Baduanjin Qigong Intervention by Telerehabilitation (TeleParkinson): A Proof-of-Concept Study in Parkinson's Disease

The effects of Baduanjin exercise on the psychological condition and heart rate variability of sports-disadvantaged college students: A randomised trial

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of a 16-week Baduanjin exercise programme on the psychological status and heart rate variability (HRV) of college students in a sports-disadvantaged group, offering a theoretical basis for the potential of Baduanjin exercise to improve mental health.

TRIAL DESIGN

This prospective study enrolled 93 college students from Wuyi University, exempt from the National Standards for Students' Physical Health due to illness or disability. The participants were divided into a control group (n = 47) and an experimental group (n = 46). Over 16 weeks, the experimental group engaged in the Baduanjin exercise, whereas the control group did not participate in regular physical training.

METHODS

We assessed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R, the primary outcome) scores and HRV (time domain and frequency domain indices, the secondary outcomes) of all participants both before and after the 16-week programme.

RESULTS

(1) Post-16 weeks of Baduanjin exercise, a statistically significant difference was observed in the SCL-90-R scores between the control and experimental groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Notably, the scores for interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, psychoticism, and other factors (predominantly relating to sleep and diet) were significantly lower in the experimental group (t = 4.234, 2.616, 3.450, 2.226, 3.980, P < 0.01, P < 0.05). (2) Following the exercise regimen, the experimental group showed a substantial decrease in heart rate, low-frequency (LF) power, and the LF/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio), and a significant increase in HF compared with the control group (t = 2.358, 4.528, - 2.595, P < 0.05 P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Sixteen weeks of Baduanjin exercise may substantially enhance HRV, potentially aiding in balancing sympathetic-vagal nerve activity and thus contributing to the regulation of mental health.

The effects of baduanjin qigong exercise via telerehabilitation in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Baduanjin qigong exercises have previously been reported to improve Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of 12-week Baduanjin qigong exercises in patients with AS.

METHOD

Fifty-nine patients with AS aged 18-64 were included in the study. The participants were divided into two groups. The intervention group performed Baduanjin qigong online exercise program, control group received home exercises for 45 min twice a week for 12 weeks. Before and after the 12-week exercise program, patients were evaluated using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)-Functional Index (BASFI)-Metrology Index (BASMI), chest expansion measurement, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (ASQoL).

RESULTS

When the groups were compared after the intervention, there was a significant difference in favor of the intervention group in the BASMI (p: 0.00-0.04), FSS (p:0.01), and chest expansion (p:0.04). Also, the delta values of the groups were compared; the intervention group was found to be superior in terms of PSQI (p:0.01), BASFI (p:0.00), and BASMI (p:0.04).

CONCLUSION

Baduanjin qigong should be added to rehabilitation programs as a complementary method to improve fatigue levels, chest expansion, flexibility, functionality, and quality of life in patients with AS.

The effects of Baduanjin on fine motor skills in mild and moderate Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Fine motor impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), which reduces patients' quality of life. There are few suitable targeted treatments. We conducted a clinical trial to determine whether Baduanjin Qigong exercise would increase fine motor skills in PD patients.

Methods

Sixty PD patients (Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-4) with hand fine motor impairment were randomly assigned to the Baduanjin group and the physical activity group. Baduanjin group practiced Baduanjin exercise five times weekly for 40 min (warm-up 5 min, Baduanjin 30 min, cool-down 5 min). The usual physical activity groups maintained their habit of usual physical activities. The participants underwent assessments in the "ON" medication state at baseline and 4-week follow-up time points. The Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) was used as the primary outcome to assess manual dexterity. The secondary outcomes included the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III (MDS-UPDRS III), and the Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39).

Results

The results of PPT revealed the Baduanjin group showed statistically significant improvement in the "non-dominant hand" and "assembly" scores compared to the usual physical activity group (P < 0.05), but with no significant difference in "dominant hand" and "both hands" (P > 0.05). Additionally, the Baduanjin group showed better performance in the PDQ-39 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our study concludes that a 4-week Baduanjin exercise is effective in improving fine motor function and quality of life in patients with mild and moderate PD. The results suggest a promising intervention to be implemented in community or home settings for managing fine motor impairment in PD.

