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Wang ZJ, Sun L, Heinbockel T. Firing Patterns of Mitral Cells and Their Transformation in the Main Olfactory Bulb. Brain Sci 2024; 14:678. [PMID: 39061419 PMCID: PMC11275187 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitral cells (MCs) in the main olfactory bulb relay odor information to higher-order olfactory centers by encoding the information in the form of action potentials. The firing patterns of these cells are influenced by both their intrinsic properties and their synaptic connections within the neural network. However, reports on MC firing patterns have been inconsistent, and the mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unclear. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in mouse brain slices, we discovered that MCs exhibit two types of integrative behavior: regular/rhythmic firing and bursts of action potentials. These firing patterns could be transformed both spontaneously and chemically. MCs with regular firing maintained their pattern even in the presence of blockers of fast synaptic transmission, indicating this was an intrinsic property. However, regular firing could be transformed into bursting by applying GABAA receptor antagonists to block inhibitory synaptic transmission. Burst firing could be reverted to regular firing by blocking ionotropic glutamate receptors, rather than applying a GABAA receptor agonist, indicating that ionotropic glutamatergic transmission mediated this transformation. Further experiments on long-lasting currents (LLCs), which generated burst firing, also supported this mechanism. In addition, cytoplasmic Ca2+ in MCs was involved in the transformation of firing patterns mediated by glutamatergic transmission. Metabotropic glutamate receptors also played a role in LLCs in MCs. These pieces of evidence indicate that odor information can be encoded on a mitral cell (MC) platform, where it can be relayed to higher-order olfactory centers through intrinsic and dendrodendritic mechanisms in MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Liqin Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Selvaraj DB, Panneerselvam A, Vergil Andrews JF, Kandasamy M. Cysteamine HCl Administration Impedes Motor and Olfactory Functions, Accompanied by a Reduced Number of Dopaminergic Neurons, in Experimental Mice: A Preclinical Mimetic Relevant to Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:632. [PMID: 39061373 PMCID: PMC11275195 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine hydrochloride (Cys-HCl) has been established as a potent ulcerogenic agent of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. GI dysfunction and olfactory deficits are the most common clinical symptoms of many movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Cys-HCl has been shown to interfere with dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for motor, olfactory, and cognitive functions. However, the reports on the effect of Cys-HCl treatment on the behavioral aspects and functions of the dopamine system appear to be inconsistent. Therefore, we revisited the impact of Cys-HCl on the motor function in experimental mice using a battery of behavioral tests, such as the pole test (PT), beam-walking test (BWT), and rotarod test (RDT), while the olfactory ability and cognitive functions were examined through the buried-food test (BFT) and Y-maze test. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of Cys-HCl on the number of dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra (SN) and olfactory bulb (OB) of the experimental mice using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that Cys-HCl administration in the mice induced significant impairments in their motor balance and coordination, as their movement-related performances were markedly reduced in terms of the behavioral tasks. Mice exposed to Cys-HCl showed pronounced reductions in their odor discrimination abilities as well as cognitive impairments. Strikingly, the number of TH-positive neurons was found to be reduced in the SN and OB of the Cys-HCl-treated group, which is a bonafide neuropathogenic hallmark of PD. This study highlights the potential neurotoxic effects of Cys-HCl in experimental brains and suggests further investigation into its role in the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bharathi Selvaraj
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
| | - Anusiya Panneerselvam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India;
| | - Jemi Feiona Vergil Andrews
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
- University Grants Commission-Faculty Recharge Programme (UGC-FRP), New Delhi 110002, India
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3
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Chi XT, Yang W, Zhang JB, Lei YT, Tao CC, Chen HN, Zheng ZK, Xin WJ, Xu T, Gao S, Zhang XQ. A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Integrated Study on Brain Functional Changes in a Neuropathic Pain Rat Model. