1
|
Zong B, Li L, Cui Y, Shi W. Effects of outdoor activity time, screen time, and family socioeconomic status on physical health of preschool children. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1434936. [PMID: 39171316 PMCID: PMC11337874 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1434936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Experienced 3 years of pandemic-induced home life, in the post-epidemic period, preschoolers in China are falling short of the World Health Organization's standards for screen time and outdoor activities. This notably impacts their physical well-being. The study aims to probe the associations between screen time, outdoor activities, and the physical health of preschoolers, offering insights to shape interventions targeting myopia and obesity prevention in children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province, involving a representative sample of 23,992 preschoolers and their caregivers recruited through proportional stratified cluster sampling. Data collection utilized the Chinese Early Human Capability Index (CHeHCI, eHCi), a questionnaire on children's media use in daily family life, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Linear regression and binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the impact of screen time and outdoor activity duration on the physical health of preschoolers. Results In the high family socioeconomic status (SES) group, children had significantly less screen time compared to those in the medium and low SES groups. Outdoor activity time varied significantly based on SES, with higher SES linked to extended outdoor engagement. Additionally, children's eHCi health dimension score exhibited significant SES-related differences, showcasing higher scores for children in higher SES groups. In terms of gender differences, boys dedicated significantly more time to outdoor activities than girls, yet boys had a notably higher overweight rate. Furthermore, girls demonstrated better health outcomes based on eHCi health scores. A significant association emerged between overweight and screen time in children with high SES, indicating that prolonged screen time was linked to a higher likelihood of overweight based on BMI. Additionally, a substantial negative correlation was observed between children's eHCi health dimension score and screen time. Furthermore, children's outdoor activity time exhibited a significant positive correlation with eHCi health dimension score. Regression analysis revealed that screen time could significantly negatively predict children's physical health score, while outdoor activity time could significantly positively predict children's eHCi physical health score. Conclusion The current study highlights that family SES, age, and gender play pivotal roles in influencing preschoolers' screen time and outdoor activity duration, with family SES being particularly influential. Higher family SES correlates with reduced screen time, increased outdoor activity, and elevated health levels among children. Importantly, children's screen time negatively predicts their health status, while outdoor time positively predicts their health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Zong
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of P.E., China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lun Li
- School of P.E., China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yufang Cui
- China National Children’s Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Shi
- Center Teacher Education Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martins C, Mota J, Goulart N, Silva M, Silva T, Carvalho F, Mota J, Bandeira PF, Lemos L. Compliance with the 24-h movement behaviors guidelines among urban and rural Brazilian preschoolers. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24045. [PMID: 38284305 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of movement behaviors for health is well-known, although few studies have examined the compliance with movement guidelines in preschoolers from different living contexts. This study reported the compliance with the 24-h movement behaviors guidelines among low-income Brazilian preschoolers from rural and urban areas, according to age. METHODS A total of 453 preschoolers (n = 222 urban), aged between 3 and 5 years, provided physical activity (PA) data (Actigraph wGT3X). Sleep duration, and screen time were parent-reported. Preschoolers were classified as compliant/non- compliant with the 24-h movement guidelines, according to age. The association between prevalence of compliance with the recommendations and the children's living setting were estimated (SPSS; 27.0). RESULTS Preschoolers were active (mean = 299.19 ± 76.42; and 369.76 ± 95.56 min/day in urban and rural areas, respectively), though moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was below the 60 daily minutes recommended in both urban and rural settings (mean = 38.39 ± 21.36; and 47.32 ± 24.28, respectively). None of the urban children complied with the three recommendations simultaneously, while in the rural area, only 2.6% were compliant. Single movement behaviors compliances in the urban setting were 6.8%, 28.8% and 5.4% for PA, sleep, and screen time, respectively; while for rural settings were 16.5%, 21.2%, and 7.4%. Living in the rural area was related to the compliance with PA recommendation for the 5-year-old preschoolers. CONCLUSION In both urban and rural Brazilian areas, very few preschoolers are compliant with the guidelines, and more than one third of the children do not comply with any of the recommendations. Strategies and programs to promote compliance with movement behaviors guidelines should consider children's living setting and their age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Martins
- Research Centre in Physical activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Mota
- Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, Campus Itaporanga, Instituto Federal de Educação, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Natália Goulart
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Morgana Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Tamires Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Ferdinando Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Felipe Bandeira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Luís Lemos
