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Li D, Uskenbayeva N, Fang L, Xu Y, Yan H, Zhang K, Wang J. Genetic polymorphism of IL-17 influences susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss in a Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38333. [PMID: 38847697 PMCID: PMC11155519 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the relationship between Interleukin-17 (IL-17) polymorphism and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) within a Chinese population. Totally, 120 patients with RPL were selected and enrolled as the experiment group. Additionally, 210 healthy individuals undergoing routine physical examinations during the same period served as the control group. The IL-17 gene polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The IL-17 rs2275913 polymorphism exhibited 3 genotypes: GG, GA, and AA. Significant associations were observed with the AA genotype and A allele (all P < .05), indicating women with the AA genotype were 2.06 times more likely to experience RPL compared to those with the GG genotype. Similarly, women carrying the A allele faced a 1.63 times higher risk of RPL than those with the G allele. Regarding the IL-17 rs763780 polymorphism, which also presented 3 genotypes (TT, TC, CC), significant associations were noted for the CC genotype and C allele (all P < .05). Women with the CC genotype had a 1.84 times greater risk of suffering from RPL compared to those with the TT genotype, and those with the C allele were 1.51 times more likely to experience RPL than those with the T allele. The IL-17 rs2275913 and rs763780 polymorphisms contribute an increased risk to RPL in the Chinese population. Further studies, with larger sample sizes and more rigorous designs, are necessary to validate or replicate our current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Nuray Uskenbayeva
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Lisha Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Hongchao Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Madi M, Abdelsalam M, Elakel A, Zakaria O, AlGhamdi M, Alqahtani M, AlMuhaish L, Farooqi F, Alamri TA, Alhafid IA, Alzahrani IM, Alam AH, Alhashmi MT, Alasseri IA, AlQuorain AA, AlQuorain AA. Salivary interleukin-17A and interleukin-18 levels in patients with celiac disease and periodontitis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17374. [PMID: 38756445 PMCID: PMC11097963 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An increased level of interleukin-17A and interleukin-18 in the serum and intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients reflecting the severity of villous atrophy and inflammation was documented. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of salivary-17A, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-18 in patients with celiac disease who are on a gluten-free diet, both with and without periodontitis, and to compare these levels with those in healthy individuals. Methods The study involved 23 participants with serologically confirmed celiac disease (CD) and 23 control subjects. The CD patients had been following a gluten-free diet (GFD) for a minimum of 1 year and had no other autoimmune disorders. The research involved collecting demographic data, conducting periodontal examinations, gathering unstimulated whole saliva, and performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure salivary interleukin-17A, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-18 levels. Spearman's correlation analysis was utilized to explore the relationships between CD markers in patients on a GFD and their periodontal clinical findings. Results The periodontal findings indicated significantly lower values in celiac disease patients adhering to a gluten-free diet compared to control subjects (p = 0.001). No significant differences were found in salivary IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-1B levels between celiac disease patients and control subjects. Nevertheless, the levels of all interleukins were elevated in periodontitis patients in both the celiac and control groups. The IL-1 Beta level was significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared to non-periodontitis patients in the control group (p = 0.035). Significant negative correlations were observed between serum IgA levels and plaque index (r = -0.460, p = 0.010), as well as gingival index (r = -0.396, p = 0.030) in CD patients on a gluten-free diet. Conclusion Celiac disease patients on gluten-free diet exhibited better periodontal health compared to control subjects. However, increased levels of salivary IL-17A, IL-18 and IL-1B levels were associated with periodontitis. Additionally, serum IgA level was significantly inversely associated with periodontitis clinical manifestations and with salivary inflammatory mediators in CD patients on GFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Madi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Abdelsalam
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elakel
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher AlGhamdi
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqahtani
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luba AlMuhaish
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faraz Farooqi
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki A. Alamri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhafid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Alzahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel H. Alam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed T. Alhashmi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alasseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A. AlQuorain
- College of medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. AlQuorain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Huang SJ, Li R, Xu S, Liu Y, Li SH, Duan SZ. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between circulating cytokines and periodontitis: Insights from a mendelian randomization analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1124638. [PMID: 36793899 PMCID: PMC9923016 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1124638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to assess the causal relationship between circulating cytokines and periodontitis. Materials and methods: Based on the aggregated statistics of the largest publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS), we applied a bidirectional two-sample MR. MR analyses were conducted using Inverse variance weighted (IVW), Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS), Maximum likelihood (ML), Weighted median and MR-Egger, and results obtained from IVW served as the primary outcome. Cochran Q test was used to test the heterogeneity. MR-Egger intercept test and MR polymorphism residual and outlier test (MR-PRESSO) were used for polymorphism analysis. Leave-one-out sensitivity and funnel plots were used for sensitivity analysis. Results: The IVW method indicated that interleukin 9 (IL9) had a positive causal relationship with periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.199, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.049-1.372, p = 0.008], and interleukin 17 (IL17) had a negative causal relationship with periodontitis (OR = 0.847, 95% CI = 0.735-0.976, p = 0.022). In bidirectional MR, periodontitis was not causally related to any of the cytokines in our study. Conclusion: Our findings provided evidence in support of potential causal associations between circulating IL9/IL17 and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jia Huang
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Li
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Sheng-Hui Li, ; Sheng-Zhong Duan,
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Sheng-Hui Li, ; Sheng-Zhong Duan,
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Ali S, Majid S, Ali MN, Banday MZ, Taing S, Wani S, Almuqbil M, Alshehri S, Shamim K, Rehman MU. Immunogenetic Role of IL17A Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of Recurrent Miscarriage. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247448. [PMID: 36556060 PMCID: PMC9785316 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL17A) is a proinflammatory cytokine and is assumed to play an important role in fetal rejection. In order to evaluate the potential role of IL17A polymorphism in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage (RM), serum IL17A levels were estimated by ELISA. Single-nucleotide polymorphism was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using gene-specific primers and the EcoNI restriction enzyme. Serum IL17A levels were nonsignificantly (p > 0.5) low in RM patients compared with the control group. IL17A gene amplification by PCR yielded the undigested product of 815 bp, and its digestion with EcoNI enzyme produced 815, 529, 286, and 270 bp fragments for the GG genotype; 529, 286, and 270 bp fragments for the GA genotype; and 529 and 286 bp fragments for the AA genotype. The genotype frequency between the RM and control groups exhibited a significant difference (p = 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed between allele frequencies in the two groups (p = 0.0954). These data suggest that the IL17A gene polymorphism exhibits no significant effect on IL17A gene expression. However, it significantly decreases and increases RM risk in the homozygous and recessive models, suggesting its potential pregnancy-protecting and -harming roles in the AA and GA + GG genotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, J&K, India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, J&K, India
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College-Associated Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar 190008, J&K, India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, J&K, India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, J&K, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.N.A.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Md. Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.N.A.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Mujeeb Zafar Banday
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, J&K, India
| | - Shahnaz Taing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College-Associated Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar 190008, J&K, India
| | - Saima Wani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar 190011, J&K, India
| | - Mansour Almuqbil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Shamim
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.N.A.); (M.U.R.)