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0272-23.2024. [PMID: 38346901 PMCID: PMC10925899 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0272-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human and animal imaging studies demonstrated that chronic pain profoundly alters the structure and the functionality of several brain regions and even causes mental dysfunctions such as depression and anxiety disorders. In this article, we conducted a multimodal study cross-sectionally and longitudinally, to evaluate how neuropathic pain affects the brain. Using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model which promotes long-lasting mechanical allodynia, results showed that neuropathic pain deeply modified the intrinsic organization of the brain functional network 2 weeks after injury. There are significant changes in the activity of the left thalamus (Th_L) and left olfactory bulb (OB_L) brain regions after SNI, as evidenced by both the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and c-Fos expression. Importantly, these changes were closely related to mechanical pain behavior of rats. However, it is worth noting that after morphine administration for analgesia, only the increased activity in the TH region is reversed, while the decreased activity in the OB region becomes more prominent. Functional connectivity (FC) and c-Fos correlation analysis further showed these two regions of interest (ROIs) exhibit different FC patterns with other brain regions. Our study comprehensively revealed the adaptive changes of brain neural networks induced by nerve injury in both cross-sectional and longitudinal dimensions and emphasized the abnormal activity and FC of Th_L and OB_L in the pathological condition. It provides reliable assistance in exploring the intricate mechanisms of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tian Chi
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Wu Yang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, State Key Specialty in Pain Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yu-Tao Lei
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Hong-Ni Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Zi-Kun Zheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), School of Health Management and Institute of Mental Psychology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
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4
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Nie W, Xu X, Liu M, Zhang X. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:583-590. [PMID: 37721288 PMCID: PMC10581567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson's disease, appearing in about 90% of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease, and can often predate the diagnosis by years. Therefore, olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. In this article, we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson's disease. On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels, we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson's disease. Therefore, therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson's disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms, highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wang X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Sun J, Li J, Zhao P, Cai L, Liu W, Yang Z, Wang Z, Lv H. Causal relationship between multiparameter brain MRI phenotypes and age: evidence from Mendelian randomization. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae077. [PMID: 38529357 PMCID: PMC10963122 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the causal relationship between age and brain health (cortical atrophy, white matter integrity, white matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds in various brain regions) related multiparameter imaging features using two-sample Mendelian randomization. Age was determined as chronological age of the subject. Cortical volume, white matter micro-integrity, white matter hyperintensity volume and cerebral microbleeds of each brain region were included as phenotypes for brain health. Age and imaging of brain health related genetic data were analysed to determine the causal relationship using inverse-variance weighted model, validated by heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy variables. Age is causally related to increased volumes of white matter hyperintensities (β = 0.151). For white matter micro-integrity, fibres of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (axial diffusivity β = -0.128, orientation dispersion index β = 0.173), cerebral peduncle (axial diffusivity β = -0.136), superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (isotropic volume fraction β = 0.163) and fibres within the limbic system were causally deteriorated. We also detected decreased cortical thickness of multiple frontal and temporal regions (P < 0.05). Microbleeds were not related with aging (P > 0.05). Aging is a threat of brain health, leading to cortical atrophy mainly in the frontal lobes, as well as the white matter degeneration especially abnormal hyperintensity and deteriorated white matter integrity around the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linkun Cai
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhenghan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Ab Aziz S, Mohd Nasir MH, Jusoh AR, Azman KF, Ismail CAN, Ahmad AH, Othman Z, Zakaria R. Global research Activity on olfactory marker protein (OMP): A bibliometric and visualized analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26106. [PMID: 38390049 PMCID: PMC10881356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is extensively studied in mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) for understanding olfaction physiology. However, no bibliometric analysis on this topic exists. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of OMP research articles, wherein the publication count was assessed by year, country, journal, and author, collaboration by country, and productivity of the authors. Additionally, key terms and research themes were identified. Using the search phrase "olfactory marker protein" in Scopus, we retrieved 691 original research articles by 2487 authors since 1974. Publications showed an increasing trend, with the United States leading in quantity and collaboration. Our thematic map highlights "Olfactory bulb, regeneration, olfactory" as the primary research domain, while "olfaction, olfactory sensory neuron, glomerulus" and "olfactory receptor neurons, apoptosis, olfactory dysfunction" emerge as essential future research topics. These bibliometric findings offer insights into the global OMP research landscape, guiding researchers in potential collaborations and intriguing future research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salmi Ab Aziz
