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Hu Z, Liu Y, Huang K, Huang H, Li F, Yuan X. Comparing the Effect of Isoinertial Flywheel Training and Traditional Resistance Training on Maximal Strength and Muscle Power in Healthy People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:908. [PMID: 39063661 PMCID: PMC11277740 DOI: 10.3390/life14070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze whether isoinertial flywheel training (FWT) is superior to traditional resistance training (TRT) in enhancing maximal strength and muscle power in healthy individuals. METHODS Electronic searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases up to 21 April 2024. Outcomes were analyzed as continuous variables using either a random or fixed effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of sixteen articles, involving 341 subjects, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the statistical analyses. The pooled results indicate no statistically significant differences between FWT and TRT in developing maximal strength in healthy individuals (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.74], p = 0.35). Additionally, the pooled outcomes showed a small-sized effect in muscle power with FWT (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI [0.10, 0.84]), which was significantly higher than that with TRT (p = 0.01) in healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed that when the total number of FWT sessions is between 12 and 18 (1-3 times per week), it significantly improves muscle power (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.12, 1.09]). Significant effects favoring FWT for muscle power were observed in both well-trained (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI [0.04, 1.13]) and untrained individuals (SMD = 1.40, 95% CI [0.23, 2.57]). In terms of exercise, performing flywheel training with squat and lunge exercises significantly enhances muscle power (SMD = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.02-0.84, and p = 0.04). Interestingly, FWT was superior to weight stack resistance training (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.21, 1.00]) in enhancing muscle power, while no significant differences were found compared to barbell free weights training (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.94]). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms the superiority of FWT compared to TRT in promoting muscle power in both healthy untrained and well-trained individuals. Squats and lunges for FWT are more suitable for improving lower limb explosive power. It is recommended that coaches and trainers implement FWT for six weeks, 2-3 times per week, with at least a 48 h interval between each session. Although FWT is not superior to free weights training, it is advisable to include FWT in sport periodization to diversify the training stimuli for healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Hu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuhang Liu
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Keke Huang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Feng Li
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fu H, Zhang M, Fan Y. The effect of flywheel complex training with eccentric-overload on muscular adaptation in elite female volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17079. [PMID: 38525282 PMCID: PMC10961060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks (24 sessions) between flywheel complex training with eccentric overload and traditional complex training of well-trained volleyball players on muscle adaptation, including hypertrophy, strength, and power variables. Fourteen athletes were recruited and randomly divided into the flywheel complex training with an eccentric-overload group (FCTEO, n = 7) and the control group (the traditional complex training group, TCT, n = 7). Participants performed half-squats using a flywheel device or Smith machine and drop jumps, with three sets of eight repetitions and three sets of 12 repetitions, respectively. The variables assessed included the muscle thickness at the proximal, mid, and distal sections of the quadriceps femoris, maximal half-squats strength (1RM-SS), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and three-step approach jump (AJ). In addition, a two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The indicators of the FCTEO group showed a significantly better improvement (p < 0.05) in CMJ (height: ES = 0.648, peak power: ES = 0.750), AJ (height: ES = 0.537, peak power: ES = 0.441), 1RM-SS (ES = 0.671) compared to the TCT group and the muscle thicknes at the mid of the quadriceps femoris (ES = 0.504) after FCTEO training. Since volleyball requires lower limb strength and explosive effort during repeated jumps and spiking, these results suggest that FCTEO affects muscular adaptation in a way that improves performance in well-trained female volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Wang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Honghao Fu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Younes-Egaña O, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. From Theory to Practice: A Worldwide Cross-Sectional Survey About Flywheel Training in Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:185-194. [PMID: 38134893 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the global implementation of flywheel training (FT) by basketball strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in various contexts, encompassing daily practice, games, and sessions. METHODS Survey data were collected from 117 basketball S&C coaches who participated in a 