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Heo SJ, Jee YS. Intensity-effects of strengthening exercise on thigh muscle volume, pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, and immunocytes in the older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105136. [PMID: 37541052 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the intensity-effects of strength training on thigh muscle mass, cytokines, and immunocytes in the older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 81 participated in this study. Participants were assigned randomly to four groups: control group (CON), low- (LSE), moderate- (MSE), and high-intensity strength exercise (HSE) groups. Three exercise groups worked out for 50 min/day, 3 days/week for 12 weeks. RESULTS In the thigh volume analyzed by computed tomography, the exercise groups showed a significant increase in the muscle mass, with a clear pattern of change observed in the groups who exercised with moderate to high intensity. The lowest levels of interleukin (IL)-6 in the MSE group (-20.94%) and tumor necrosis factor-α in the HSE group (-28.75%) were observed. Notably, IL-10 showed a significant increase (35.72%) only in the MSE group. In the CON group, natural killer (NK) cells showed a decrease, while in the exercise groups, their levels increased. The highest levels of NK cells were observed in the HSE group. Similar patterns of change were observed in CD4 T cells and CD19 B cells. CD3 and CD8 T cells exhibited significant increases in the MSE and HSE groups. CONCLUSIONS This study presents evidence that engaging in moderate to high-intensity exercise may have a positive impact on cytokines and immunocytes by increasing muscle mass in older adults who may have sarcopenia. SIMPLE SUMMARY Engaging in strength training exercises is considered crucial for maintaining the health of older individuals who are susceptible to sarcopenia. When resistance exercises are performed at a moderate to strenuous intensity, it is anticipated that positive changes can occur in cytokines and immunocytes. These changes can be observed through improvements in thigh muscle volumes as measured by computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Heo
- Department of Physical Education, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #1 Hanseo-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan, 31962, Korea.
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Ji X, Tang Z, Zhang F, Zhou F, Wu Y, Wu D. Dietary taurine supplementation counteracts deoxynivalenol-induced liver injury via alleviating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation in piglets. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114705. [PMID: 36863159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), as a widespread Fusarium mycotoxin in cereals, food products, and animal feed, is detrimental to both human and animal health. The liver is not only the primary organ responsible for DON metabolism but also the principal organ affected by DON toxicity. Taurine is well known to display various physiological and pharmacological functions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the information regarding taurine supplementation counteracting DON-induced liver injury in piglets is still unclear. In our work, twenty-four weaned piglets were subjected to four groups for a 24-day period, including the BD group (a basal diet), the DON group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet), the DON+LT group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet + 0.3% taurine), and the DON+HT group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet + 0.6% taurine). Our findings indicated that taurine supplementation improved growth performance and alleviated DON-induced liver injury, as evidenced by the reduced pathological and serum biochemical changes (ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH), especially in the group with the 0.3% taurine. Taurine could counteract hepatic oxidative stress in piglets exposed to DON, as it reduced ROS, 8-OHdG, and MDA concentrations and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Concurrently, taurine was observed to upregulate the expression of key factors involved in mitochondrial function and the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, taurine treatment effectively attenuated DON-induced hepatocyte apoptosis, as verified through the decreased proportion of TUNEL-positive cells and regulation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Finally, the administration of taurine was able to reduce liver inflammation due to DON, by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway and declining the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In summary, our results implied that taurine effectively improved DON-induced liver injury. The underlying mechanism should be that taurine restored mitochondrial normal function and antagonized oxidative stress, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammatory responses in the liver of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China; Fengyang Xiaogang Minyi Land Shares Cooperatives, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yijing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China.
