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Archacki D, Zieliński J, Pospieszna B, Włodarczyk M, Kusy K. The contribution of energy systems during 15-second sprint exercise in athletes of different sports specializations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17863. [PMID: 39193515 PMCID: PMC11348913 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term adaptations and ongoing training seem to modify the energy system contribution in highly trained individuals. We aimed to compare the energy metabolism profile during sprint exercise in athletes of different specialties. Methods Endurance (n = 17, 20.3 ± 6.0 yrs), speed-power (n = 14, 20.3 ± 2.5 yrs), and mixed (n = 19, 23.4 ± 4.8 yrs) athletes performed adapted 15-second all-out test before and after a general preparation training period. The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was calculated using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results Between-group differences were observed in the contribution of energy systems in the first and second examinations. The proportions were 47:41:12 in endurance, 35:57:8 in team sports, and 45:48:7 in speed-power athletes. Endurance athletes differed in the phosphagen (p < 0.001) and glycolytic systems (p = 0.006) from team sports and in the aerobic system from speed-power athletes (p = 0.003). No substantial shifts were observed after the general preparatory phase, except a decrease in aerobic energy contribution in team sports athletes (p = 0.048). Conclusion Sports specialization and metabolic profile influence energy system contribution during sprint exercise. Highly trained athletes show a stable energy profile during the general preparation phase, indicative of long-term adaptation, rather than immediate training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Archacki
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Włodarczyk
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Kusy K, Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Matysiak J, Klupczyńska-Gabryszak A, Plewa S, Zarębska EA, Kokot ZJ, Dereziński P, Zieliński J. Changes in Plasma Free Amino Acid Profile in Endurance Athletes over a 9-Month Training Cycle. Metabolites 2024; 14:353. [PMID: 39057676 PMCID: PMC11278538 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate long-term changes in proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic plasma free amino acids (PFAA). Eleven male endurance triathletes participated in a 9-month study. Blood was collected at rest, immediately after exhaustive exercise, and during 30-min recovery, in four consecutive training phases: transition, general, specific, and competition. Twenty proteinogenic and 22 non-proteinogenic PFAAs were assayed using the LC-ESI-MS/MS technique. The structured training modified the patterns of exercise-induced PFAA response, with the competition phase being the most distinct from the others. Branched-chain amino acids (p = 0.002; η2 = 0.216), phenylalanine (p = 0.015; η2 = 0.153), methionine (p = 0.002; η2 = 0.206), and lysine (p = 0.006; η2 = 0.196) declined more rapidly between rest and exhaustion in the competition phase. Glutamine (p = 0.008; η2 = 0.255), glutamate (p = 0.006; η2 = 0.265), tyrosine (p = 0.001; η2 = 0.195), cystine (p = 0.042; η2 = 0.183), and serine (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.346) levels were reduced in the competition phase. Arginine (p = 0.046; η2 = 0.138) and aspartate (p = 0.011; η2 = 0.171) levels were highest during exercise in the transition phase. During the competition phase, α-aminoadipic acid (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.145), β-aminoisobutyric acid (p = 0.007; η2 = 0.167), β-alanine (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.473), and sarcosine (p = 0.017; η2 = 0.150) levels increased, whereas phosphoethanolamine (p = 0.037; η2 = 0.189) and taurine (p = 0.008; η2 = 0.251) concentrations decreased. Overtraining indicators were not elevated. The altered PFAA profile suggests adaptations within energy metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ammonia neutralization, the purine nucleotide cycle, and buffering of intracellular H+ ions. The changes seem to reflect normal adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (E.A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (E.A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.); (Z.J.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Klupczyńska-Gabryszak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.); (Z.J.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.); (Z.J.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Ewa Anna Zarębska
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (E.A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.); (Z.J.K.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, ul. Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Paweł Dereziński
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.); (Z.J.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (E.A.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Pettersson S, Kalén A, Gustafsson M, Grau S, Caspers A. Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38649926 PMCID: PMC11034045 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring elite athletes' body composition (BC) is vital for health and optimizing performance in sports emphasizing leanness, such as athletics. This study aims to investigate and compare sex- and event-specific off-to in-season BC changes in endurance and power event athletics competitors. METHODS Elite male and female endurance athletes (> 800 m runners; n = 21) and power event athletes (sprinters, jumpers; n = 32) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for whole and regional lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) during off-season (September-October) and in-season (April-May). Linear mixed models tested between-group off-season differences in BC, within-group off-season to in-season changes, and between-group differences in change. To assess meaningful or least significant changes (LSC) in BC, DXA precision errors were determined from two consecutive total body scans in a subsample of athletes (n = 30). RESULTS Male athletes (n = 26) gained significantly (p < 0.05) more body mass (BM; mean difference 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI):0.5-2.4] kg), LM (843 [95% CI:-253:1459] g), and trunk LM (756 [-502:1156] g) than female athletes (n = 27). The proportion of changes in