- Faculdade de Desporto e Educação Física, Universidade Lusófona, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Zhao J, Yu Z, Pan H, Wu S, Zhu Q, Dong Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Jiang F. Types of On-Screen Content and Mental Health in Kindergarten Children. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:125-132. [PMID: 38048076 PMCID: PMC10696513 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Importance Excessive screen time has been associated with a higher risk for mental health problems, but whether the associations differ by screen content types is unclear. Objective To examine the allocation of and longitudinal changes in screen exposure across different content types and to explore their associations with mental health in children aged 3 to 6 years. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used 3-wave, lagged generalized estimating equation models to analyze data from the Shanghai Children's Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation-Preschool (SCHEDULE-P) study in Shanghai, China. The cohort was a representative sample of kindergarten children. Data were collected between November 2016 and May 2019 when children were aged 3 to 4 years (wave 1), 4 to 5 years (wave 2), and 5 to 6 years (wave 3). Data analysis was performed between June 2022 and May 2023. Exposure Screen exposure (total daily time and time with each type of content, including educational programs, entertainment programs, non-child-directed programs, electronic games, and social media) was collected when children were aged 3, 5, and 6 years. Main Outcomes and Measures Mental health of children at age 3, 5, and 6 years was reported by parents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Of the 15 965 children included in the representative sample, 8270 were males (51.7%) and the mean (SD) age at wave 1 was 3.73 (0.30) years. As children developed from ages 3 to 6 years, the proportion of screen exposure to educational programs (≤1 hour per day: 45.0% [95% CI, 43.5%-46.5%] to 26.8% [95% CI, 25.3%-28.3%]) and entertainment programs (≤1 hour per day: 44.4% [95% CI, 42.8%-45.9%] to 32.1% [95% CI, 30.4%-33.9%]) decreased, whereas exposure to social media increased (≤1 hour per day: 1.5% [95% CI, 1.2%-1.9%] to 27.1% [95% CI, 25.5%-28.7%]). The associations between on-screen content and mental health varied. For a given total screen time, a higher proportion of screen exposure to educational programs was associated with a lower risk for mental health problems (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90), whereas non-child-directed programs were associated with a higher risk for such problems (AOR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.91-4.18). Regardless of the content, total screen time was consistently associated with mental health problems. Conclusions and relevance Results of this study indicated that both total screen time and different types of content were associated with mental health problems in children aged 3 to 6 years. Limiting children's screen time, prioritizing educational programs, and avoiding non-child-directed programs are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwa Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Saishuang Wu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou H, Zhu Z, Feng X, Zhang R. Low mindfulness is related to poor sleep quality from middle adolescents to emerging adults: a process model involving resilience and emotional dysfunction. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:626. [PMID: 37641001 PMCID: PMC10463593 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transitions from middle adolescence into merging adulthood, a life stage between age 15-25, has a high prevalence of sleep problems. Mindfulness is a trait defined as being attentive to the present moment which positively relates to sleep quality. In this study, we aimed to investigate how resilience and emotional dysfunction may influence the relationship between trait mindfulness and sleep quality. METHODS The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were used to measure the key variables through an online survey of 497 participants between middle adolescence and emerging adults (317 females, mean age 18.27 ± 0.76 years). A process model was built to investigate the mediating roles of resilience and emotional dysfunction in the impact of trait mindfulness on sleep quality, together with the relationships between their specific components. RESULTS We found a positive association between mindfulness and sleep quality through resilience and through emotional dysfunction, and through the sequential pathway from resilience to emotional dysfunction. Of note, acting with awareness (mindfulness facet) showed significant indirect effects on sleep quality, mediated by resilience and emotional dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may unveil the underlying mechanisms of how low mindfulness induces poor sleep quality. The findings indicate that conceiving mindfulness as a multifaceted construct facilitates comprehension of its components, relationships with other variables, and underscores its potential clinical significance given its critical implications for mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhou
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Zhu
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangang Feng
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boachie MK, Goldstein S, Kruger P, Ng SW, Hofman KJ, Thsehla E. Beverage industry's advertising expenditures and airtimes in South Africa from 2013 to 2019 target children and families. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231168207. [PMID: 37122639 PMCID: PMC10134126 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231168207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), countries across the globe are finding ways to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed food and drinks including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). South Africa implemented a health promotion levy (HPL) in April 2018 as one strategy to reduce sugar intake. Such efforts are frequently countered or mitigated by industry action in various ways, including through marketing and advertising strategies. To better understand trends in the extent of advertising, this paper analyses advertising expenditures and exposure of children to SSB advertisements in South Africa. Using Nielsen's monthly data on advertising expenditure before and after the introduction of the HPL, for the period January 2013 to April 2019, the results show that manufacturers spent ZAR 3683 million to advertise their products. Advertising expenditure on carbonated drinks accounted for over 60% (ZAR 2220 million) of the total expenditure on SSBs. The results also show that companies spend less in advertising powdered SSBs (an average of ZAR 0.05 million per month). Based on expenditure patterns, television (TV) was the preferred medium of advertisements, with companies prioritizing what is often considered children's and family viewing time. Urgent mandatory regulations are needed to prevent child-directed marketing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheal Kofi Boachie
- SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics
and Decision Science – PRICELESS SA, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Goldstein
- SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics
and Decision Science – PRICELESS SA, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petronell Kruger
- SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics
and Decision Science – PRICELESS SA, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shu Wen Ng
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings
School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
| | - Karen J Hofman
- SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics
and Decision Science – PRICELESS SA, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Thsehla
- SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics
and Decision Science – PRICELESS SA, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koivukoski H, Hasanen E, Tolvanen A, Chua T, Chia M, Vehmas H, Sääkslahti A. Meeting the WHO 24-h guidelines among 2-6-year-old children by family socioeconomic status before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY AND SLEEP BEHAVIORS 2023; 2:2. [PMID: 38013787 PMCID: PMC9807983 DOI: 10.1186/s44167-022-00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines for 24-h physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour and sleep for young children. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to a lower likelihood of meeting these guidelines. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) raised concerns about young children's opportunities to meet the guidelines. The study focused on the prevalence of meeting the WHO's 24-h guidelines on screen time (ST), PA and sleep among 2-6-year-old children, in association with family SES, before COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, and during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021 in Finland. Methods Data were collected at three timepoints by an online survey through day-care centres. Meeting the WHO 24-h guidelines was defined for each behaviour, from a parent-reported seven-day recall of a typical day on weekdays and weekend days and adapted to the national context. Children were considered to meet the ST guideline if they had maximum of 60 min of ST, the PA guideline if they had minimum of 60 min of outdoor PA, and the sleep guidelines if they had minimum of 11/10/9 h (2/3-5/6 years) of good or very good quality sleep. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the odds ratios of meeting the guidelines. Results The prevalence of meeting the ST guideline was highest before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. The PA guideline was most met during the strict pandemic restrictions in 2020. Children from higher SES families were more likely to meet the ST and sleep duration guidelines either on weekdays or weekends. The PA guideline was met more on weekdays by children whose parents had lower education levels at all timepoints. In 2020, sleep quality guideline was less likely met by children with parents with the highest education levels. Conclusion Higher SES may increase the odds of young children meeting the ST and sleep duration guidelines, but the results are more complex regarding PA and SES. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ST, outdoor PA, and sleep of young children varied by family SES, and further research is recommended to identify causality of these relationships. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44167-022-00010-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriikka Koivukoski
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elina Hasanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Terence Chua
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Chia
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanna Vehmas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rai J, Kuzik N, Carson V. Demographic, parental and home environment correlates of traditional and mobile screen time in preschool-aged children. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 48:544-551. [PMID: 34993994 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research on the correlates of screen time in young children, that could be targeted in future interventions to improve healthy development, has primarily focused on TV viewing with little consideration of mobile devices. The objectives of this study were to examine the associations between a range of demographic, parental, and home environment correlates and preschool-aged children's TV/video viewing, video/computer game playing, and total screen time across traditional and mobile devices. METHODS The results of this cross-sectional study are based on 106 preschool-aged children (3-5 years) and their parents recruited in 2018 in Edmonton, Alberta. Children's and parental demographic information, home characteristics, and information about parental and children's screen time use was measured using a parent questionnaire. Simple and multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS Each additional hour/day of parental screen time was associated with 12 (95%CI = 5.2, 19.8) minutes/day of children's TV/video, 6 (95%CI = 1.5, 11.0), minutes/day of video/computer game playing, and 19 (95%CI = 8.9, 29.2) minutes/day of total screen time. Additionally, significant associations of technology interference and presence of electronics in the bedroom with children's screen time were attenuated in the multiple regression models. CONCLUSIONS Parental screen time appears important to target in future family-based screen time interventions and initiatives. Future studies should explore potential mediating or moderating variables between parental screen time and children's screen time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Rai
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Kuzik