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd H Mohd Nasir
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ab Rashid Jusoh
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Khairunnuur Fairuz Azman
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Asma H Ahmad
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Iida M, Hitomi S, Hayashi Y, Shibuta I, Tsuboi Y, Ueda K, Iwata K, Shinoda M. Analgesic effect of linalool odor on oral ulcerative mucositis-induced pain in rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 206:110844. [PMID: 38096923 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oral ulcerative mucositis (OUM) induces severe pain, leading to a low quality of life. Linalool odor exposure has recently been reported to suppress inflammatory pain in the hind paws. However, the analgesic effect of linalool odor on orofacial pain remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of linalool odor on oral pain caused by OUM using nocifensive behavioral and immunohistochemical analyses in rats. OUM was developed by treating the labial fornix region of the inferior incisors with acetic acid. Linalool at 1% was exposed for 5 min at 30 min before nocifensive behavioral measurements. OUM induced spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia, which were suppressed by the linalool odor. Mechanical allodynia in the hind paw following the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant was also suppressed by linalool odor. Application of lidocaine to the olfactory bulb attenuated the inhibition of spontaneous pain and hyperactivation of trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis neurons in OUM model rats. Linalool odor exposure-induced neuronal activation in the locus coeruleus (LC) of OUM model rats was decreased by lidocaine application to the olfactory bulb. The decrease in neuronal activation in the LC was attenuated by the administration of orexin 1 receptor (OX-1) antagonist to the LC. These results suggest that linalool odor stimulation through the olfactory pathway activates LC neurons via OX-1 signaling, leading to the suppression of OUM-induced oral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Iida
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuboi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ueda
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Kwak IH, Kim YE, Kang SY, Lee JS, Lee J, Kim MS, Yea DA, Ma HI. Comparative Olfactory Profiles in Parkinson's Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:64-70. [PMID: 37798852 PMCID: PMC10846967 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a frequently encountered diagnostic possibility when considering Parkinson's disease (PD). While olfactory dysfunction is a common clinical feature in PD, the comparison of olfactory function between the two conditions remains insufficient. This study aimed to compare olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) profiles, between PD and DIP. METHODS Consecutive patients with drug-naïve PD (n = 78) or DIP (n = 31) confirmed through dopamine transporter imaging were enrolled in this study. The YSK olfactory function (YOF) test, composed of TDI domains culturally familiar odorants to Koreans, was administered to all patients. RESULTS In the study population, patients with DIP were significantly older than patients with PD. Over 70% of patients in each group had hyposmia or anosmia, and there was no significant difference in the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in the total YOF score and threshold score between the two groups. Meanwhile, the PD group had a significantly lower discrimination and identification score than the DIP group after adjusting for age, sex, the existence of diabetes, disease duration, and cognitive function. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that detailed olfactory profiles are different in PD and DIP, even though olfactory dysfunction can be observed in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hee Kwak
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Suk Yun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Joong Seob Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jeongjae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min Seung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Dong A Yea
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyeo-il Ma
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Wendlandt M, Kürten AJ, Beiersdorfer A, Schubert C, Samad-Yazdtchi K, Sauer J, Pinto MC, Schulz K, Friese MA, Gee CE, Hirnet D, Lohr C. A 2A adenosine receptor-driven cAMP signaling in olfactory bulb astrocytes is unaffected in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273837. [PMID: 38077336 PMCID: PMC10701430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclic nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger, which is known to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) can modulate inflammation but little is known about the significance of cAMP in their function. Methods We investigated cAMP dynamics in mouse olfactory bulb astrocytes in brain slices prepared from healthy and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Results The purinergic receptor ligands adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) both induced transient increases in cAMP in astrocytes expressing the genetically encoded cAMP sensor Flamindo2. The A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 inhibited the responses. Similar transient increases in astrocytic cAMP occurred when olfactory receptor neurons were stimulated electrically, resulting in ATP release from the stimulated axons that increased cAMP, again via A2A receptors. Notably, A2A-mediated responses to ATP and adenosine were not different in EAE mice as compared to healthy mice. Discussion Our results indicate that ATP, synaptically released by afferent axons in the olfactory bulb, is degraded to adenosine that acts on A2A receptors in astrocytes, thereby increasing the cytosolic cAMP concentration. However, this pathway is not altered in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wendlandt