athlete's BC exceeding the LSC threshold for LM and trunk LM were 70% and 65% in males, and 48% and 26% in females. Significant (p < 0.05) within-group off-season to in-season increases in LM were found for male endurance and power athletes, and female power athletes. All groups significantly increased BMD (p < 0.05). Only male and female power athletes had significant in- to-off-season increases in BMC. 80% of all athletes who had a meaningful increase in BMC belonged to the power event group. No significant within- or between group change in FM was observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that male athletes gained more BM, LM and trunk LM than females. Within-group increases in regional and whole-body LM and BMC were predominantly found among power event competitors. Incorporating individual meaningful changes alongside traditional statistics provided additional insights into sex and event-group differences. Future research on elite athletic event groups should include DXA measurements closer to major outdoor-season competitions, coupled with site-specific measures (ultrasound, MRI) for better detection of subtle changes in LM and FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pettersson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anton Kalén
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gustafsson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Grau
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Caspers
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Assis MGC, Barbosa Junior JGG, Seffrin A, Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza V, Vivan L, Matos Rodrigues MA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Andrade MS. Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Muscular Oxidative Capacity, and Ventilatory Threshold in Amateur Triathletes: Eight-Month Training Follow-Up. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:9-17. [PMID: 38505703 PMCID: PMC10950087 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7±13.7 years old, 76.3±8.3kg, and 173.9±4.8cm) and six women (43.5±6.9 years old, 55.0±2.7kg, 164.9±5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass-adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = -0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = -0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = -0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Seffrin A, Vivan L, Dos Anjos Souza VR, da Cunha RA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. "Impact of aging on maximal oxygen uptake adjusted for lower limb lean mass, total body mass, and absolute values in runners". GeroScience 2024; 46:913-921. [PMID: 37233883 PMCID: PMC10214322 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance in endurance sports decreases with aging, which has been primarily attributed to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal aging; however, there is still no clear information on the factors that are most affected by aging. The aim of this study was to compare two groups of runners (< 50 and > 50 years of age) according to their absolute, weight-adjusted maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), lower limb lean mass-adjusted V̇O2max, ventilatory threshold, and respiratory compensation point (RCP). A total of 78 male recreational long-distance runners were divided into Group 1 (38.12 ± 6.87 years) and Group 2 (57.55 ± 6.14 years). Participants were evaluated for body composition, V̇O2max, VT, and RCP. Group 1 showed higher absolute and body mass-adjusted V̇O2max (4.60 ± 0.57 l·min-1 and 61.95 ± 8.25 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively) than Group 2 (3.77 ± 0.56 l·min-1 and 51.50 ± 10.22 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively), indicating a significant difference (p < 0.001, d = - 1.46 and p < 0.001, d = - 1.16). Correspondingly, Group 1 showed a significantly higher lower limb lean mass-adjusted V̇O2max (251.72 ± 29.60 ml·kgLM-1·min-1) than Group 2 (226.36 ± 43.94 ml·kgLM-1·min-1) (p = 0.008, d = - 0.71). VT (%V̇O2max) (p = 0.19, d = 0.19) and RCP (%V̇O2max) (p = 0.24, d = 0.22) did not differ between the groups. These findings suggest that both variables that are limited by central or peripheral conditions are negatively affected by aging, but the magnitude of the effect is higher in variables limited by central conditions. These results contribute to our understanding of how aging affects master runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Alves da Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Martins HA, Barbosa JG, Seffrin A, Vivan L, Souza VRDA, De Lira CAB, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Sex Differences in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Adjusted for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Amateur Endurance Athletes: A Cross Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101502. [PMID: 37239788 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Male athletes tend to outperform female athletes in several endurance sports. Maximum cardiac output can be estimated by maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), and it has been established that men present V˙O2max values about 20% higher than women. Although sex differences in V˙O2max have already been well studied, few studies have assessed sex differences with regard to muscle oxidative capacity. The aim of this study was to compare aerobic muscle quality, accessed by V˙O2max and adjusted by lower limb lean mass, between male and female amateur triathletes. The study also aimed to compare sex differences according to V˙O2 submaximal values assessed at ventilatory thresholds. A total of 57 participants (23 women and 34 men), who had been training for Olympic-distance triathlon races, underwent body composition evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and performed a cardiorespiratory maximal test on a treadmill. Male athletes had significantly higher V˙O2max, both absolutely and when adjusted to body mass. Conversely, when V˙O2max was adjusted for lean mass, there was no significant difference between sexes. The same was observed at submaximal exercise intensities. In conclusion, differences in V˙O2max adjusted to body mass but not lean mass may explain, at least in part, sex differences in performance in triathlons, marathons, cycling, and other endurance sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higgor Amadeus Martins