Telerehabilitation by Videoconferencing for Balance and Gait in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review

Although supervised and real-time telerehabilitation by videoconferencing is now becoming common for people with Parkinson's disease (PD), its efficacy for balance and gait is still unclear. This paper uses a scoping approach to review the current evidence on the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD. We also explored whether studies have used wearable technology during telerehabilitation to assess and treat balance and gait via videoconferencing. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, ISI's Web of Knowledge, Cochrane's Library, and Embase. The data were extracted for study design, treatment, and outcomes. Fourteen studies were included in this review. Of these, seven studies investigated the effects of telerehabilitation (e.g., tele-yoga and adapted physiotherapy exercises) on balance and gait measures (e.g., self-reported balance, balance scale, walking speed, mobility, and motor symptoms) using videoconferencing in both assessment and treatment. The telerehabilitation programs by videoconferencing were feasible and safe for people with PD; however, the efficacy still needs to be determined, as only four studies had a parallel group. In addition, no study used wearable technology. Robust evidence of the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD was not found, suggesting that future powered, prospective, and robust clinical trials are needed.

Experiences from the implementation of physical therapy via telehealth for individuals with Parkinson disease during the COVID-19 pandemic

PURPOSE

To (1) determine the characteristics and participation rate of adults with Parkinson disease (PD) in physical therapy (PT) delivered via telehealth, (2) identify the outcome measures and interventions implemented, (3) determine the safety of and (4) patient and therapist satisfaction with PT via telehealth in a clinic specializing in the care of people with PD during the coronavirus pandemic.

MATERIALS & METHODS

A retrospective analysis of PT services via telehealth was conducted. Participating patients completed a satisfaction survey. Physical therapists (PTs) who delivered this care were interviewed. Three coders conducted thematic analysis of interviews. Descriptive statistics described the participation rate, demographics, outcome measures, interventions, and safety.

RESULTS

There was a 71.4% participation rate. Participants (n = 55) were white (96%), non-Hispanic (100%), older adult (mean = 69.5 years (8.3)) males (65.5%). Non-participants (n = 22) had similar demographics. Therapists selected patient-reported measures more often than performance-based measures. Therapeutic exercise was the most common intervention. All patients (80% response rate) reported satisfaction with their experience. PTs reported the home enhanced specificity of training but impeded evaluation. Therapists endorsed a hybrid model for future practice.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients reported satisfaction with PT via telehealth during the pandemic. A hybrid model may support optimal delivery of PT.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPhysical therapy via telehealth for patients with Parkinson disease was acceptable to patients and physical therapists in our study.Physical therapy via telehealth was safe for people with Parkinson disease in our study, although availability and benefits may not be reaching all populations equitably.Both physical therapists and patients endorse a hybrid model of care (a combination of in-person and remote assessment and treatment) to profit from the strengths of in-person and virtual formats while minimizing barriers to access.

What is the next step of ICT development? The changes of ICT use in promoting elderly healthcare access: A systematic literature review

The objective of this study was to undertake a comprehensive review of the evidence published, with a focus on understanding the experiences of the elderly in leveraging Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for their healthcare needs during the COVID-19 period. In compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this review scrutinized all peer-reviewed articles in English sourced from PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science, targeting studies that focused exclusively on the elderly within the COVID-19 timeframe, incorporated ICT-based technology as intervention, and were associated with the assessment of the process of employing ICT for healthcare needs. The search strategy identified 1752 records, of which 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. The functionality of ICT was categorized, types of barriers were identified, and the subsequent changes that the elderly population underwent were synthesized and deliberated. This review offers valuable insights into the elderly's subjective experiences in utilizing ICT, which may offer guidance for future ICT development geared towards enhancing the well-being of the elderly. Future research should incorporate the perspectives of relevant healthcare providers in evaluating the effectiveness of ICT usage. Further studies are also needed on underserved elderly groups to provide a more holistic view.