24-question online survey. The survey was structured into 6 key areas, including country and competition, S&C coach context, training methodology, flywheel and competition, postactivation performance enhancement, and recovery. RESULTS Notably, all respondents emphasized the necessity of a familiarization period with flywheel technology, with a substantial 96% indicating that FT yielded improved player performance on the court. The predominant mention was the conical pulley system. During the season, the prevalent approach involved integrating FT into training twice a week, allocating <15 minutes per session, often in conjunction with traditional strength training. A diverse array of lower-body closed kinetic chain exercises were reported, encompassing squats, decelerations, and backward lunges. Intriguingly, FT implementation on match days was unlikely (77%), with the primary aims cited as injury prevention (34%) and enhancing players' strength levels during various phases of the regular season (27%). CONCLUSIONS Recognizing its inherent limitations, this descriptive study provides valuable contextual insights and practical applications for professional basketball practitioners grappling with the utilization of FT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shimizu T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Izumi S, Ochi E. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38167075 PMCID: PMC10763137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent studies have investigated the effects of flywheel (FW) training on muscle function, the effects of transient FW exercise on jump performance in athletes are unknown. This study examined the effects of single and repeated bouts of FW squat exercises on jump performance and muscle damage in male collegiate basketball players. METHODS The participants were 10 healthy college-age men (nonathletes) and 11 male basketball players (athletes). The intervention involved 100 squat exercises (10 repetitions × 10 sets) using an FW device. To examine the repeated-bout effects, the protocol was conducted again after a 2-week interval. Squat jumps, countermovement jumps, drop jumps, and rebound jumps were evaluated as jump performance, while isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque in knee extension, muscle soreness, range of motion, thigh circumference, muscle thickness, and echo intensity were evaluated as markers of muscle damage. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, 24 h later, and 72 h later. RESULTS The jump performance of nonathletes decreased after exercise (p < 0.05), while that of the athletes did not. The results were similar for muscle soreness. MVC torque decreased significantly after the first exercise in both groups (p < 0.05) and was significantly lower in the nonathletes versus athletes. Significant repeated-bout effects were found for muscle soreness in nonathletes but not athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a single bout of FW exercise reduces jump performance in male nonathletes but not basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, 170-8445, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518, Kamikurata-Cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-8539, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1, Uruidominami, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0193, Japan
| | - Shigeki Izumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
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Chen CH, Wu SH, Shiu YJ, Yu SY, Chiu CH. Acute enhancement of Romanian deadlift performance after consumption of caffeinated chewing gum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22016. [PMID: 38086915 PMCID: PMC10716112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the consumption of caffeinated chewing gum on the performance of Romanian deadlift on the flywheel training device. A total of 19 participants completed a randomized, cross-over, single-blind experiment with food-grade caffeinated chewing gum trial (CAF) or placebo trail (PL). Gum were chewed for 10 min and rest for 15 min prior to the Romanian deadlift test using the inertial resistance training machine. 5 sets of 6 Romanian deadlifts were performed, with a 3-min rest between sets, followed by a 7-day washout period before the next set of trials. The average power, average force, total peak power, peak concentric power, peak eccentric power, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each trials were analyzed using paired-T test. Compared to placebo, caffeinated chewing gum trial enhanced peak concentric power (P = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.44), peak eccentric power (P = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.55), average power (P = 0.013, Cohen's d = 0.43), and total work (P = 0.026, Cohen's d = 0.28). However, in average force (P = 0.063, Cohen's d = 0.50), RPE (P = 0.266), and heart rate (P = 0.143), were no significant differences between trials. Caffeinated chewing gum with a dose of caffeine of 200 mg for 10 min may acutely enhance Romanian deadlift performance on the flywheel machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Shiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yan Yu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Fu K, Chen L, Poon ETC, Wang R, Li Q, Liu H, Ho IMK. Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217045. [PMID: 37534366 PMCID: PMC10390728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of flywheel training (FT) on lower limb explosive power performance. Using a randomized crossover design, 20 trained men (age = 21.5 ± 1.4 years; training experience 5.5 ± 1.2 years) completed seven main conditions after three familiarization sessions. The first three conditions tested the PAPE of the FT on the counter movement jump (CMJ) under three different inertial loads (0.041 kg·m2 as L; 0.057 kg·m2 as ML; and 0.122 kg·m2 as P), whereas the following four conditions tested the PAPE of FT on the 30 m sprint, which consisted of three inertial loads (L, ML, and P) and a control condition. Participants were required to perform the CMJ or 30 m sprint at baseline (Tb) and immediately (T0), 4 min (T4), 8 min (T8), 12 min (T12), and 16 min (T16) after exercise, respectively. The results of the CMJ conditions showed that PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.01) and almost subsided at T12 (p > 0.05) in ML and P conditions. Meanwhile, PAPE appeared earlier in the P condition, and the effect was more significant (P:ES = 1.09; ML:ES = 0.79). 30 m sprint results showed significant improvement only in the ML condition. The PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.47) and almost subsided at T8 (p > 0.05). It was mainly due to the significant enhancement of the 10-30 m segmental timing performance at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.49). This study indicates that the size of the inertial load could influence the magnitude of the PAPE produced by the explosive force of the lower limb. The PAPE of the vertical explosive force increased with increasing inertial load, but the PAPE of the horizontal explosive force did not appear at the maximum inertial load. The most effective elicitation of the PAPE was at 4-8 min after the FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Fu
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingying Chen
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rou Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
- Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
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Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M. Stojanović MD, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:243-257. [PMID: 37559764 PMCID: PMC10407313 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/167469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel eccentric overload training in order to improve or increase muscle volume and strength, as well as several performance-related fitness attributes, but to date, there are no studies that have reviewed the effects of these training methods in basketball. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to collect the updated information about the influence of flywheel training on performance of basketball players. A search in four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted up to November 20, 2022. Articles were selected as valid for review if: (i) they were an experimental trial published in English; (ii) participants were basketball players without illnesses or injuries, and (iii) a rotational inertial overload method was used as a performance-dependent variable. A total of 93 articles were found. After filtering procedures, only seven studies were considered in this systematic review. In the selected studies, 203 participants were included, 58 females and 145 males. Focusing on basketball related performance variables, all the studies included the countermovement jump (CMJ), while five included sprinting and a change of direction test (COD). The results showed an improvement in performance-related variables associated with basketball (sprint, CMJ, and COD) through the use of inertial methods. Improvements were reported in professional, semi-professional and amateur players as well as both male and female players. However, given the low number of studies, additional investigations on this topic are warranted before a "clear picture" can be drawn concerning the effects of flywheel eccentric overload training in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Iuliano E, Di Martino G, Della Valle C, Fiorilli G, Calcagno G, di Cagno A. A Systematic Review of Flywheel Training Effectiveness and Application on Sport Specific Performances. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11040076. [PMID: 37104150 PMCID: PMC10144427 DOI: 10.3390/sports11040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of flywheel training, which allows for the replication of specific sports movements, overloading both the concentric and eccentric phases. Inclusion criteria were injury prevention outcomes; ability in terms of strength, power, sprinting, jumping and change of direction; competitive athletes; and RCTs. Exclusion criteria were a lack of a control group and lack of baseline and/or follow-up data. The databases used were Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Sage. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the quality of the selected RCTs. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence was used. A PICOS (participants, intervention, comparators, study outcomes, and study design) approach was used to evaluate eligibility. A total of 21 RCTs with 8 to 54 participants in each study analyzed flywheel technology and its application in nine sports. The results showed that flywheel training is a good strategy to improve sports performance, providing variation in training methodologies and athletes’ adherence. Further studies are needed to define guidelines on training modality, weekly frequency, volume, and inertia load. Only a few studies have applied the flywheel device directly to overload specific multidirectional movements at different joint angles. This method is not exempt from criticalities, such as the cost and the ability to carry out only individual training.
