PMC8642927 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Early Care and Education (ECE) setting plays an important role in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in young children. SuperFIT is a comprehensive, integrated intervention approach designed to promote healthy energy balance-related behaviours in preschoolers. Insight in the process of implementation and the context in which SuperFIT was implemented supports the understanding of how the intervention works in practice. This process evaluation examined factors that influenced the implementation and maintenance, as well as the (perceived) changes in the ECE setting. Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted. SuperFIT was implemented at twelve preschools in the south of the Netherlands. The process evaluation was performed among preschool teachers, managers of the preschool organisation, and implementers. Semi-structured in-depth (group) interviews, quantitative process questionnaires, the Child-care Food and Activity Practices Questionnaire (CFAPQ) and the Environmental and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) were used to evaluate the implementation and maintenance of SuperFIT and the changes in the preschool setting. The interviews were analysed using a theoretical framework based on the Implementation Framework of Fleuren and Damschröder’s Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Descriptive analyses were performed on the quantitative data. Results Various intervention activities were implemented in the preschool setting. Although the intention to maintain SuperFIT was present, this was hindered by time constraints and lack of financial resources. Important factors that influenced implementation and maintenance were incongruence with current practice, limited perceived capabilities to integrate SuperFIT in daily practice, group composition at the preschools, and the perceived top-down implementation. Organizational vision and societal attention regarding healthy behaviour in general were perceived to be supportive for implementation and maintenance. Predominantly, favourable changes were seen in the nutrition- and physical activity-related practices of preschool teachers and other aspects of the social preschool environment such as the use of play materials. Limited changes were observed in the physical preschool environment. Conclusions Several factors influenced the implementation and maintenance of SuperFIT in the preschool setting. Some factors evolved over time from hindering to facilitating, emphasising the importance of allowing sufficient time for intervention implementation. SuperFIT changed mainly the social preschool environment. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03021980, date registered: January 16, 2017, prospectively registered Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13012-021-01161-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona van de Kolk
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Gerards
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Verhees
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Gubbels
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Fyfe-Johnson AL, Hazlehurst MF, Perrins SP, Bratman GN, Thomas R, Garrett KA, Hafferty KR, Cullaz TM, Marcuse EK, Tandon PS. Nature and Children's Health: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2021; 148:e2020049155. [PMID: 34588297 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-049155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Daily outdoor play is encouraged by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Existing evidence is unclear on the independent effect of nature exposures on child health. OBJECTIVE We systematically evaluated evidence regarding the relationship between nature contact and children's health. DATA SOURCES The database search was conducted by using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychInfo, ERIC, Scopus, and Web of Science in February 2021. STUDY SELECTION We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In all searches, the first element included nature terms; the second included child health outcome terms. DATA EXTRACTION Of the 10 940 studies identified, 296 were included. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed. RESULTS The strongest evidence for type of nature exposure was residential green space studies (n = 147, 50%). The strongest evidence for the beneficial health effects of nature was for physical activity (n = 108, 32%) and cognitive, behavioral, or mental health (n = 85, 25%). Physical activity was objectively measured in 55% of studies, and 41% of the cognitive, behavioral, or mental health studies were experimental in design. LIMITATIONS Types of nature exposures and health outcomes and behaviors were heterogenous. Risk of selection bias was moderate to high for all studies. Most studies were cross-sectional (n = 204, 69%), limiting our ability to assess causality. CONCLUSIONS Current literature supports a positive relationship between nature contact and children's health, especially for physical activity and mental health, both public health priorities. The evidence supports pediatricians in advocating for equitable nature contact for children in places where they live, play, and learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Fyfe-Johnson
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | | | | | - Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rick Thomas
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kimberly A Garrett
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kiana R Hafferty
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tess M Cullaz
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | | | - Pooja S Tandon
- Pediatrics
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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Foundational Movement Skills and Play Behaviors during Recess among Preschool Children: A Compositional Analysis. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070543. [PMID: 34202803 PMCID: PMC8306790 DOI: 10.3390/children8070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the associations between play behaviors during preschool recess and foundational movement skills (FMS) in typically developing preschool children. One hundred and thirty-three children (55% male; mean age 4.7 ± 0.5 years) from twelve preschools were video-assessed for six locomotor and six object-control FMS using the Champs Motor Skill Protocol. A modified System for Observing Children's Activity and Relationships during Play assessed play behaviors during preschool recess. Associations between the composition of recess play behaviors with FMS were analyzed using compositional data analysis and linear regression. Results: Relative to time spent in other types of play behaviors, time spent in play without equipment was positively associated with total and locomotor skills, while time spent in locomotion activities was negatively associated with total and locomotor skills. No associations were found between activity level and group size play behavior compositions and FMS. The findings suggest that activity type play behaviors during recess are associated with FMS. While active games without equipment appear beneficial, preschool children may need a richer playground environment, including varied fixed and portable equipment, to augment the play-based development of FMS.
