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Rijmen J, Wiersema JR. Stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have beneficial effects on ADHD-related performance? The moderate brain arousal model challenged. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108961. [PMID: 39034029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Random noise, such as white or pink noise, has been shown to have beneficial effects on the performance of individuals with (elevated traits of) ADHD. Both the state regulation deficit (SRD) account and the moderate brain arousal (MBA) model argue that this effect is due to enhanced cognitive arousal. The MBA model specifically attributes this to random noise affecting dopaminergic (DA) transmission via stochastic resonance (SR). However, he requirement of SR and the role of DA have not yet been properly examined. To test this, proper control conditions are needed. METHOD To examine the requirement of SR, 60 neurotypical adults with varying levels of ADHD traits performed a slow two-choice reaction time (S1-S2) task in three auditory conditions: pink (random) noise, a pure 100 Hz tone (non-random noise), and silence. All participants also completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) in two conditions (pink noise and silence) to inspect the effect on executive network efficiency which may serve as a proxy measure of DA. ADHD traits were assessed via self-report. RESULTS Auditory stimulation improved performance on the S1-S2 task in participants with elevated ADHD traits, however this was the case for both pink noise and the pure tone. Pink noise did not affect executive network efficiency, irrespective of ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have a beneficial effect on ADHD-related performance. Pink noise did not affect our DA proxy measure, however this negative finding should be interpreted with caution. Our results cast doubt on the tenets of the MBA model, warranting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Rijmen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Nigg JT, Bruton A, Kozlowski MB, Johnstone JM, Karalunas SL. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Do White Noise or Pink Noise Help With Task Performance in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or With Elevated Attention Problems? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:778-788. [PMID: 38428577 PMCID: PMC11283987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Public interest in the potential benefits of white, pink, and brown noise for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently mushroomed. White noise contains all frequencies of noise and sounds like static; pink or brown noise has more power in the lower frequencies and may sound, respectively, like rain or a waterfall. This meta-analysis evaluated effects on laboratory tasks in individuals with ADHD or elevated ADHD symptoms. METHOD Eligible studies reported on participants with diagnosis of ADHD or elevated symptoms of ADHD who were assessed in a randomized trial using laboratory tasks intended to measure aspects of attention or academic work involving attention or executive function while exposed to white, pink, and brown noise and compared with a low/no noise condition. Two authors independently reviewed and screened studies for eligibility. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted with preplanned moderator analyses of age, diagnostic status, and task type. Publication bias was evaluated. The GRADE tool was used to assess certainty of the evidence. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness. RESULTS Studies of children and college-age young adults with ADHD or ADHD symptoms (k = 13, N = 335) yielded a small but statistically significant benefit of white and pink noise on task performance (g = 0.249, 95% CI [0.135, 0.363], p < .0001). No studies of brown noise were identified. Heterogeneity was minimal, and moderators were nonsignificant; results survived sensitivity tests, and no publication bias was identified. In non-ADHD comparison groups (k = 11, N = 335), white and pink noise had a negative effect (g = -0.212, 95% CI [-0.355, -0.069], p = .0036). CONCLUSION White and pink noise provide a small benefit on laboratory attention tasks for individuals with ADHD or high ADHD symptoms, but not for non-ADHD individuals. This article addresses theoretical implications, cautions, risks, and limitations. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Public interest in the potential benefits of white, pink, and brown noise exposure for enhancing task performance for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased substantially. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 13 studies with 335 participants and found that white/pink noise improved cognitive performance for children and young adults with ADHD or significant ADHD symptoms. In contrast, white/pink noise impaired cognitive performance for individuals without ADHD. Positive effects of noise were small, but these results point to a possible low-cost, low-risk intervention that may benefit youth with ADHD. Additional studies are needed to confirm effects and identify safe and appropriate decibel levels. The potential detrimental effects for individuals without ADHD also requires further study. STUDY PREREGISTRATION INFORMATION White Noise for ADHD: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero; CRD42023393992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Alisha Bruton
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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He X, Qin S, Yu G, Zhang S, Yi F. Study on the Effect of Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Essential Oil on Electroencephalography upon Stimulation with Different Auditory Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:1584. [PMID: 38611863 PMCID: PMC11013205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain (D. pinnata) is a valuable medicinal plant, and its volatile parts have a pleasant aroma. In recent years, there have been a large number of studies investigating the effect of aroma on human performance. However, the effect of the aroma of D. pinnata on human psychophysiological activity has not been reported. Few reports have been made about the effects of aroma and sound on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D. pinnata essential oil in EEG activity response to various auditory stimuli. In the EEG study, 30 healthy volunteers (15 men and 15 women) participated. The electroencephalogram changes of participants during the essential oil (EO) of D. pinnata inhalation under white noise, pink noise and traffic noise stimulations were recorded. EEG data from 30 electrodes placed on the scalp were analyzed according to the international 10-20 system. The EO of D. pinnata had various effects on the brain when subjected to different auditory stimuli. In EEG studies, delta waves increased by 20% in noiseless and white noise environments, a change that may aid sleep and relaxation. In the presence of pink noise and traffic noise, alpha and delta wave activity (frontal pole and frontal lobe) increased markedly when inhaling the EO of D. pinnata, a change that may help reduce anxiety. When inhaling the EO of D. pinnata with different auditory stimuli, women are more likely to relax and get sleepy compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fengping Yi
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.H.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (S.Z.)