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Finlayson KA, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. Review of ecologically relevant in vitro bioassays to supplement current in vivo tests for whole effluent toxicity testing - Part 2: Non-apical endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158094. [PMID: 35987232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing uses whole animal exposures to assess the toxicity of complex mixtures, like wastewater. These assessments typically include four apical endpoints: mortality, growth, development, and reproduction. In the last decade, there has been a shift to alternative methods that align with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animals in research. In vitro bioassays can provide a cost-effective, high-throughput, ethical alternative to in vivo assays. In addition, they can potentially include additional, more sensitive, environmentally relevant endpoints than traditional toxicity tests. However, the ecological relevance of these endpoints must be established before they are adopted into regulatory frameworks. This is Part 2 of a two-part review that aims to identify in vitro bioassays that are linked to ecologically relevant endpoints that could be included in WET testing. Part 2 of this review focuses on non-apical endpoints that should be incorporated into WET testing. In addition to the four apical endpoints addressed in Part 1, this review identified seven additional toxic outcomes: endocrine disruption, xenobiotic metabolism, carcinogenicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. For each, the response at the molecular or cellular level measured in vitro was linked to the response at the organism level through a toxicity pathway. Literature from 2015 to 2020 was used to identify suitable bioassays that could be incorporated into WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Detraining Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Fitness, Cytokines, C-Reactive Protein and Immunocytes in Men of Various Age Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031845. [PMID: 35162870 PMCID: PMC8835692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus II, levels of physical inactivity have become more severe and widespread than ever before. Physical inactivity is known to have a negative effect on the human body, but the extent to which reduced physical fitness has effected immune function before and after the current pandemic has not yet been uncovered. The aim of this study was to investigate the detraining effects of the COVID-19 confinement period on physical fitness, immunocytes, inflammatory cytokines, and proteins in various age groups. The participants of this study included sixty-four male adults who did not exercise during the pandemic, although they had exercised regularly before. Materials and Methods: Participants were classified by age group, which included the 20s group (20s’G, n = 14), 30s group (30s’G, n = 12), 40s group (40s’G, n = 12), 50s group (50s’G, n = 12), and 60s group (60s’G, n = 14). Results: Regarding body composition, muscle mass significantly decreased, whereas fat mass, fat percentage, and waist/hip ratio significantly increased in most groups. Cardiopulmonary endurance and strength significantly decreased in all groups, while muscle endurance and flexibility decreased in some groups compared to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic. This study confirmed the immunocytopenia and enhanced inflammation due to physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a greater detrimental decrease mainly after the age of 50. Conclusion: This study confirmed a decrease in physical fitness after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by an increase in fat mass and a decrease in muscle mass, thereby increasing cytokines and reducing immunocytes in the body. While social distancing is important during the pandemic, maintaining physical fitness should also be a top priority.
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Kalahasthi R, Nagaraju R, Balachandar R, Bagepally BS. Association between occupational lead exposure and immunotoxicity markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicology 2022; 465:153047. [PMID: 34838595 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest the role of chronic lead (Pb) exposure in altering immunological parameters. Present study aimed to systematically review existing literature and synthesize quantitative evidence on the association between chronic Pb exposure and changes in immunological markers. Observational studies reporting immunological markers such as leukocyte derivative counts (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45+, CD56+, lymphocyte, and total leukocyte), cytokine, Immunoglobulin (Igs), C-reactive protein (CRP) among Pb-exposed and unexposed controls were systematically searched from PubMed, Scopus and Embase digital databases from inception to January 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were adhered during systematic review. Mean differences in the immunological markers between Pb-exposed and control groups were pooled using random-effects model. The heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran-Q test and I2 statistic. The review included forty studies reporting immunological markers in Pb-exposed and unexposed control groups. The occupational Pb-exposed group exhibited significantly higher BLL, impaired immunological markers, characterized by a marginal lowering in lymphocyte count, lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ ratio), IFN-γ and IgG levels, while CD8+, IgM, IgA, IgE, and cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) exhibited a trend of higher values in comparison to the control group. Further, inflammatory marker viz., total leukocyte count was significantly higher among Pb-exposed. The included studies exhibited high levels of heterogeneity. In conclusion, Occupational Pb exposure alters the immunological markers such as the circulating cytokines and leukocyte counts. However, high-quality, multicentered studies are required to strengthen present observations and further understand the Pb's role on the immune system. Prospero Registration ID: CRD42021228252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravibabu Kalahasthi
- Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raju Nagaraju
- Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Naasri S, Helali I, Aouni M, Mastouri M, Harizi H. N-acetylcysteine reduced the immunotoxicity effects induced in vitro by azoxystrobin and iprodione fungicides in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:562-571. [PMID: 33226166 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZO) and Iprodione (IPR) fungicides are extensively used worldwide, and therefore, contaminate all environmental compartments. The toxicity and the mechanisms by which they affected immune cells are complex and remain unknown. This study investigated the impact of AZO and IPR on the in vitro function of mice peritoneal macrophages including lysosomal enzyme activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and nitric oxide (NO) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the proliferation of mice splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin (Con)A and LPS, and the production of the Th1cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 by ConA-activated splenocytes. This is the first report indicating that AZO and IPR fungicides dose-dependently inhibited mice macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-stimulated production of TNFα and NO. Mitogen-induced proliferation of mice splenocytes was also suppressed by AZO and IPR in a dose-dependent manner. More pronounced impact was observed on ConA-induced response. The production of IFNγ by ConA-stimulated splenocytes was dose-dependently inhibited; however, the production of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in the same conditions. These results suggested that AZO and IPR polarized Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards Th2 response. Overall, marked immunosuppressive effects were observed for AZO. The immunomodulatory effects caused by AZO and IPR were partially reversed by the pharmacological antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), suggesting that both fungicides exerted their actions through, at least in part, oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. Collectively, our data showed that AZO and IPR fungicides exerted potent immunomodulatory effects in vitro with eventually strong consequences on immune response and immunologically based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Naasri