- Sports Medicine Residency Program, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marilia Santos Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xiao W, Bai X, Geok SK, Yu D, Zhang Y. Effects of a 12-Week Functional Training Program on the Strength and Power of Chinese Adolescent Tennis Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040635. [PMID: 37189884 DOI: 10.3390/children10040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional training is any type of training designed to improve a specific movement or activity for fitness or high performance sports. This study examined the effect of functional training on the strength and power of young tennis players. METHODS 40 male tennis players were assigned to the functional training group (n = 20; age, 16.7 ± 0.4 years) or the conventional training group (n = 20; age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years). The functional training group received three 60 min sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the conventional training group participated in three sessions per week of mono-strength exercise for 12 weeks. Strength and power were measured according to the International Tennis Federation protocol at baseline, 6 weeks after the intervention, and 12 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS Both forms of training increased (p < 0.05) push-ups, wall squat test, over medicine ball throw, and standing long jump after 6 weeks of training, and the effect improved further as the 12-week mark approached. Except for the wall squat test (left) at 6 weeks, functional training showed no advantage over conventional training. After an additional 6 weeks of training, all measures of strength and power were better (p < 0.05) in the functional training group. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in strength and power could occur after as little as 6 weeks of functional training, and 12-week functional training could outperform conventional training in male adolescent tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Xiao
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiaorong Bai
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Dawei Yu
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Independent Researcher, Orlando, FL 34786, USA
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Xiao W, Geok SK, Bai X, Bu T, Norjali Wazir MR, Talib O, Liu W, Zhan C. Effect of Exercise Training on Physical Fitness Among Young Tennis Players: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:843021. [PMID: 35309192 PMCID: PMC8924058 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.843021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical fitness comprises both health- and skill-related components that have been shown to correlate with the competitive ability of the athletes. Competitive ability of the athletes is strongly related to the positive or poor characteristics of physical fitness. Additionally, the adolescent stage is critical for the development of physical fitness. Physical fitness training for young tennis players should receive more attention. However, the current literature is deficient in in-depth reviews of the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness of young tennis players. Objective This review is aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training on physical fitness among young tennis players. Methods From October 2020, a comprehensive search was undertaken in four electronic databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus) and also on Google Scholar and other sources of gray literature references. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the over scientific evidence was determined using the best evidence synthesis (BES). This review included only studies that employed an experimental design to assess the physical fitness components of young tennis players. Results Nine articles on exercise training met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. The studies were of a high standard of quality. The research findings are relatively credible. The results indicated that speed (n = 8) and agility (n = 8) were the most often investigated performance characteristics in exercise training interventions with young tennis players, followed by power (n = 7), strength (n = 4), and flexibility (n = 1). Exercise training significantly increased the physical fitness of young tennis players in terms of speed and agility. There is a lack of evidence about strength and flexibility. Meanwhile, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effect on power, and yet there is no evidence regarding the effect of exercise training on endurance. Conclusions This systematic review established a compelling case for the beneficial effects of exercise training interventions on physical fitness in youngtennis players. The review identifies current research gaps (i.e., athlete gender, with a particular emphasis on female athletes) that should be addressed in future experimental studies. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD 42020213145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Xiao
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xiaorong Bai
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Te Bu
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Mohd Rozilee Norjali Wazir
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Othman Talib
- Department of Science and Technical Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Department of Sports Studies, Graduate School, Adamson University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chongjiang Zhan
- Sports Military Training Department, Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Zhuji, China
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Assessment of aerobic exercise capacity in obesity, which expression of oxygen uptake is the best? SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:138-147. [PMID: 35784518 PMCID: PMC9219259 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Body Composition and Physical Health in Sports Practice: An Editorial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094534. [PMID: 33923327 PMCID: PMC8123149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the health status of athletes, at all ages, is an aspect of fundamental importance, and, in recent years, the analysis of body composition has become a fundamental and essential part in its evaluation, such as in the optimization of sports performance [...].
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