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Performance Outcomes Following Isoinertial or Machine-Based Training Interventions in Female Junior Tennis Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:123-134. [PMID: 36543172 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate changes in physical performance indicators after executing a flywheel or machine-based neuromuscular training program in young female tennis players. METHODS Twenty-four players were divided into a machine-based group (MG), flywheel group (FG), and control group. Countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint time (5, 10, and 15 m), change-of-direction (COD) performance (right and left), medicine-ball throws (overhead, forehand, and backhand), and serve velocity were included as tests at baseline, week 4, and week 8. RESULTS Both MG and FG largely improved from baseline to weeks 4 and 8 of training in CMJ (11.6, 10.6%; effect size [ES] = 1.24, 1.95). Also, sprint time 5 m and 10 m, COD performance-right, and COD performance-left improved moderately to very largely at week 4 in MG (-5.0% to -6.2%; ES = -1.79 to -4.19) and FG (-2.9% to -5.1%; ES = -1.13 to -1.64), respectively. Regarding medicine-ball throw, only FG improved moderately to very largely from weeks 4 to 8 in overhead (9.3%; ES = 1.46), forehand (8.0%; ES = 1.08), and backhand (6.1%; ES = 1.15). Serve velocity improved moderately from weeks 4 to 8 in MG (5.8%; ES = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of the tested programs seem sufficient to improve physical determinants in young female participants. Greater improvements in CMJ and medicine-ball throw following flywheel neuromuscular training indicate the importance of including exercises that emphasize the stretch-shortening cycle and involve the entire kinetic chain. Performing the same intervention with no load adjustments may stall or even decrease performance in some parameters from weeks 4 to 8.
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Filetti C, Ruscello B, Leo I, Porta M, Chiari A, Miranda C, Rago V. Hypertrophic adaptations to a 6-week in-season barbell vs. flywheel squat added to regular soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:60-68. [PMID: 35415999 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the hypertrophic adaptations to barbell or flywheel squat exercise added to regular in-season soccer training. METHODS Quadriceps' (rectus femoris [RF], vastus medialis [VM] and vastus lateralis [VL]) cross-sectional area (CSA) in its portions (proximal [PROX], middle [MID], and distal [DIST]) was measured on both legs before and after a 6-week barbell (80 to 90% one-maximum repetition; N.=7) or flywheel (0.0611 to 0.0811 kg·m2; N.=7) in an U19 professional soccer team using a 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Both groups underwent 5 sets × 6 reps per session of squat separated by 3-min rest, while controlling the time under tension (within 0.5 and 0.8 s). RESULTS The barbell squat group experienced moderate CSA increments in the VM<inf>MID</inf> and the VL<inf>DIST</inf> of the right leg (d=0.98-0.99). Additionally, the flywheel group experience large CSA increments in the RF<inf>MID</inf>, VL<inf>PROX</inf> and VL<inf>MID</inf> of the right leg (d=1.00-1.84). On average, flywheel squat training largely produced greater force during exercise compared to the barbell squat training (29.2 vs. 12.2 N·kg-1; d=5.95), whereas the barbell squat training produced moderately greater power output (10.5 vs. 9.7; d=0.52). CONCLUSIONS Barbell squat training seems to be more effective for VM hypertrophy whereas flywheel squat triggers greater RF and VL hypertrophy as complementary to regular field-based soccer practice and competition within a short range of time (6 weeks) during the in-season. These findings can be considered also from either strength or reconditioning perspective based on the increase in the quadriceps muscles' CSA as mechanism underlying strength/power adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Filetti
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919, Salerno, Italy.,Performance Department, FC Paris Saint Germain, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ruscello
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Leo
- Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Human, Philosophical and Educational Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Sport Rehab, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Porta
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Chiari
- Parthenope Sant'Antimo Basket, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, European University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal -
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12