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina J. Kürten
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Schubert
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Sauer
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schulz
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine E. Gee
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Hirnet
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Ruggeri M, Ricci M, Pagliaro M, Gerace C. Anosmia predicts memory impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: results of a neuropsychological cohort study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:10.1007/s00406-023-01670-2. [PMID: 37644214 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Recovered COVID-19 patients frequently suffer of cognitive disorders. Several etiopathogenetic mechanisms have been considered for the brain complications in COVID-19 but results are uncertain. Amongst them, an olfactory route to SARS-CoV-2 brain infection might explain cognitive and memory disturbances in post-COVID-19 patients, given the cooccurrence of anosmia and possible underlying limbic involvement. The aims of the study are to investigate cognition of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome, and to find clinical factors predicting cognitive and memory impairments. 18 patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome underwent neuropsychological assessment and evaluation of clinical parameters. Stepwise regression analysis was used between clinical parameters as factors and cognitive global scores as dependent variables. Since only anosmia predicted memory performances, repeated measures ANOVA of memory scores was conducted between anosmic and non-anosmic patients. We found lack of association between clinical parameters and cognitive performances. Only anosmia was a good predictor for memory performances, with anosmic subjects showing a temporo-mesial amnesic profile. Our study shows novel findings of causal association between transient anosmia during COVID-19 and memory disorders with temporo-mesial dysfunction, probably sharing a common pathophysiological mechanism, and suggesting a possible SARS-CoV 2 infection of the limbic brain via the olfactory route. In contrast to previous studies, cognitive dysfunctions were not associated with respiratory distress, comorbidity, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruggeri
- Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, C.ne Gianicolense 57, 00152, Rome, Italy.
- Rehabilitation Center C.A.R., Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Ricci
- Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, C.ne Gianicolense 57, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Gerace
- Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, C.ne Gianicolense 57, 00152, Rome, Italy
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Manta K, Papakyriakopoulou P, Nikolidaki A, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Banella S, Colombo G, Valsami G. Comparative Serum and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin after Oral and Nasal Administration to Rats as Lyophilized Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Their Blends with Mannitol/Lecithin Microparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2036. [PMID: 37631250 PMCID: PMC10459069 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) is one of the most studied flavonoids with strong antioxidant properties ascribed to its ability to bind free radicals and inactivate them. However, the low solubility of the compound along with its inadequate absorption after oral administration limit its beneficial effects. Que's complexation with two different cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives (hydroxypropyl-β-CD and methyl-β-CD) via the neutralization/lyophilization method has been found to improve its physicochemical properties. Moreover, blends of the lyophilized powders with mannitol/lecithin microparticles (MLMPs) have been proposed as candidates for intranasal (IN) administration after in vitro and ex vivo evaluations. In this context, a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the IN vs oral administration of Que lyophilized powders and their blends with MLMPs (75:25 w/w) was performed on Wistar rats. The PK parameters estimated by a non-compartmental analysis using the sparse data methodology in Phoenix® 8.3 (Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA) illustrated the effectiveness of IN administration either in brain targeting or in reaching the bloodstream. Significant levels of the compound were achieved at both sites, compared to those after oral delivery which were negligible. These results favor the potential application of the prepared Que nasal powders for systemic and nose-to-brain delivery for the prevention and/or treatment of neuroinflammatory degenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Manta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (P.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (P.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Anna Nikolidaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (P.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Centre of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Centre of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Sabrina Banella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (P.P.); (A.N.)