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukazhanova A, Aldasheva N, Iskakbayeva J, Bakhytbek R, Ualiyeva A, Baigonova K, Ongarbaeva D, Vinnikov D. Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269474. [PMID: 35657822 PMCID: PMC9165805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Very little is known about the prevalence of refractive errors among children in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Methods In the cross-sectional study of 2293 secondary school students (age 6–16), we examined cycloplegic autorefraction and offered a questionnaire in three age groups: 1st grade (N = 769), 5th grade (N = 768) and 9th grade (N = 756). The questionnaire covered main risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, time outdoors, sports activities, near work, gender, grade, and school shift. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was applied to test the association of risk factors with myopia. Results The mean spherical equivalent (SER) was -0.54 ± 1.51 diopters (D). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 31.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.7; 33.5); myopia 28.3% (95% CI 26.5; 30.1); hyperopia 3.4% (95% CI 2.7–4.1) and astigmatism 2.8% (95% CI 2.1; 3.5). In the multivariate adjusted regression analysis, higher class level (5th grade (odds ratio (OR) 1.78; 95% CI 1.26; 2.52) and 9th grade (OR 3.34; 95% CI 2.31; 4.82)) were associated with myopia, whereas outdoors activity more than 2 hours a day (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46; 0.89) and sports (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52; 0.93) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia. Conclusions Myopia is a leading refractive error in schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Myopia prevention measures, including more time outdoors, should guide public health interventions in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainagul Mukazhanova
- Kazakh Eye Research Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | - Aliya Ualiyeva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaini Baigonova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Damet Ongarbaeva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Denis Vinnikov
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao W, Zhang Y, Wu D, Dong Y, Liu N, Wang H. Compliance with Health-Related Behaviors Guidelines and Its Relationship with Multiple Factors in Preschool Children Aged 3–6 Years: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031262. [PMID: 35162282 PMCID: PMC8835603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the compliance rates of health-related behaviors among Chinese preschool children, and to explore how supportive family environment, parental behavior, sociodemographic and community factors affect children’s health-related behavior comprehensively. Method: Preschool children aged 3 to 6 years were chosen from 5760 villages (residential) committees from 471 counties (districts) of 31 provinces by use of a stratified random sampling procedure, with 10,967 preschool children aged 3–6 years old included. The survey was conducted from September 2020 to November 2020. Results: The proportion of Chinese preschool children who met the moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time behavior (ST), and sleep behavior (SLP) guidelines were 62.3%, 52.8%, and 53.8%. Among the supportive family environment factors, parents’ time with their children on weekends had the most significant impact on children’s MVPA, ST, and SLP, with the odds ratio (OR) values of 2.18 (95%CI:1.97, 2.40), 0.69 (0.63, 0.76), and 1.62 (1.48, 1.79), respectively. Among the parental behavior factors, the mother’s exercise frequency had a strong association with the children’s MVPA and SLP, with OR values of 1.65 (1.50, 1.83) and 1.24 (1.13, 1.37), respectively; the mother’s screen time was inversely associated with the children’s ST with an OR value of 0.47 (0.44, 0.51). Conclusions: Different types of family environments were associated with the different levels of MVPA, ST and SLP among Chinese preschool children. In addition to the influence of parents’ education and family income, parents could also improve their children’s behaviors by providing a supportive family environment. The more of these factors presented in a family, the more likely it was for children to meet the guidelines. Therefore, for those families whose children’s health-related behaviors needed to be improved, the parents should create supportive family environments, such as by playing less on mobile phone and spending more time with children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Gao
- National Fitness Survey Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- National Fitness Survey Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongming Wu
- National Fitness Survey Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Na Liu
- The Fifth Kindergarten of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Huan Wang
- National Fitness Survey Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-87182582
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perceptions of the South African 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Birth to 5 Years: A Qualitative Study. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:4-11. [PMID: 34883465 PMCID: PMC7613937 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa launched 24-hour movement guidelines for birth to 5 years in 2018. Perceptions of these guidelines were assessed as part of the dissemination process with community-based organizations in 2019. METHODS Fifteen dissemination workshops were held with community-based organization representatives and a range of stakeholders. Discussions were held with workshop attendees (n = 281) to obtain qualitative feedback on the guidelines and workshop. Six follow-up focus groups (n = 28) were conducted to obtain additional feedback on the guidelines and their dissemination. Discussions and focus groups were thematically analyzed. RESULTS Participants recognized the importance of the guidelines for the health and development of young South African children. Participants' perceptions of the guidelines were consistently positive. The participants acknowledged the alignment of the guidelines with other South African programs and initiatives, and that they addressed gaps. Screen time and sleep were identified as the behaviors needing particular attention among young South African children. The negative impact of COVID-19 on young children's movement behaviors was acknowledged, especially regarding screen time. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence of stakeholders' positive perceptions of the South African guidelines and support the dissemination and implementation of these guidelines for the promotion of early childhood health and development in South Africa.