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Weng Y, Liu H, Ruan T, Yang W, Wei H, Cui Y, Ho IMK, Li Q. Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1060640. [PMID: 36569754 PMCID: PMC9774037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of flywheel accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) training on the running economy (RE) of young male well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two runners participated and were randomly assigned to the flywheel (FG, n = 12) and the control group (CG, n = 10). Traditional endurance training was performed in both groups three times a week for 6-week, while traditional resistance and flywheel AEL training was added to the CG and FG respectively. Subjects performed the incremental exercise test, squat jump, and countermovement jump (CMJ) before and after training. The results showed that 1) the RE at 65% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 75% VO2peak, and 85% VO2peak improved significantly after 6 weeks of training (p < 0.01, Effect size (ES) = 0.76; p < 0.01, ES = 1.04; p < 0.01, ES = 1.85) in FG, and the RE of 85% VO2peak in FG was significantly lower than CG (p < 0.05, ES = 0.30); 2) in post-training, both squat jump (p < 0.01, ES = 0.73) and CMJ (p < 0.01, ES = 1.15) performance, eccentric utilization ratio (p < 0.04, ES = 0.44), the rate of force development (RFD) of squat jump (p < 0.05, ES = 0.46), and CMJRFD (p < 0.01, ES = 0.66) were significantly improved in FG. And there are no significant differents in CG group because it was maintain training for our participants. Our findings showed that 1) flywheel AEL training improves the muscles' explosive strength and other neuromuscular functions, and improves the athlete's running economy under 65%, 75%, and 85% VO2peak, which potentially increases endurance performance. 2) Flywheel AEL training can improve the height, RFD, and the eccentric utilization ratio of squat jump and CMJ, and other lower limb elastic potential energy indicators of the young male, well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Weng
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Cuiwei Primary School, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ruan
- Taizhou Science and Technology Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenpu Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hongwen Wei,
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China,Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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13
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Application Effect of Motion Capture Technology in Basketball Resistance Training and Shooting Hit Rate in Immersive Virtual Reality Environment. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:4584980. [PMID: 35785072 PMCID: PMC9249460 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4584980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the progress of society, sports have become the mainstream of social development. Strengthening the athletic ability of basketball players can effectively improve their shooting percentage. Firstly, virtual reality (VR) technology and motion capture technology are summarized. Secondly, the resistance training and shooting training of basketball players are analyzed and explained. Finally, the algorithm of motion capture technology is designed to capture and optimize the movements of athletes. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of the shooting percentage of basketball players is carried out. The results show that the motion capture technology proposed here effectively captures the shooting action of basketball players, and the shooting percentage of players is promoted through resistance training. Among all athletes, the highest shooting percentage improvement is around 14% and the lowest is around 4%. In all groups, athletes of different heights have the largest difference in the improvement of shooting percentage. Therefore, this work plays an important role in improving the shooting rate of basketball players through VR technology. It provides technical support for improving the shooting percentage of basketball players and contributes to the progress of athletes' comprehensive athletic ability.
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14
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Chaabene H, Markov A, Prieske O, Moran J, Behrens M, Negra Y, Ramirez-Campillo R, Koch U, Mkaouer B. Effect of Flywheel versus Traditional Resistance Training on Change of Direction Performance in Male Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7061. [PMID: 35742311 PMCID: PMC9223129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of flywheel resistance training (FRT) versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on change of direction (CoD) performance in male athletes. Methods: Five databases were screened up to December 2021. Results: Seven studies were included. The results indicated a significantly larger effect of FRT compared with TRT (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.64). A within-group comparison indicated a significant large effect of FRT on CoD performance (SMD = 1.63). For TRT, a significant moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.62). FRT of ≤2 sessions/week resulted in a significant large effect (SMD = 1.33), whereas no significant effect was noted for >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a significant large effect of ≤12 FRT sessions (SMD = 1.83) was observed, with no effect of >12 sessions. Regarding TRT, no significant effects of any of the training factors were detected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT appears to be more effective than TRT in improving CoD performance in male athletes. Independently computed single training factor analyses for FRT indicated that ≤2 sessions/week resulted in a larger effect on CoD performance than >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a total of ≤12 FRT sessions induced a larger effect than >12 training sessions. Practitioners in sports, in which accelerative and decelerative actions occur in quick succession to change direction, should regularly implement FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba 8189, Tunisia
| | - Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.M.); (U.K.)