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12
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Gracia DI, Ortiz M, Candela T, Iáñez E, Sánchez RM, Díaz C, Azorín JM. Design and Evaluation of a Potential Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Strategy for Treating Persistent Anosmia in Post-COVID-19 Patients. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5880. [PMID: 37447728 DOI: 10.3390/s23135880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A new pandemic was declared at the end of 2019 because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One of the effects of COVID-19 infection is anosmia (i.e., a loss of smell). Unfortunately, this olfactory dysfunction is persistent in around 5% of the world's population, and there is not an effective treatment for it yet. The aim of this paper is to describe a potential non-invasive neurostimulation strategy for treating persistent anosmia in post-COVID-19 patients. In order to design the neurostimulation strategy, 25 subjects who experienced anosmia due to COVID-19 infection underwent an olfactory assessment while their electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded. These signals were used to investigate the activation of brain regions during the olfactory process and identify which regions would be suitable for neurostimulation. Afterwards, 15 subjects participated in the evaluation of the neurostimulation strategy, which was based on applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in selected brain regions related to olfactory function. The results showed that subjects with lower scores in the olfactory assessment obtained greater improvement than the other subjects. Thus, tDCS could be a promising option for people who have not fully regained their sense of smell following COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée I Gracia
- Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Engineering Research Institute of Elche-I3E, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Tatiana Candela
- Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iáñez
- Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Engineering Research Institute of Elche-I3E, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Valencian Community Foundation for the Management of the Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmina Díaz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Valencian Community Foundation for the Management of the Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M Azorín
- Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Engineering Research Institute of Elche-I3E, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Valencian Graduated School and Research Network of Artificial Intelligence-ValGRAI, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Ma Y, Li Y, Yin R, Guo P, Lei N, Li G, Xiong L, Xie Y. Therapeutic potential of aromatic plant extracts in Alzheimer's disease: Comprehensive review of their underlying mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 37122144 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this review is to outline recent advancements in the application and mechanistic studies of aromatic plant extracts in Alzhermer`s disease (AD) to demonstrate their value in the management of this disease. BACKGROUND AD is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex pathogenesis characterized by severe cognitive impairment. Currently, there are very few drugs available for the treatment of AD, and treatments are primarily focused on symptom relief. Aromatherapy is a traditional complementary alternative therapy that focuses on the prevention and treatment of the disease through the inhalation or transdermal administration of aromatic plant extracts. Over the past few years, studies on the use of aromatic plant extracts for the treatment of AD have been increasing and have demonstrated a definitive therapeutic effect. METHODS We systematically summarized in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies focusing on the potential use of aromatic plant extracts in the treatment of AD in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2000 to 2022. RESULTS Our literature survey indicates that aromatic plant extracts exert anti-AD effects by modulating pathological changes through anti-amyloid, anti-tau phosphorylation, anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms (Figure 1). CONCLUSION This review provides a future strategy for the research of novel anti-AD drugs from aromatic plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yingming Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Run Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Peixin Guo
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
| | - Nai Lei
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Li
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhuan Xie
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
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14