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The role of heterodimer IL-17-A/F in atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2022; 39:1093-1100. [PMID: 36686022 PMCID: PMC9837588 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The importance of multifactorial dysregulation in immune response is well recognised in atopic dermatitis (AD). Th17 family cytokine IL-17 (IL-17A-F) is of significance in both acute and chronic phase of AD. Aim We analysed the differences between serum levels of IL-17A/F and IL-17A, IL-17-F, IL-13, IL-4, association of rs2275913 IL-17A and rs763780 IL-17F gene polymorphisms in paediatric AD patients and control subjects. Material and methods We assessed 30 children with AD and 30 healthy patients aged 2-12 years. Eczema Area and Severity Index, Investigator Global Assessment and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis scales were used to analyse the severity of skin lesions in AD patients. Genotyping was performed using PCR and the serum concentrations of IL-17A/F, IL-17A, IL-17F, while IL-13 and IL-4 interleukins were determined by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Results The revised median assessment scoring in disease severity showed that the studied AD population had a moderate course of the disease. The obtained results indicated elevated plasma levels of IL-17A/F and IL-17-13 in AD patients with no statistically significance of IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-4 compared to controls. AD duration was positively correlated with IL-13 levels and negatively with IL-17A/F (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between case and control groups in the frequency of genotypes and alleles at rs2275913 IL-17A and rs763780 IL-17F polymorphisms (p > 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates increased levels of IL-17A/F in atopic patients, which is positively correlated with severity of the disease and the early phase of the disease. These results highlight a functional role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of AD in paediatric patients.
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Farag AGA, Labeeb AZ, Gerges ANA, Elshaib ME. Interleukin-17A in Egyptian leprosy patients: A clinical, genetic, and biochemical study. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:735-741. [PMID: 36153175 PMCID: PMC9582869 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy represents a long-term communicable disease resulting from Mycobacterium leprae infection. IL-17A is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that protects humans against many fungal and bacterial pathogens. Objective To investigate IL-17A (rs2275913) gene polymorphism and its circulating level in leprosy patients, and to correlate the detected results with different clinical aspects of leprosy in the investigated patients. Methods 60 patients with leprosy, and 29 age and sex-matched volunteers were investigated for IL-17A serum level and IL-17A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by ELISA and RFLP-PCR respectively. Results IL-17A serum level was significantly higher in leprosy patients than in controls (p = 0.034), and in TL than LL (p = 0.017). IL-17A (rs2275913 A/G) G allele and GG genotype were associated significantly with LL (p = 0.005and 0.001 respectively). IL-17A (rs2275913 A/G) AG genotype carriers demonstrated the highest IL-17A serum levels; however, its lowest levels were found in IL-17A (rs2275913 A/G) AA genotype carriers (p = 0.005). Grade 2 disability (p = 0.030) and positive slit skin smear (SSS) (p = 0.005) were significantly associated with IL-17A (rs2275913 A/G) GG genotype. Study limitations The small number of studied subjects. Conclusions IL -17A may have a pivotal role in leprosy pathogenesis. IL-17A (rs2275913) GG genotype plus G allele might be related to the development of LL in the Egyptian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Dermatology, Andrology and STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
| | - Azza Zagloul Labeeb
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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ArefNezhad R, Motedayyen H, Roghani-Shahraki H. Do cytokines associate periodontitis with metabolic disorders? An overview of current documents. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:778-786. [PMID: 35043774 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220119112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an oral chronic inflammatory condition affecting the adult population worldwide. Many microorganisms act as an initiator for induction of inflammatory immune responses, which participate in the destruction of connective tissue surrounding the teeth and thereby result in tooth loss. Cytokines may have indispensable roles in its pathogenesis through enhancing inflammatory and immune responses. Cytokines can affect functions of some cells of different tissues, such as the cells of the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissues. There is evidence that periodontitis is associated with metabolic disorders, like liver cirrhosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Hence, this review was focused on determining how cytokines can participate in the correlation of periodontitis with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza ArefNezhad
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Isola G. Early Biomarkers of Periodontitis: New Challenges for a Personalized Medicine Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010251. [PMID: 35010509 PMCID: PMC8751042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the concept of precision medicine has attracted attention [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Isola G. Advances in Biomarkers and Diagnostics in Periodontitis and Oral Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041886. [PMID: 33672084 PMCID: PMC7919635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral health is essential to general health and well-being at every stage of life [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
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