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Watterworth JC, Korsiak J, Keya FK, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Al Mahmud A, Tam V, Roth DE. Physical Activity and the Home Environment of Pre-School-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3362. [PMID: 33805120 PMCID: PMC8036728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is a key determinant of health and development, yet few studies have examined PA levels and risk factors for low PA among young children in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to describe the PA and sedentary (SED) behavior levels of preschool-aged children in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and to estimate the associations between potential risk factors in the home built environment and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). In a sample of preschool-aged children (n = 65) in Dhaka, PA and SED behavior were measured for 7 days using ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometers. Characteristics of the home built environment, socioeconomic factors, and anthropometry were also measured. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted associations between characteristics of the home environment and MVPA. Preschool-aged children spent a mean (±standard deviation) 421 ± 48 and 82 ± 23 min per day sedentary and in MVPA, respectively. There were no statistically significant associations between factors in the home built environment (indoor area, presence of an open stairwell, and presence of gross motor activity facilitating items) and MVPA. These findings suggest that the studied characteristics of the home built environment may not significantly influence the MVPA observed among preschool-aged children in Dhaka. Future research should focus on other structural and behavioral factors that facilitate PA among young children in dense urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Watterworth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3, Canada; (J.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Jill Korsiak
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3, Canada; (J.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Farhana K. Keya
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.K.K.); (A.A.M.)
| | | | - Abdullah Al Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.K.K.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Vivian Tam
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3, Canada; (J.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Daniel E. Roth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3, Canada; (J.K.); (V.T.)
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Wang N, Rahman MNBA, Daud MAKBM. Diversified Talent Cultivation Mechanism of Early Childhood Physical Education Under the Full-Practice Concept - Oriented by Preschooler Mental Health and Intelligent Teaching. Front Psychol 2021; 11:593063. [PMID: 33584429 PMCID: PMC7873970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve early childhood physical education, in this study, the talent cultivation mechanism for undergraduates was explored under the "full-practice" concept, oriented by preschooler mental health. First, from the perspective of preschooler psychology, the mechanisms of ability training and talent cultivation for undergraduates majoring in early childhood education were explored under the "full-practice" concept. Considering that the physical, psychological, and intellectual development of preschoolers shall follow the rules of physical education, and current early childhood education mainly focuses on intelligence education in China, early childhood physical education was analyzed further in this study. By investigating the undergraduate majors of early childhood education in Henan University, this study first summarized the current problems in early childhood education systems in universities. Secondly, combined with the form of physical education in kindergartens, strategies for talent cultivation and curriculum setting of early childhood physical education majors in colleges and universities were proposed. Finally, from the perspective of innovation and diversification of training forms, the cultivation of early childhood educators' physical education ability was analyzed at multiple levels and multiple objectives, and the integrated training system of early childhood education talents was constructed. The results show that, among all the courses for early childhood education major, compulsory courses account for 81.2% and optional courses account for 18.8%. In addition, a survey on undergraduates' attitudes toward the curriculum of their major demonstrates that 81.2% of the undergraduates thought that the range and content of practical courses should be increased, indicating that undergraduates majoring in early childhood education are dissatisfied with the current curriculum system, and they have an increased demand for practical courses. Correspondingly, it is vital to build and improve on the early childhood physical education. In terms of its talent cultivation, the "full-practice" concept helps combine theory with practice to improve the effectiveness of education and teaching, pushing forward the reform of the education system. Meanwhile, data- and intelligence-oriented teaching will become the new direction of modern sports development, as well as an important link for tracking and monitoring children's sports teaching in China. Through the continuous introduction of wearable artificial intelligence (AI) products, real-time monitoring of children's physical conditions can be realized, which helps improve the effectiveness of early childhood physical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Bin Abdul Rahman