Collapse
|
11
|
Klingberg S, van Sluijs EMF, Draper CE. Parent perspectives on preschoolers' movement and dietary behaviours: a qualitative study in Soweto, South Africa. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:3637-3647. [PMID: 33077021 PMCID: PMC8369460 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity is of increasing concern in South Africa, and interventions to promote healthy behaviours related to obesity in children are needed. Young children in urban low-income settings are particularly at risk of excess adiposity. The current study aimed to describe how parents of preschool children in an urban South African township view children's movement and dietary behaviours, and associated barriers and facilitators. DESIGN A contextualist qualitative design was utilised with in-depth interviews conducted in the home setting and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Field notes were used to contextualise findings. SETTING Four neighbourhoods in a predominantly low-income urban township. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen parents (fourteen mothers, two fathers) of preschool-age children were recruited via preschools. RESULTS Four themes were developed: children's autonomy and the limits of parental control; balancing trust and fears; the appeal of screens; and aspirations and pressures of parenthood. Barriers to healthy behaviours included children's food preferences, aspirations and pressures to consume unhealthy foods, other adults giving children snacks, lack of safe places to play, unhealthy food environments and underlying structural factors. Facilitators included set routines, the preschool environment, safe places to play and availability of healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS Low-income families in Soweto face many structural challenges that cannot easily be addressed through public health interventions, but there may be opportunities for behavioural interventions targeting interpersonal and organisational aspects, such as bedtime routines and preschool snacks, to achieve positive changes. More research on preschoolers' movement and dietary behaviours, and related interventions, is needed in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Klingberg
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CambridgeCB2 0QQ, UK
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg1862, South Africa
| | - Esther MF van Sluijs
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CambridgeCB2 0QQ, UK
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg1862, South Africa
| | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg1862, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hasanen E, Koivukoski H, Kortelainen L, Vehmas H, Sääkslahti A. Sociodemographic Correlates of Parental Co-Participation in Digital Media Use and Physical Play of Preschool-Age Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115903. [PMID: 34072856 PMCID: PMC8198474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Young children’s digital media use and physical activity have gained attention in recent research. Parental co-participation has a major impact on children’s health consequences. This study addressed a gap in the research by investigating daily parental co-participation in children’s digital media use and physical play, using the family ecological model theoretical framework. The participants in this nationally representative cross-sectional study were 2512 Finnish parents with two- to six-year-old children. Parents completed a questionnaire. Sociodemographic correlates of co-participation and of the awareness of guidelines regarding co-participation and correlation between co-participation in digital media use and physical play were analysed. Parental co-participation in physical play and digital media use correlated positively. Lower parental age, male parental gender, Finnish and Swedish languages, a fewer number of children, and a male child gender were associated with more co-participation in one or both activities, and parental female gender and low family income were associated with more awareness. The awareness of guidelines was not associated with co-participation in digital media use. There were sociodemographic differences in parental co-participation. From a health counselling perspective, parents may benefit from national recommendations on digital media use and physical activity, but adherence to guidelines depends on the family context.
Collapse
|