Using telehealth to deliver Qi Gong and Tai Chi programs: A mixed-methods systematic review on feasibility, acceptability and participant engagement factors

INTRODUCTION

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of digitally delivered exercise classes to promote physical activity has become widespread amongst various populations as an alternative to in-person activities.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and participant engagement variables to delivering Qi Gong and Tai Chi programs through telehealth interventions.

METHODS

Ten databases (Seven English databases; three Chinese databases) were searched between October and November 2021. Studies published in English or Chinese, or having translations in English or Chinese, were included. Titles and abstracts of identified articles were screened, relevant studies were then retrieved for full-text screening. Study selection, assessment of methodological quality, data extraction, data transformation, and data synthesis were completed following a convergent integrated approach to mixed method systematic reviews.

RESULTS

Seven articles were included in review. Digital literacy of both participants and providers was found to be a significant hurdle towards digital program implementation. There were no notable issues pertaining to access to an internet connection, participant safety, program costs, or connectivity. A major theme for sustaining program engagement was found to be individual perceived relevance for intervention involvement. Online social involvement was noted to be both a facilitator for participant acceptability and engagement. Overall, participants expressed satisfaction with the use of telehealth, while providers expressed acceptability concerns regarding quality of care.

CONCLUSION

It is recommended that planned measures be taken prior to program commencement to decrease digital literacy requirements while also including a participatory approach to encourage uptake. During the program, provision of technical support alongside appropriate social-environmental engagement facilitators would promote sustained adherence.

Remote Delivery of Allied Health Therapies in Parkinson's Disease

Remote delivery of allied health therapies has long been possible, but adoption has been limited in some disciplines until relatively recently. The COVID-19 pandemic drove dramatic increases in use of remote delivery within allied health. This review summarizes the latest evidence on remotely-delivered physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy and discusses associated challenges and opportunities.

Home-based exercise interventions delivered by technology in older adults: A scoping review of technological tools usage

BACKGROUND

Despite technology-based systems being considered promising tools to stimulate and increase physical function at home, most older adults are unfamiliar with technology, which may pose some difficulties. Technology-related parameters, such as adherence, acceptance, and acceptability, are crucial to achieving higher efficacy levels of home-based exercise interventions delivered by technology. In this scoping review, we aimed to revise the use of home-based technological tools to improve physical function in the older population, focusing on the user's experience and perspective. Methods This scoping review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted in April 2022 and updated in April 2023. A total of 45 studies were included in the review. Results Most studies (95.5%) met the technology usage levels defined by the research team or reported satisfactory technology usage levels. Positive health-related outcomes were reported in 80% of studies. Although the existence of guidelines to correctly define and use measures associated with technology use, including adherence, acceptance and acceptability, some terms are still being used interchangeably. Some concerns related to the lack of an international consensus regarding technology usage measures and the exclusion of older adults who did not own or have previous experience with technology in a large percentage of the included studies may have limited the results obtained. Conclusions Altogether, home-based exercise interventions delivered through technology were associated with positive health-related outcomes in older adults, and technology usage levels are considered satisfactory. Older adults are willing and able to use technology autonomously if adequate support is provided.

Feasibility, Usability, and Acceptability of Online Mind-Body Exercise Programs for Older Adults: A Scoping Review

Objectives: Engaging in mind-body exercises (MBEs: e.g., Tai Chi and yoga) can have physical and mental health benefits particularly for older adults. Many MBEs require precise timing and coordination of complex body postures posing challenges for online instruction. Such challenges include difficulty viewing instructors as they demonstrate different movements and lack of feedback to participants. With the shift of exercise programs to online platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a scoping review to examine the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of online MBE classes for older adults. Materials and Methods: We followed the scoping review methodology and adhered to the PRISMA reporting checklist. We searched five databases: Medline, Embase, CINHAL, Web of Science, and ACM digital library. Screening of articles and data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers. Settings/Location: Online/virtual. Subjects: Older adults ≥55 years of age. Outcome Measures: Feasibility measures. Results: Of 6711 studies retrieved, 18 studies were included (715 participants, mean age 66.9 years). Studies reported moderate to high retention and adherence rates (mean >75%). Older adults reported online MBE classes were easy to use and reported high satisfaction with the online format. We also identified barriers (e.g., lack of space and privacy and unstable internet connection) and facilitators (e.g., convenience and technical support) to the online format. Opinions related to social connectedness were mixed. Conclusion: Online MBE programs for older adults appear to be a feasible and acceptable alternative to in-person programs. It is important to consider the type of exercise (e.g., MBE), diverse teaching styles, and learner needs when designing online exercise classes.