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Helali
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Majoub Aouni
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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7
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Zhong Y, Shen L, Ye X, Zhou D, He Y, Zhang H. Mechanism of immunosuppression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) spleen induced by environmentally relevant concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126200. [PMID: 32086066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been identified as a new persistent organic pollutant. This pollutant is ubiquitous in water and environments. Although PFOA is toxic to fishes, the precise immunotoxicological mechanism remains unclear. In this study, HPLC-MS analysis proved that PFOA can accumulate in the spleen of zebrafish. As comparison of 7-day and 14-day data, the cumulative content in the spleen significantly increased by 26% even in the 0.1 mg/L PFOA-treated group. Morphological observations revealed that PFOA can damage immune cells in zebrafish spleen by inducing vacuolization, lipofuscin granule production, and mitochondrial swelling. The Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88)/NF-κB (P65) pathway can mediate the mRNA expression levels of interferon (IFN) and B cell-activating factor (BAFF); immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is further regulated. RT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of P65 and IFN in the 1 mg/L group after PFOA exposure for 7 d increased by 4.03- and 3.28-fold, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner compared with those of the control group. The linear correlation coefficient (r2) was analyzed, and the results indicated that the Ig-mediated pathway can be affected by PFOA. For example, the r2 between IgD and P65 decreased from 0.641 (7 d) to 0.295 (14 d) after the cells were exposed to PFOA for a prolonged time; the r2 between IgD and IFN increased from 0.562 (7 d) to 0.808 (14 d). The triangle plot method strongly demonstrated that increased PFOA concentration and prolonged exposure to PFOA can inhibit Ig secretion. Therefore, immune organs, particularly the spleen, of zebrafish are vulnerable to PFOA. These results can help to improve the understanding of the possible noncarcinogenic risk mechanisms induced by PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Lilai Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xueping Ye
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, South Changqiao Road 999#, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313001, China.
| | - Dongren Zhou
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, South Changqiao Road 999#, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313001, China.
| | - Yunyi He
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Ogungbesan A, Neal-Kluever A, Rice P. Exploring the use of current immunological assays for the developmental immunotoxicity assessment of food contact materials. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110801. [PMID: 31499121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is a highly complex, interactive network of cells that facilitates innate and adaptive immune responses. The neonatal immune system may be more susceptible to chemical perturbations than that of the adult. The effects of immunotoxicants during development may not be fully detected in toxicity studies performed on adult animals. Studies characterizing the ontogeny of the immune system in developing animals have shown that there are different critical windows of susceptibility to immunotoxicants. Developmental differences are evident among species compared to humans. Functional immune assays, such as the T-cell antibody dependent response assay, in rat models have been validated for use in the assessment of immunotoxicity with other assays. Recently, published studies have explored the feasibility of using additional techniques, such as in vitro studies using human whole blood cells or cell lines, mostly lacking either sensitivity or proper validation for regulatory purposes. However, some techniques may be developed further to enable translation of animal toxicity findings to human risk assessment of potential immunotoxicants. This paper summarizes the information on the developing immune system in humans versus rats and how the currently available assays might be used to contribute to the safety assessment of food contact substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Ogungbesan
- FDA/CFSAN/OFAS, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS 275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - April Neal-Kluever
- FDA/CFSAN/OFAS, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS 275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Penny Rice
- FDA/CFSAN/OFAS, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS 275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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Siddiqui MF, Khan MS, Husain FM, Bano B. Deciphering the binding of carbendazim (fungicide) with human serum albumin: A multi-spectroscopic and molecular modelling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2230-2241. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1481768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizan Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Siddiqui MF, Bano B. Exposure of carbendazim induces structural and functional alteration in garlic phytocystatin: An in vitro multi-spectroscopic approach. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 145:66-75. [PMID: 29482733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim is a broad spectrum benzimidazole fungicide which is used to ensure plants' protection from pest and pathogens' invasion. The present work describes the impact of carbendazim (CAR) on garlic phytocystatin (GPC) which is a crucial plant regulatory protein. Interaction of carbendazim with GPC has been investigated through various biophysical techniques viz. UV absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, far-UV circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy which showed binding between them with consequent modulatory effects. Functional activity of GPC was monitored by the anti-papain inhibitory assay which suggests that incubation of GPC with the higher concentration of CAR disrupts the inhibitory function of GPC. UV spectroscopy confirmed the formation of GPC-CAR complex. Intrinsic fluorescence suggests binding of CAR to GPC which reflects the changes in microenvironment around tryptophan residues of GPC. Isothermal titration calorimetry suggests that interaction of CAR to GPC is an exothermic reaction. Secondary structure analysis was also performed which confirmed that binding of CAR decreases the alpha-helical content of GPC. Collectively, these results demonstrated that GPC exhibited significant structural and functional alteration upon interaction with carbendazim. Since GPC is involved in various regulatory processes, therefore, its structural or functional alteration may lead to disruption of physiological and biological balance within the plant. Hence, our study signifies that exposure of carbendazim to plant exerts physicochemical alteration within the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Liu L, Wei D, Qu Z, Sun L, Miao Y, Yang Y, Lu J, Du W, Wang B, Li B. A safety and immunogenicity study of a novel subunit plague vaccine in cynomolgus macaques. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:408-417. [PMID: 29134676 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plague has led to millions of deaths in history and outbreaks continue to the present day. The efficacy limitations and safety concerns of the existing killed whole cell and live-attenuated vaccines call for the development of new vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a novel subunit plague vaccine, comprising native F1 antigen and recombinant V antigen. The cynomolgus macaques in low- and high-dose vaccine groups were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6, at dose levels of 15 μg F1 + 15 μg rV and 30 μg F1 + 30 μg rV respectively. Specific antibodies and interferon-γ and interleukin-2 expression in lymphocytes were measured. For safety, except for the general toxicity and local irritation, we made a systematic immunotoxicity study on the vaccine including immunostimulation, autoimmunity and anaphylactic reaction. The vaccine induced high levels of serum anti-F1 and anti-rV antibodies, and caused small increases of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 in monkeys. The vaccination led to a reversible increase in the number of peripheral blood eosinophils, the increases in serum IgE level in a few animals and histopathological change of granulomas at injection sites. The vaccine had no impact on general conditions, most clinical pathology parameters, percentages of T-cell subsets, organ weights and gross pathology of treated monkeys and had passable local tolerance. The F1 + rV subunit plague vaccine can induce very strong humoral immunity and low level of cellular immunity in cynomolgus macaques and has a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hong Da Middle Street, Yizhuang Economic Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Institute for the Control of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102269, China
| | - Zhe Qu
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hong Da Middle Street, Yizhuang Economic Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Li Sun
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hong Da Middle Street, Yizhuang Economic Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yufa Miao
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hong Da Middle Street, Yizhuang Economic Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hong Da Middle Street, Yizhuang Economic Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jinbiao Lu
- Institute for the Control of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102269, China
| | - Weixin Du
- Institute for the Control of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102269, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. 888 Yanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102269, China
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12
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Cho Y, Song MK, Kim TS, Ryu JC. Identification of novel cytokine biomarkers of hexanal exposure associated with pulmonary toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:810-817. [PMID: 28779894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether exposure to low-molecular-weight saturated aliphatic aldehydes induces an airway inflammation related to lung toxicity. In previous studies, we identified that several aldehydes induced inflammatory responses through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we elucidate on whether hexanal exposure induces the lung inflammatory response through the secretion of cytokines. Hexanal is one of the aldehydes, which are major components of indoor environmental irritants. Based on a multiplexed cytokine antibody array, we investigated the cytokine expression profiles to identify the significant biomarkers of hexanal exposure and to predict the possibility of adverse effects on pulmonary toxicity using in vitro and in vivo model systems. We identified the cytokines as biomarkers involved in LEPTIN, Interleukin(IL)-10, MCP-1, and VEGF that showed similar expression patterns in both in vitro and in vivo models under hexanal exposure. These cytokines are known to be associated with diverse lung diseases, such as lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and non-small cell lung cancer. Although further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms that underlie hexanal pulmonary toxicity, these results provide the key cytokine biomarkers in response to hexanal exposure and indicate meaningful mechanistic previewing that can be indirectly attributed to lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Cho
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation for Respiratory Disease Product, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chun Ryu
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Kobayashi H, Song C, Ikei H, Park BJ, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y. Diurnal Changes in Distribution Characteristics of Salivary Cortisol and Immunoglobulin A Concentrations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090987. [PMID: 28858222 PMCID: PMC5615524 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) are important biomarkers for environmental and public health research. The present study investigated the diurnal variations of these salivary biomarkers, with a focus on the change of distribution characteristics (i.e., skewness and kurtosis) of the concentrations. The participants in this study were 113 healthy young males. Salivary samples were collected in the morning (6:30–7:30 a.m.) and afternoon (1:00–4:00 p.m.). The skewness and kurtosis of salivary cortisol concentrations in afternoon samples (skewness = 1.06, kurtosis = 4.78) were significantly higher than those in morning samples (skewness = 0.49, kurtosis = 2.80). The differences in skewness and kurtosis of S-IgA concentrations were non-significant; however, the standard deviation and interquartile ranges for afternoon S-IgA concentrations were significantly smaller than those for morning S-IgA concentrations. Logarithmic transformation improved the distribution of afternoon cortisol values, making it an almost normal distribution, but the transformation showed no improvement in the distribution of morning cortisol or S-IgA values. The present study explored diurnal changes in the distribution characteristics of salivary cortisol and S-IgA. Consideration of a possible diurnal change in the distribution characteristics is needed when we compare the difference in these salivary biomarkers between different times of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Kobayashi
- Department of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan.