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Akın Öztürk G, Ermiş G, Eskicioğlu E, Güdücü Ç. The Pitfalls and Perspectives of Assessing Olfactory Function via Optical Brain Imaging. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 61:37-42. [PMID: 37583975 PMCID: PMC10424587 DOI: 10.4274/tao.2023.2023-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is critical for maintaining daily life activities. It is crucial to measure olfactory performance for the diagnosis and treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, impairments and a lack of quality in the olfactory system may indicate the early diagnosis of some diseases such as Parkinson's. In this context, there are several imaging methods available for evaluating olfactory function. In addition to the conventional methods used in measuring the brain's responsiveness to olfactory stimuli, this article presents a systematic review of the current applicability of optical brain imaging (i.e., functional near-infrared spectroscopy) in the evaluation of olfactory function. A database literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. This review excluded animal studies, clinical studies, pathology- or neurodegenerative disease-related studies, newborn-related studies, cross-modal- and dual-task-related studies, and non-original research studies. Thus, seven studies were examined to discuss the pitfalls and perspectives of the use of optical brain imaging under olfactory stimulation. As for this conclusion, they can be used to evaluate olfactory performance in healthy individuals through the interpretation of hemodynamic changes. Further studies are needed to standardize the applicability of these optical imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz Akın Öztürk
- Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Ermiş
- Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Eskicioğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Güdücü
- Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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15
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Bhatia-Dey N, Csoka AB, Heinbockel T. Chemosensory Ability and Sensitivity in Health and Disease: Epigenetic Regulation and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044179. [PMID: 36835589 PMCID: PMC9959623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, our two chemical senses, olfaction and gustation, are defined by two primary factors: genomic architecture of the organisms and their living environment. During the past three years of the global COVID-19 pandemic, these two sensory modalities have drawn much attention at the basic science and clinical levels because of the strong association of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction with viral infection. Loss of our sense of smell alone, or together with a loss of taste, has emerged as a reliable indicator of COVID-19 infection. Previously, similar dysfunctions have been detected in a large cohort of patients with chronic conditions. The research focus remains on understanding the persistence of olfactory and gustatory disturbances in the post-infection phase, especially in cases with long-term effect of infection (long COVID). Also, both sensory modalities show consistent age-related decline in studies aimed to understand the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions. Some studies using classical model organisms show an impact on neural structure and behavior in offspring as an outcome of parental olfactory experience. The methylation status of specific odorant receptors, activated in parents, is passed on to the offspring. Furthermore, experimental evidence indicates an inverse correlation of gustatory and olfactory abilities with obesity. Such diverse lines of evidence emerging from basic and clinical research studies indicate a complex interplay of genetic factors, evolutionary forces, and epigenetic alterations. Environmental factors that regulate gustation and olfaction could induce epigenetic modulation. However, in turn, such modulation leads to variable effects depending on genetic makeup and physiological status. Therefore, a layered regulatory hierarchy remains active and is passed on to multiple generations. In the present review, we attempt to understand the experimental evidence that indicates variable regulatory mechanisms through multilayered and cross-reacting pathways. Our analytical approach will add to enhancement of prevailing therapeutic interventions and bring to the forefront the significance of chemosensory modalities for the evaluation and maintenance of long-term health.
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16
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A Multi-Trait Association Analysis of Brain Disorders and Platelet Traits Identifies Novel Susceptibility Loci for Major Depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020245. [PMID: 36672180 PMCID: PMC9856280 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among candidate neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric risk-predictive biomarkers, platelet count, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width have been associated with the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) through epidemiological and genomic studies, suggesting partial co-heritability. We exploited these relationships for a multi-trait association analysis, using publicly available summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of all traits reported above. Gene-based enrichment tests were carried out, as well as a network analysis of significantly enriched genes. We analyzed 4,540,326 single nucleotide polymorphisms shared among the analyzed GWASs, observing 149 genome-wide significant multi-trait LD-independent associations (p < 5 × 10-8) for AD, 70 for PD and 139 for MDD. Among these, 27 novel associations were detected for AD, 34 for PD and 40 for MDD. Out of 18,781 genes with annotated variants within ±10 kb, 62 genes were enriched for associations with AD, 70 with PD and 125 with MDD (p < 2.7 × 10-6). Of these, seven genes were novel susceptibility loci for AD (EPPK1, TTLL1, PACSIN2, TPM4, PIF1, ZNF689, AZGP1P1), two for PD (SLC26A1, EFNA3) and two for MDD (HSPH1, TRMT61A). The resulting network showed a significant excess of interactions (enrichment p = 1.0 × 10-16). The novel genes that were identified are involved in the organization of cytoskeletal architecture (EPPK1, TTLL1, PACSIN2, TPM4), telomere shortening (PIF1), the regulation of cellular aging (ZNF689, AZGP1P1) and neurodevelopment (EFNA3), thus, providing novel insights into the shared underlying biology of brain disorders and platelet parameters.