Effectiveness of mind-body exercise via Baduanjin on physical and psychological outcomes in patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules: A non-randomized controlled pilot study

BACKGROUND

With the increasing incidence and mortality of lung cancer, ground-glass nodules (GGNs) have become an ongoing public health concern. In clinical practice, the physical and psychological distress of GGN patients is easy to overlook during the follow-up after diagnosis. Such patients typically have limited medical options and few of these options involve mind-body exercises.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effectiveness of the mind-body exercise Baduanjin on physical and psychological outcomes among GGN patients.

DESIGN

We conducted a prospective, non-randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03420885).

SETTING

This trial was conducted at three medical sites, both located in Shanghai, China, between April 2017 and January 2020.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with GGN.

INTERVENTION

Sixty GGN participants were divided into a health education control group only receiving health education (n = 30) and a Baduanjin intervention group receiving health education plus a Baduanjin training program (n = 30). Both groups were treated for 16 weeks.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Outcomes were assessed at baseline and week 16. The primary outcomes included pulmonary function (FVC, FVC%, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, PEF) and psychological condition (SAS score, SDS score). The secondary outcome was quality of life (SF-36).

RESULTS

Compared with the health education control group, the Baduanjin intervention group had significant improvements in pulmonary function (FVC, FVC%, FEV₁), psychological outcomes (SAS score, SDS score), and quality of life (SF-36). The significant differences in pre-intervention and post-intervention between groups were as follows: FVC (MD = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.10 to 0.33, P = 0), FVC% (MD = 6.90, 95%CI: 3.10 to 10.70, P = 0.001), FEV₁ (MD = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.29, P = 0.001); SAS score (MD = -4.90, 95%CI: -8.28 to -1.52, P = 0.005), SDS score (MD = -5.83, 95%CI: -9.46 to -2.21, P = 0.002); physical component summary (PCS) of SF-36 (MD = 5.03, 95%CI: 2.54 to 7.51, P = 0), mental component summary (MCS) of SF-36 (MD = 5.78, 95%CI: 2.64 to 8.92, P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis was performed to study the influence of confounder variables on the improvements of primary outcomes, and no significant change was found. Moreover, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that ameliorations in lung function (FVC, FVC%, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, and PEF) were significantly associated with a decrease in anxious symptoms and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

GGN patients in the Baduanjin intervention group showed greater benefits in pulmonary function and psychological outcomes than those in the health education control group, and the effectiveness was stable. The findings support Baduanjin as an effective, safe, enjoyable, and promising complementary intervention for management of GGN in patients with physical and psychological distress.

Effects of an 8-week Baduanjin intervention combined with low-carbohydrates diet among overweight people who struggle with drug addiction

Background

Prior studies have consistently revealed that a combination of physical activity with caloric restriction results in a reduction in body weight in the general population. Both overweight and drug abuse are risk factors for poor physiological health, and poor mental health has been associated with drug abuse and unhealthy body mass index (BMI). However, the effects of low-carbohydrates diet (LC) combined with mind-body exercise intervention on improving anthropometric characteristics, lipid metabolism, quality of life, and craving among overweight people who struggle with drug addiction have yet to be clarified.

Methods

Fifty-four eligible male patients were randomly assigned to the control group (CON; n = 18), the Baduanjin intervention group (BA, 60 min × 5 times/week, 8 weeks; n = 18), and the Baduanjin combined with LC intervention group (LC; n = 18). We compared the anthropometric characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, quality of life, and drug craving responses between the three groups at baseline (week 0), week 4, and week 8.