| | - Chorong Song
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Harumi Ikei
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Bum-Jin Park
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Takahide Kagawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Miyazaki
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
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14
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Pulmonary innate inflammatory responses to agricultural occupational contaminants. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:627-642. [PMID: 28168324 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural workers are exposed to many contaminants and suffer from respiratory and other symptoms. Dusts, gases, microbial products and pesticide residues from farms have been linked to effects on the health of agricultural workers. Growing sets of data from in vitro and in vivo models demonstrate the role of the innate immune system, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR9, in lung inflammation induced following exposure to contaminants in agricultural environments. Interestingly, inflammation and lung function changes appear to be discordant indicating the complexity of inflammatory responses to exposures. Whereas the recent development of rodent models and exposure systems have yielded valuable data, we need new systems to examine the combined effects of multiple contaminants in order to increase our understanding of farm-exposure-induced negative health effects.
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15
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Helali I, Ferchichi S, Maaouia A, Aouni M, Harizi H. Modulation of macrophage functionality induced in vitro by chlorpyrifos and carbendazim pesticides. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:745-50. [PMID: 27429139 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1181124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is the first defense against pathogens; however, it is very sensitive and can be impacted on by agrochemicals such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides widely present in the environment. To understand how pesticides can affect immune cell function in vitro, this study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and carbendazim (CBZ), the most commonly used pesticides worldwide, on murine immune cell (i.e. macrophage) functions, including lysosomal enzyme activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and nitric oxide (NO) production by isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This study showed for the first time that CPF and CBZ dose-relatedly reduced macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNFα and NO. In general, the effects caused by CPF appeared more pronounced than those by CBZ. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CPF and CBZ exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and could act as potent immunosuppressive factors in vitro. This inhibition of macrophage pro-inflammatory function may be an integral part of the underlying mode of action related to pesticide-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Helali
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Saiida Ferchichi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Amal Maaouia
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
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16
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Senthilkumar CS, Sah NK, Ganesh N. On the long-term effects of methyl isocyanate on cell-mediated immunity in Bhopal gas-exposed long-term survivors and their offspring. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:318-331. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233716645480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a toxic industrial chemical that is documented as a potent respiratory toxicant. We investigated cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the MIC-exposed long-term survivors and their offspring born after the Bhopal gas-leak tragedy in 1984. Several earlier reports show inconsistency in the assessment of immunological effects of MIC on the human population. In these studies, important factors including lifestyle attributes were overlooked. We incorporated these factors also in our study of the basic cell-mediated immune function in the Bhopal MIC-affected population. Twenty-seven years after exposure, we assessed the circulating T-lymphocyte frequency using E-Rosette assay. A total of 46 MIC-exposed healthy long-term survivors and their offspring were studied vis-a-vis parallel gender–age group-matched unexposed controls from Bhopal and various other regions of India. The influence of several lifestyle variabilities (smoking, alcohol intake, and tobacco chewing) on T-lymphocyte frequency was also taken into consideration. Our observations suggest that Erythrocyte-Rosette-forming cell (E-RFC) distribution frequency is largely insignificant in the MIC-affected population as compared to controls ( p > 0.05). In the MIC-affected tobacco chewers, there was a trend of suppression in CMI (relative decrease = 10.3%) as compared to nonchewers. Overall, our results show negligible long-term effect of MIC on CMI measured in terms of E-RFC frequency. These observations are not in agreement with earlier findings that immunosuppressive effects of MIC exposure persist in the T-cells of the affected population. However, atypical lymphocytes were frequently observed as E-RFC in the exposed females when compared to all other subgroups. Hematopoietic disorders (atypical lymphocytosis) in the MIC-affected population along with previous reports on the cytogenetic and humoral immune system linking cancer risk and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnu Sugavanam Senthilkumar
- Department of Research, Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (JNCHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Rajiv Gandhi Technological University (RGTU), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nand Kishore Sah
- Department of Life Sciences (Botany), TNB College, TM Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
| | - Narayanan Ganesh