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, 14471 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Doberaner Straße 142, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia;
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
| | - Ulrike Koch
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.M.); (U.K.)
| | - Bessem Mkaouer
- Department of Individual Sports, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia;
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15
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O’ Brien J, Browne D, Earls D, Lodge C. The Efficacy of Flywheel Inertia Training to Enhance Hamstring Strength. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:14. [PMID: 35225901 PMCID: PMC8883923 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the efficacy of flywheel inertia training to increase hamstring strength. Hamstring strain injury is common in many sports, and baseline strength deficits have been associated with a higher risk of hamstring strain injury. As a result, strength and conditioning professionals actively seek additional techniques to improve hamstring strength with the aim of minimising the incidence of hamstring strain injury. One method of strength training gaining popularity in hamstring strength development is flywheel inertia training. In this review, we provide a brief overview of flywheel inertia training and its supposed adaptions. Next, we discuss important determinants of flywheel inertia training such as familiarisation, volume prescription, inertia load, technique and specific exercise used. Thereafter, we investigate its effects on hamstring strength, fascicle length and hamstring strain injury reduction. This article proposes that hamstring specific flywheel inertia training can be utilised for strength development, but due to the low number of studies and contrary evidence, more research is needed before a definite conclusion can be made. In addition, as with any training modality, careful consideration should be given to flywheel inertia training determinants. This review provides general recommendations of flywheel inertia training determinants that have value when integrating flywheel inertia training into a hamstring strengthening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey O’ Brien
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
- High Performance Unit, WIT Arena, X91 P20H Waterford, Ireland
| | - Declan Browne
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Des Earls
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Clare Lodge
- HealthCore, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (D.B.); (D.E.); (C.L.)
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16
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Muñoz-López A, Floría P, Sañudo B, Pecci J, Carmona Pérez J, Pozzo M. The Maximum Flywheel Load: A Novel Index to Monitor Loading Intensity of Flywheel Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8124. [PMID: 34884128 PMCID: PMC8662394 DOI: 10.3390/s21238124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study was (1) to find an index to monitor the loading intensity of flywheel resistance training, and (2) to study the differences in the relative intensity workload spectrum between the FW-load and ISO-load. METHODS twenty-one males participated in the study. Subjects executed an incremental loading test in the squat exercise using a Smith machine (ISO-load) or a flywheel device (FW-load). We studied different association models between speed, power, acceleration, and force, and each moment of inertia was used to find an index for FW-load. In addition, we tested the differences between relative workloads among load conditions using a two-way repeated-measures test. RESULTS the highest r2 was observed using a logarithmic fitting model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia. The intersection with the x-axis resulted in an index (maximum flywheel load, MFL) that represents a theoretical individual maximal load that can be used. The ISO-load showed greater speed, acceleration, and power outcomes at any relative workload (%MFL vs. % maximum repetition). However, from 45% of the relative workload, FW-load showed higher vertical forces. CONCLUSIONS MFL can be easily computed using a logarithmic model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia to characterize the maximum theoretical loading intensity in the flywheel squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pablo Floría
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Javier Pecci
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jorge Carmona Pérez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Marco Pozzo
- SmartCoach Europe AB, 118 20 Stockholm, Sweden;
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17
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Murton J, Eager R, Drury B. Comparison of flywheel versus traditional resistance training in elite academy male Rugby union players. Res Sports Med 2021; 31:214-227. [PMID: 34293975 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of flywheel inertia training (FIT) vs traditional resistance training (TRT) over four weeks in academy male rugby union (RU) players. Sixteen elite male academy RU players (age = 18.0 ± 1.0 years, body mass = 93.0 ± 13.1 kg) were allocated into either FIT (n = 8) or TRT (n = 8) groups. Pre and post measures of countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ) were completed. Relative peak force (PF), relative peak power (PP) and jump height (H) were measured for CMJ and SJ with reactive strength index measured for the DJ. Both groups showed improvements in all measures, except for SJ peak power, following TRT. Within-group analysis showed significant increases following TRT in CMJ-H (2.79 cm, 90% CI = -0.70, 4.89 cm; p = 0.002; ES = 0.51) and SJ-H (3.68 cm, 90% CI = 1.25, 6.11 cm; p = 0.002; ES = 0.88) with a significant improvement following FIT for CMJ-PP (1.96Wkg-1, 90% CI = -0.89, 4.80 Wkg-1; p = 0.022; ES = 0.55). No significant between-group differences (p > 0.05) were evident. These findings suggest both FIT and TRT are effective for developing lower-body strength and power qualities in male academy RU players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Eager
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham Stadium, Twickenham, UK
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
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