Results

After repeated measurements in the general linear model, both the BA and LC groups exerted significant effects on decreasing waist circumference, BMI, body weight, hip circumference, body fat percentage, total cholesterol level, and triglyceride level (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the HDL-C level observed among the BA and LC groups at 8 weeks (P > 0.05); however, there was an overall upwards trend. A significant change in trends in the quality of life scale score was determined in the three groups (P < 0.001). The three groups showed reductions in visual analog scale score distribution over time (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Either Baduanjin or an 8-week Baduanjin combined with LC can significantly reduce anthropometric characteristics and body composition, enhance the quality of life, and reduce craving in overweight/obese patients. Baduanjin combined with LC is particularly effective in improving lipid metabolism.

Traditional Chinese Exercise for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis With Future Directions

Background

Traditional Chinese Exercise (TCE) has expanded out of China into the world and is frequently used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Although many studies have explored the ability of TCE as an intervention for neurodegenerative diseases, there are limited articles summarizing the research. The aim of this study was to investigate current research trends around TCE for neurodegenerative diseases and predict future directions for such research.

Materials and Methods

Data was collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All articles and reviews on TCE in relation to neurodegenerative diseases were retrieved. The data analysis was performed using the CiteSpace (5.8R3) software, and the results were displayed in network maps.

Results

The search identified 220 publications between 1999 and 2021. The United States was the most productive country (n = 89), followed by China (n = 68). The United States had the greatest centrality, indicating its tremendous global influence and close collaborations with other countries. Fuzhong Li from the Oregon Research Institute, United States, was not only the most prolific author (n = 5), but also the most co-cited author (n = 120). The Shanghai University of Sport contributed to the most publications (n = 12). PLOS ONE was the most published journal, while Movement Disorders was the most cited journal. Tai Chi, Parkinson’s disease, quality of life, balance, and older adult were the most high-frequency keywords, while Alzheimer’s disease had the highest centrality.

Conclusion

The number of publications on TCE related to neurodegenerative diseases has shown major growth in the past decade. However, there is a need for research institutions to strengthen cooperation between countries and institutions. Tai Chi, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease, older adults and falls reduction have been the recent research focus. It is anticipated that in the future, PD will continue to be a central focus with the effects of Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, and Yijinjing requiring further research.

Feasibility, Safety, and Effectiveness of Telerehabilitation in Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson's Disease

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients frequently engage in rehabilitation to ameliorate symptoms. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, access to rehabilitation programs has been markedly limited, consequently, telerehabilitation gained popularity. In this prospective, open-label, and pilot study, we aimed to investigate feasibility, safety, and efficacy of telerehabilitation in mild-to-moderate PD patients.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-three PD patients, with Hoehn and Yahr stage <3, without gait disturbances or dementia and capable of using the televisit platform, were recruited for a 5-week telerehabilitation program, consisting of 1 remote visit with a therapist and a minimum of two sessions of >30-min of self-conducted exercises per week. Patients received video tutorials of exercises and were asked to keep a diary of sessions. At baseline (T0), at the end of the intervention (T1), and 1 month after the end of treatment (T2), patients were remotely assessed with MDS-UPDRS part I-III, PDQ-39, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Frontal Assessment Battery scales, respectively. Acceptable compliance to the program was defined as >60% matching of frequency and duration of sessions, whereas optimal compliance was set at >80% matching.

Results

The dropout rate was 0%. Over 85% of patients reached acceptable adherence cut-off and around 70% reached optimal one. No adverse events were reported during sessions. The repeated measure analysis of variance (rANOVA) showed a significant effect of factor “time” for MDS-UPDRS-III (p < 0.0001) with a mean reduction of 4.217 points between T0 and T1 and return to baseline at T2. No significant effect was found for other outcome measures.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that telerehabilitation is safe, feasible, and effective on motor symptoms in mild-to-moderate PD patients.