- Department of Research, Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (JNCHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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17
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Angrish MM, Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Madden MC, Moser VC, Herr DW. Taxonomic applicability of inflammatory cytokines in adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:184-96. [PMID: 26914248 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1138923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, low-molecular-weight messenger proteins that act as intercellular immunomodulatory signals, have become a mainstream preclinical marker for assessing the systemic inflammatory response to external stressors. The challenge is to quantitate from healthy subjects cytokine levels that are below or at baseline and relate those dynamic and complex cytokine signatures of exposures with the inflammatory and repair pathways. Thus, highly sensitive, specific, and precise analytical and statistical methods are critically important. Investigators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have implemented advanced technologies and developed statistics for evaluating panels of inflammatory cytokines in human blood, exhaled breath condensate, urine samples, and murine biological media. Advanced multiplex, bead-based, and automated analytical platforms provided sufficient sensitivity, precision, and accuracy over the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, baseline cytokine levels can be quantified from healthy human subjects and animals and compared to an in vivo exposure response from an environmental chemical. Specifically, patterns of cytokine responses in humans exposed to environmental levels of ozone and diesel exhaust, and in rodents exposed to selected pesticides (such as fipronil and carbaryl), were used as case studies to generally assess the taxonomic applicability of cytokine responses. The findings in this study may aid in the application of measureable cytokine markers in future adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based toxicity testing. Data from human and animal studies were coalesced and the possibility of using cytokines as key events (KE) to bridge species responses to external stressors in an AOP-based framework was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- a Integrated Sciences and Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- b Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Matthew A Stiegel
- c ORISE, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- d Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Virginia C Moser
- e Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - David W Herr
- f Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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18
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Phillips AC, Carroll D, Drayson MT, Batty GD. Raised levels of immunoglobulin G, A and M are associated with an increased risk of total and cause-specific mortality: the Vietnam Experience Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:129-35. [PMID: 25267764 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulins (Ig) are essential for combating infectious disease. However, high levels are associated with a range of diseases and/or poor health behaviours, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic infection, HIV and excessive alcohol consumption. In the present analyses, we extend this body of work by examining whether higher levels of serum Ig G, A and M are associated with increased mortality risk. METHODS Participants were 4255 Vietnam-era, former US army personnel (the Vietnam Experience Study). From military service files, telephone interviews in 1983 and a medical examination in 1986, sociodemographic, and health data were collected. Contemporary morning fasted blood samples were taken from which IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations were determined. Mortality surveillance over 15 years gave rise to deaths ascribed to all-causes, cardiovascular disease mortality, all cancers combined mortality, external cause and 'other' causes (predominantly comprising deaths due to infectious disease). Cox proportional hazard models were utilised to compute HRs per SD increase in Ig which were first adjusted for age and then additionally adjusting for a range of candidate confounders. RESULTS In multiply adjusted analyses, in general, the higher the immunoglobulin concentration, the greater the risk of death. Thus, IgA (HR=2.0 95% CI 1.47 to 2.73), IgM (HR=1.5 95% CI 1.11 to 1.91) and IgG (HR=5.8 95% CI 3.38 to 9.95) were positively related to all-cause mortality. Corresponding results for 'other' causes of mortality were 4.7 (2.64 to 8.19), 3.5 (2.29 to 5.45) and 33.4 (15.13 to 73.64). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, high levels of Ig are associated with an elevated risk of death from total and 'other' causes, mainly infectious disease. High levels of Ig, particularly IgG, may signal subclinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Phillips
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, London, UK
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19
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Moser VC, Stewart N, Freeborn DL, Crooks J, MacMillan DK, Hedge JM, Wood CE, McMahen RL, Strynar MJ, Herr DW. Assessment of serum biomarkers in rats after exposure to pesticides of different chemical classes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 282:161-74. [PMID: 25497286 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing emphasis on the use of biomarkers of adverse outcomes in safety assessment and translational research. We evaluated serum biomarkers and targeted metabolite profiles after exposure to pesticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, carbaryl, triadimefon, fipronil) with different neurotoxic actions. Adult male Long-Evans rats were evaluated after single exposure to vehicle or one of two doses of each pesticide at the time of peak effect. The doses were selected to produce similar magnitude of behavioral effects across chemicals. Serum or plasma was