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Manippa V, Filardi M, Vilella D, Logroscino G, Rivolta D. Gamma (60 Hz) auditory stimulation improves intrusions but not recall and working memory in healthy adults. Behav Brain Res 2024; 456:114703. [PMID: 37806563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-band (> 30 Hz) brain oscillations (γ) play a crucial role in memory and long-term potentiation, and their disruptions have been consistently documented in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Gamma-band oscillation entrainment through 60 Hz transcranial alternating stimulation (tACS) and 40 Hz tACS/sensory stimulation has been shown to enhance memory performance in healthy adults and patients with AD, respectively. However, the impact of gamma auditory stimulation on healthy adults' memory remains uncertain. In this balanced crossover study, 36 healthy subjects (27 Females) underwent three auditory stimulation conditions: no auditory stimulation (NO_AS), 40 Hz, and 60 Hz. Long-term verbal memory (LTM) and verbal working memory (WM) were assessed using, respectively, the Ray Auditory Verbal Test (RAVLT) and Digit Span Backward test (DS-B). We hypothesized that 60 Hz would improve LTM (as compared to NO_AS), but not WM; no specific effects were hypothesized for 40 Hz. We found that gamma-band auditory stimulation (40 Hz and 60 Hz) did not significantly affect RAVLT recall or WM. However, 60 Hz stimulation reduced RAVLT immediate recall intrusion; this outcome negatively correlated with DS-B performance, suggesting a positive impact of 60 Hz on executive functions. In summary, gamma-band auditory stimulation did not enhance memory in healthy adults, but 60 Hz stimulation potentially benefits executive functions. Further investigation is needed to understand gamma oscillation's role in cognitive processes for both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Manippa
- Department of Education, Psychology and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Filardi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione "Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy; Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Vilella
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione "Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari Aldo Moro at Pia Fondazione "Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy; Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Casini F, Scaltrito F, Grimaldi MT, Pop TL, Calcaterra V, Zuccotti GV, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Ferrara P, Corsello G, Fabiano V. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children affected by oncologic, neurologic and liver diseases: a narrative review. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:152. [PMID: 37968663 PMCID: PMC10647067 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consist of a broad group of restorative resources often linked to existing local cultures and established health care systems and are also increasingly used in children with some serious illnesses. In this narrative review, we examine the epidemiology of the use, efficacy, and safety of complementary and alternative medicine in pediatric oncology, neurology, and hepatology. We searched for relevant articles published in Pubmed evaluating CAM use and its efficacy in safety in children affected by oncologic, neurologic and liver diseases. CAM is used to improve the success of conventional therapies, but also to alleviate the pain, discomfort, and suffering resulting from the diseases and their treatment, which are often associated with a significant burden of adverse effects. CAM use must be evaluated in children with neurological, oncological and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Casini
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Scaltrito
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Tudor Lucian Pop
- 2Nd Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy2Nd Pediatric ClinicEmergency Clinical Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- European Pediatric Association-Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, 20154, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, 20154, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Pettoello-Mantovani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- European Pediatric Association-Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Ferrara
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Fabiano
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, 20154, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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Sherman SO, Jonsen A, Lewis Q, Schlittenhart M, Szafir D, Clark TK, Anderson AP. Training augmentation using additive sensory noise in a lunar rover navigation task. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1180314. [PMID: 37424995 PMCID: PMC10326282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The uncertain environments of future space missions means that astronauts will need to acquire new skills rapidly; thus, a non-invasive method to enhance learning of complex tasks is desirable. Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where adding noise improves the throughput of a weak signal. SR has been shown to improve perception and cognitive performance in certain individuals. However, the learning of operational tasks and behavioral health effects of repeated noise exposure aimed to elicit SR are unknown. Objective We evaluated the long-term impacts and acceptability of repeated auditory white noise (AWN) and/or noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) on operational learning and behavioral health. Methods Subjects (n = 24) participated in a time longitudinal experiment to access learning and behavioral health. Subjects were assigned to one of our four treatments: sham, AWN (55 dB SPL), nGVS (0.5 mA), and their combination to create a multi-modal SR (MMSR) condition. To assess the effects of additive noise on learning, these treatments were administered continuously during a lunar rover simulation in virtual reality. To assess behavioral health, subjects completed daily, subjective questionnaires related to their mood, sleep, stress, and their perceived acceptance of noise stimulation. Results We found that subjects learned the lunar rover task over time, as shown by significantly lower power required for the rover to complete traverses (p < 0.005) and increased object identification accuracy in the environment (p = 0.05), but this was not influenced by additive SR noise (p = 0.58). We found no influence of noise on mood or stress following stimulation (p > 0.09). We found marginally significant longitudinal effects of noise on behavioral health (p = 0.06) as measured by strain and sleep. We found slight differences in stimulation acceptability between treatment groups, and notably nGVS was found to be more distracting than sham (p = 0.006). Conclusion Our results suggest that repeatedly administering sensory noise does not improve long-term operational learning performance or affect behavioral health. We also find that repetitive noise administration is acceptable in this context. While additive noise does not improve performance in this paradigm, if it were used for other contexts, it appears acceptable without negative longitudinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage O. Sherman
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anna Jonsen
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Quinlan Lewis
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Michael Schlittenhart
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Daniel Szafir
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Torin K. Clark
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Allison P. Anderson
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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Lin HY. The Effects of White Noise on Attentional Performance and On-Task Behaviors in Preschoolers with ADHD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15391. [PMID: 36430109 PMCID: PMC9692615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several models have tentatively associated improving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms with arousal and external environmental stimulation. In order to further clarify the relationships between ADHD symptoms, arousal, and external stimulation, this study focused on exploring the "simultaneous" effects of white noise on intrinsic attentional performance and extrinsic on-task behaviors in preschoolers with and without ADHD. By using the computerized task (K-CPT 2), 104 preschoolers, including 52 ADHD children and 52 typically developing (TD) children, were tested and analyzed for their intrinsic attention (such as detectability, omission errors, commission errors, and reaction time). Simultaneously, these preschoolers' external on-task behaviors were recorded for analysis through systematic observation. This study showed that white noise could effectively improve attention performance, including enhancing the ability to differentiate non-targets from targets and decreasing omission errors. It could also reduce the extrinsic hyperactive behaviors of preschoolers with ADHD. The findings of this study highlighted that white noise stimulation is a beneficial non-pharmacological treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. In contrast, for TD preschoolers, the results of this study showed that the external white noise stimuli were not only unhelpful but also a burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Awada M, Becerik-Gerber B, Lucas G, Roll S. Cognitive performance, creativity and stress levels of neurotypical young adults under different white noise levels. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14566. [PMID: 36028546 PMCID: PMC9418159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise is often considered a distractor; however recent studies suggest that sub-attentive individuals or individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can benefit from white noise to enhance their cognitive performance. Research regarding the effect of white noise on neurotypical adults presents mixed results, thus the implications of white noise on the neurotypical population remain unclear. Thus, this study investigates the effect of 2 white noise conditions, white noise level at 45 dB and white noise level at 65 dB, on the cognitive performance, creativity, and stress levels of neurotypical young adults in a private office space. These conditions are compared to a baseline condition where participants are exposed to the office ambient noise. Our findings showed that the white noise level at 45 dB resulted in better cognitive performance in terms of sustained attention, accuracy, and speed of performance as well as enhanced creativity and lower stress levels. On the other hand, the 65 dB white noise condition led to improved working memory but higher stress levels, which leads to the conclusion that different tasks might require different noise levels for optimal performance. These results lay the foundation for the integration of white noise into office workspaces as a tool to enhance office workers’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Awada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Burcin Becerik-Gerber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Gale Lucas
- USC Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shawn Roll
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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