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tcymbal A, Demetriou Y, Kelso A, Wolbring L, Wunsch K, Wäsche H, Woll A, Reimers AK. Effects of the built environment on physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies taking sex/gender into account. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:75. [PMID: 33246405 PMCID: PMC7697377 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individual health behavior is related to environmental and social structures. To promote physical activity (PA) effectively, it is necessary to consider structural influences. Previous research has shown the relevance of the built environment. However, sex/gender differences have yet not been considered. The aim of this systematic review was to identify built environmental determinants of PA by taking sex/gender into account. Methods A systematic literature search was carried out using six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SportDiscus, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Knowledge) to identify studies analyzing the effect of changes in the built environment on PA, taking sex/gender into account. To be included, studies had to be based on quantitative data and a longitudinal study design. Changes in the built environment had to be objectively assessed. The methodological quality of the studies was examined using the QualSyst tool for examining risk of bias. Results In total, 36 studies published since 2000 were included in this review. The data synthesis revealed that the majority of reviewed studies found the built environment to be a determinant of PA behavior for both, males and females, in a similar way. Creating a new infrastructure for walking, cycling, and public transportation showed a positive effect on PA behavior. Findings were most consistent for the availability of public transport, which was positively associated with overall PA and walking. The improvement of walking and cycling infrastructure had no effect on the overall level of PA, but it attracted more users and had a positive effect on active transportation. In women, the availability of public transport, safe cycling lanes, housing density, and the distance to daily destinations proved to be more relevant with regard to their PA behavior. In men, street network characteristics and road environment, such as intersection connectivity, local road density, and the presence of dead-end roads, were more important determinants of PA. Conclusion This review sheds light on the relevance of the built environment on PA. By focusing on sex/gender differences, a new aspect was addressed that should be further analyzed in future research and considered by urban planners and other practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Tcymbal
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-University University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Yolanda Demetriou
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Kelso
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Wolbring
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wunsch
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hagen Wäsche
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne K Reimers
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-University University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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The Influence of the Early Childhood Education and Care Environment on Young Children's Physical Activity: Development and Reliability of the PLAYCE Study Environmental Audit and Educator Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072497. [PMID: 32268499 PMCID: PMC7177316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Participation in physical activity is crucial for the healthy growth and development of young children. More robust measurement of environmental influences on children’s physical activity in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings may help resolve inconsistencies in the literature. This study evaluated the reliability of an environmental audit and educator practice survey for assessing ECEC physical, policy, and social environments related to young children’s physical activity. (2) Methods: A convenience sample of 20 ECEC centres participated in this PLAYCE (Play Spaces and Environments for Children’s Physical Activity) sub-study. Trained auditors conducted audits and educators completed surveys, two weeks apart. Test-retest reliability of the survey (n = 32), inter-rater (n = 20 pairs) and intra-rater reliability (n = 38) of the audit was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), Kappa statistics and percent agreement. (3) Results: Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability ICCs for outdoor equipment, spaces and features were good to excellent (ICC = 0.70–0.94), while ratings for indoor equipment, media and spaces varied from fair to excellent (ICC = 0.46–0.78). The majority of items were rated by Kappa as moderate or above for intra-rater, inter-rater and survey test-retest reliability. (4) Conclusions: The PLAYCE Study instruments provide reliable measures of ECEC physical activity environments which can help to better understand influences on young children’s physical activity.
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