analyzed using commercial cytokine/protein panels and targeted metabolomics. Additional studies of fipronil used lower doses (lacking behavioral effects), singly or for 14 days, and included additional markers of exposure and biological activity. Biomarker profiles varied in the number of altered analytes and patterns of change across pesticide classes, and discriminant analysis could separate treatment groups from control. Low doses of fipronil produced greater effects when given for 14 days compared to a single dose. Changes in thyroid hormones and relative amounts of fipronil and its sulfone metabolite also differed between the dosing regimens. Most cytokine changes reflected alterations in inflammatory responses, hormone levels, and products of phospholipid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism. These findings demonstrate distinct blood-based analyte profiles across pesticide classes, dose levels, and exposure duration. These results show promise for detailed analyses of these biomarkers and their linkages to biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C Moser
- Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Nicholas Stewart
- Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Danielle L Freeborn
- Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James Crooks
- Analytical Chemistry Research Core/Research Cores Unit, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Denise K MacMillan
- Analytical Chemistry Research Core/Research Cores Unit, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joan M Hedge
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Charles E Wood
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rebecca L McMahen
- ORISE fellow, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark J Strynar
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David W Herr
- Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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20
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Jorsaraei SGA, Maliji G, Azadmehr A, Moghadamnia AA, Faraji AA. Immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl in vivo and in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:838-844. [PMID: 25461543 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbaryl is a pesticide for controlling pests in agricultural industry. To determine of immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl, rats were exposure with carbaryl for 28 days. The lymphoid organ weight, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines level were measured, respectively. Exposure with carbaryl significantly reduced both thymus and spleen weight and also suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. In addition, carbaryl significantly decreased IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α and also increased IL-4, IL-10 cytokines. These findings suggest that exposure to carbaryl can induce immunotoxicity effects on lymphoid organ weight, suppresses the functions of lymphocyte and macrophage, Th2 polarization in Th1/Th2 balance by reducing of IFN-γ and increasing of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Therefore, carbaryl can contribute to the development of allergic, autoimmune, cancer or infection diseases through immunotoxicity effects and unbalancing of Th1/Th2 immune response however, further study is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghorban Maliji
- Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Azadmehr
- Department of Immunology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Faraji
- Medical School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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21
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Tewari P, Roy R, Mishra S, Mandal P, Yadav A, Chaudhari BP, Chaturvedi RK, Dwivedi PD, Tripathi A, Das M. Benzanthrone induced immunotoxicity via oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in Balb/c mice. Immunobiology 2014; 220:369-81. [PMID: 25454808 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzanthrone (BA) is an important dye intermediate which is used in the manufacturing of several polycyclic vat and disperse dyes in textile industries. Several studies have indicated that the general population is also exposed to BA owing to its release from furnace effluents and automobile exhausts in the environment. In several clinical studies, it has been shown that workers exposed to BA developed itching, burning sensation, erythema and hyperpigmentation of the skin, which could be an outcome of the dysregulated immune response. In this study, we have used female Balb/c mice as a model to study the immuno-inflammatory changes after systemic administration of BA (7.5mg/kgb.w. and 15mg/kgb.w.) for one week. BA exposed animals exhibited the signs of intense systemic inflammation as evident by enhanced DTH response, MPO activity, hyperplastic and dysplastic histopathological organization of spleen and lung tissue. Splenic evaluation revealed enhanced oxidative stress, upregulation of prominent inflammatory markers like iNOS and COX-2 and DNA damage. In coherence with the observed immuno-inflammatory alterations, the levels of several inflammatory and regulatory cytokines (IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-10, IL-4) were significantly enhanced in serum as well as the spleen. In addition, BA administration significantly induced the activation of ERK1/2, p38, JNK MAPKs and their downstream transcription factors AP-1 (c-fos, c-jun), NF-κB and Nrf2 which comprise important mechanistic pathways involved in inflammatory manifestations. These results suggest the immunotoxic nature of the BA and have implications for the risk assessment and management of occupational workers, and even common masses considering its presence as an environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Tewari
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Roy
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Yadav
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India
| | - Bhushan P Chaudhari
- Pathology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India
| | - Premendra D Dwivedi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India.