Telerehabilitation for Managing Daily Participation among Breast Cancer Survivors during COVID-19: A Feasibility Study

We aimed to examine the feasibility and impact of a short-term occupation-based telerehabilitation intervention (Managing Participation with Breast Cancer (MaP-BC)) on daily participation, health-related quality-of-life, and breast-cancer-related symptoms and understand women's perspectives regarding strategies to manage daily participation and symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-methods study (single-arm pre-post with a qualitative component) included 14 women after their primary medical treatment for breast cancer. Women received six weeks of occupation-based intervention using a video-communication. Sessions focused on identifying functional goals and training strategies to manage daily participation. The primary outcome was perceived performance and satisfaction with meaningful activities by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Secondary outcomes were participation in the Activity Card Sort (ACS), upper-extremity functioning of Disability Arm Shoulder Hand, self-reported symptom severity, executive-functioning, health-related quality of life, and a question regarding strategies used to manage daily participation. Women significantly improved their daily participation in meaningful activities in the COPM, most ACS activity domains, self-reported executive functioning, and health-related-quality-of-life. Qualitative findings revealed three main themes: (1) daily life under the threats of breast cancer and COVID-19, (2) women's own strategies to overcome challenges, and (3) contribution of the MaP-BC. Providing telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic is feasible and successful in improving women's daily participation after breast cancer.

Effects of Baduanjin Exercise on Rehabilitation of Patients With Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease

Objectives

Rehabilitation, aerobic exercise, and many traditional Chinese exercises are known to significantly improve balance in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Baduanjin, a traditional physical and mental exercise, has long been practiced for health care as it regulates organs, the nervous and motor systems.

Methods

We recruited 31 eligible participants. Patients underwent a 3-week Baduanjin program, including 35-min exercise daily. Scores on the Modified Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), and gait and balance tests were compared before and after the Baduanjin program.

Results

MDS-UPDRS-total (t = 4.669, P ≤ 0.001), MDS-UPDRS part-I (t = 5.805, P ≤ 0.001), MDS-UPDRS part-II (t = 5.234, P ≤ 0.001), MDS-UPDRS part-III (t = 3.274, P = 0.003), and NMSS (t = 4.815, P ≤ 0.001) scores significantly decreased after the 3-week intervention. Gait parameters like step (t = 2.289, P = 0.030) and cycle (t = 2.181, P = 0.038) durations also significantly improved, while Balance-check^® indicators, including the total score (t = −2.147, P = 0.041) and grade (t = 3.432, P = 0.002) significantly differed before and after exercise.

Conclusion

Baduanjin exercise shows beneficial effects for non-motor symptoms, balance, gait, and daily activities in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Baduanjin can be included in the patients’ family exercise, which is conducive to their rehabilitation, as well as for obtaining important social and economic benefits.

Clinical Trial Registration

[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [ChiCTR-IPR-17011875].

Mind-Body Therapies From Traditional Chinese Medicine: Evidence Map

Background: The mind-body therapies of traditional Chinese medicine include several intervention types and combine physical poses with conscious relaxation and breathing techniques. The purpose of this Evidence Map is to describe these different interventions and report related health outcomes. Methods: This evidence map is based on the 3iE Evidence Gap Map methodology. We searched seven electronic databases (BVS, PUBMED, EMBASE, PEDro, ScienceDirect, Web of Sciences, and PschyInfo) from inception to November 2019 and included systematic reviews only. Systematic reviews were analyzed based on AMSTAR 2. We used Tableau to graphically display quality assessment, the number of reviews, outcomes, and effects. Results: The map is based on 116 systematic reviews and 44 meta-analyses. Most of the reviews were published in the last 5 years. The most researched interventions were Tai Chi and Qi Gong. The reviews presented the following quality assessment: 80 high, 43 moderate, 23 low, and 14 critically low. Every 680 distinct outcome effect was classified: 421 as potential positive; 237 as positive; 21 as inconclusive/mixed; one potential negative and none no effect. Positive effects were related to chronic diseases; mental indicators and disorders; vitality, well-being, and quality of life. Potential positive effects were related to balance, mobility, Parkinson's disease, hypertension, joint pain, cognitive performance, and sleep quality. Inconclusive/mixed-effects justify further research, especially in the following areas: Acupressure as Shiatsu and Tuiná for nausea and vomiting; Tai Chi and Qi Gong for acute diseases, prevention of stroke, stroke risk factors, and schizophrenia. Conclusions: The mind-body therapies from traditional Chinese medicine have been applied in different areas and this Evidence Map provides a visualization of valuable information for patients, professionals, and policymakers, to promote evidence-based complementary therapies.