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17
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Koyama S, Heinbockel T. Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Used in Olfactory Training: Focus on COVID-19 Induced Olfactory Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:835886. [PMID: 35721200 PMCID: PMC9201274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in the number of patients with post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) following the outbreak of COVID-19 has raised the general interest in and concern about olfactory dysfunction. At present, no clear method of treatment for PVOD has been established. Currently the most well-known method to improve the symptoms of olfactory dysfunction is "olfactory training" using essential oils. The essential oils used in olfactory training typically include rose, lemon, clove, and eucalyptus, which were selected based on the odor prism hypothesis proposed by Hans Henning in 1916. He classified odors based on six primary categories or dimensions and suggested that any olfactory stimulus fits into his smell prism, a three-dimensional space. The term "olfactory training" has been used based on the concept of training olfactory sensory neurons to relearn and distinguish olfactory stimuli. However, other mechanisms might contribute to how olfactory training can improve the recovery of the olfactory sense. Possibly, the essential oils contain chemical constituents with bioactive properties that facilitate the recovery of the olfactory sense by suppressing inflammation and enhancing regeneration. In this review, we summarize the chemical constituents of the essential oils of rose, lemon, clove, and eucalyptus and raise the possibility that the chemical constituents with bioactive properties are involved in improving the symptoms of olfactory dysfunction. We also propose that other essential oils that contain chemical constituents with anti-inflammatory effects and have binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 can be new candidates to test their efficiencies in facilitating the recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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18
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Li L, Ding G, Zhang L, Davoodi-Bojd E, Chopp M, Li Q, Zhang ZG, Jiang Q. Aging-Related Alterations of Glymphatic Transport in Rat: In vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Kinetic Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:841798. [PMID: 35360203 PMCID: PMC8960847 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.841798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Impaired glymphatic waste clearance function during brain aging leads to the accumulation of metabolic waste and neurotoxic proteins (e.g., amyloid-β, tau) which contribute to neurological disorders. However, how the age-related glymphatic dysfunction exerts its effects on different cerebral regions and affects brain waste clearance remain unclear. Methods We investigated alterations of glymphatic transport in the aged rat brain using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and advanced kinetic modeling. Healthy young (3-4 months) and aged (18-20 months) male rats (n = 12/group) underwent the identical MRI protocol, including T2-weighted imaging and 3D T1-weighted imaging with intracisternal administration of contrast agent (Gd-DTPA). Model-derived parameters of infusion rate and clearance rate, characterizing the kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer transport via the glymphatic system, were evaluated in multiple representative brain regions. Changes in the CSF-filled cerebral ventricles were measured using contrast-induced time signal curves (TSCs) in conjunction with structural imaging. Results Compared to the young brain, an overall impairment of glymphatic transport function was detected in the aged brain, evidenced by the decrease in both infusion and clearance rates throughout the brain. Enlarged ventricles in parallel with reduced efficiency in CSF transport through the ventricular regions were present in the aged brain. While the age-related glymphatic dysfunction was widespread, our kinetic quantification demonstrated that its impact differed considerably among cerebral regions with the most severe effect found in olfactory bulb, indicating the heterogeneous and regional preferential alterations of glymphatic function. Conclusion The robust suppression of glymphatic activity in the olfactory bulb, which serves as one of major efflux routes for brain waste clearance, may underlie, in part, age-related neurodegenerative diseases associated with neurotoxic substance accumulation. Our data provide new insight into the cerebral regional vulnerability to brain functional change with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Guangliang Ding
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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Touliou K, Maglaveras N, Bekiaris E. Olfactory Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Comorbidities. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122228. [PMID: 34943465 PMCID: PMC8700609 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several studies have measured olfactory performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Deficits are observed in multiple olfactory domains, including odour detection threshold, identification, discrimination, and memory. In this study, the psychophysiological Sniffin’ Sticks smell screening test was administered to examine olfactory functioning in 145 older adults with MCI, a group with MCI and chronic comorbid conditions, and a healthy age-matched comparison group. We hypothesised that olfactory performance will deteriorate in the two MCI groups compared to the control group, even after assessing the known contributions of age and gender. The higher olfactory deterioration in the group with the MCI and the comorbidities in the first year disappeared in the second. This could mean that early consideration of the potential effect of other comorbidities that might affect olfaction should be taken and addressed, as they could easily mask the effect of cognitive decline and/or contribute to it. This study also found higher deterioration in smell identification in participants with MCI, as has been found repeatedly in similar research. Olfactory identification seems to be a more robust marker for discriminating people with MCI and without, and even discriminating between those with MCI and having other health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Touliou
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Hellenic Institute of Transportation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicos Maglaveras
- Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical Imaging Technologies, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelos Bekiaris
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Hellenic Institute of Transportation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.T.); (E.B.)
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