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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22
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Rivera-Mariani FE. Cryopreserved human whole blood: a human-based in vitro immunotoxicological system. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 41:483-90. [PMID: 24512232 DOI: 10.1177/026119291304100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The airborne environment poses numerous human health risks, including potential exposure to particulate matter and to fungal bioaerosols with pro-inflammatory capabilities. The utility of animal models in the study of the human health effects of these exposures is often limited. This is due to the necessity for a high-throughput of samples and the high financial costs involved, as well as various associated animal welfare issues. In addition, animal models might not appropriately predict the responses of humans to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Here are discussed the recent applications of a human-based assay, the cryopreserved human whole blood system, to study the human health effects of exposures to particulate matter and to the less-studied fungal spores of higher fungi (phylum Basidiomycota or 'true mushrooms'). Evidence is provided to support the utility of the human-based assay in the fields of environmental health and medical mycology, for the evaluation of common paradigms in environmental health studies, and to highlight the potential human health effects of spores of basidiomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Rivera-Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Leonard MO, Limonciel A, Jennings P. Stress Response Pathways. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Christopher-Hennings J, Araujo KPC, Souza CJH, Fang Y, Lawson S, Nelson EA, Clement T, Dunn M, Lunney JK. Opportunities for bead-based multiplex assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:671-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713507256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex assays (BBMAs) are applicable for high throughput, simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in solution (from several to 50–500 analytes within a single, small sample volume). Currently, few assays are commercially available for veterinary applications, but they are available to identify and measure various cytokines, growth factors and their receptors, inflammatory proteins, kinases and inhibitors, neurobiology proteins, and pathogens and antibodies in human beings, nonhuman primates, and rodent species. In veterinary medicine, various nucleic acid and protein-coupled beads can be used in, or for the development of, antigen and antibody BBMAs, with the advantage that more data can be collected using approximately the same amount of labor as used for other antigen and antibody assays. Veterinary-related BBMAs could be used for detection of pathogens, genotyping, measurement of hormone levels, and in disease surveillance and vaccine assessment. It will be important to evaluate whether BBMAs are “fit for purpose,” how costs and efficiencies compare between assays, which assays are published or commercially available for specific veterinary applications, and what procedures are involved in the development of the assays. It is expected that many veterinary-related BBMAs will be published and/or become commercially available in the next few years. The current review summarizes the BBMA technology and some of the currently available BBMAs developed for veterinary settings. Some of the human diagnostic BBMAs are also described, providing an example of possible templates for future development of new veterinary-related BBMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Karla P. C. Araujo
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Carlos J. H. Souza
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Ying Fang
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Steven Lawson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Michael Dunn
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
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Monitoring immune modulation by nutrition in the general population: identifying and substantiating effects on human health. Br J Nutr 2013; 110 Suppl 2:S1-30. [PMID: 23228631 PMCID: PMC3734536 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of the immune system is crucial to human health, and nutrition is one of the major exogenous factors modulating different aspects of immune function. Currently, no single marker is available to predict the effect of a dietary intervention on different aspects of immune function. To provide further guidance on the assessment and interpretation of the modulation of immune functions due to nutrition in the general population, International Life Sciences Institute Europe commissioned a group of experts from academia, government and the food industry to prepare a guidance document. A draft of this paper was refined at a workshop involving additional experts. First, the expert group defined criteria to evaluate the usefulness of immune function markers. Over seventy-five markers were scored within the context of three distinct immune system functions: defence against pathogens; avoidance or mitigation of allergy; control of low-grade (metabolic) inflammation. The most useful markers were subsequently classified depending on whether they by themselves signify clinical relevance and/or involvement of immune function. Next, five theoretical scenarios were drafted describing potential changes in the values of markers compared with a relevant reference range. Finally, all elements were combined, providing a framework to aid the design and interpretation of studies assessing the effects of nutrition on immune function. This stepwise approach offers a clear rationale for selecting markers for future trials and provides a framework for the interpretation of outcomes. A similar stepwise approach may also be useful to rationalise the selection and interpretation of markers for other physiological processes critical to the maintenance of health and well-being.
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Corsini E, Sokooti M, Galli CL, Moretto A, Colosio C. Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: a comprehensive review of the existing evidence. Toxicology 2012; 307:123-35. [PMID: 23116691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health. In Western countries pesticides, together with new and modified patterns of exposure to chemicals, have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of diseases associated with alterations of the immune response, such as hypersensitivity reactions, certain autoimmune diseases and cancers. Xenobiotics may initiate, facilitate or exacerbate pathological immune processes, resulting in immunotoxicity by induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors, modifying immune tolerance and activation pathways. The purpose of this article is to update the evidence of pesticide immunotoxicity. Even if experimental data as well as sporadic human studies indicate that some pesticides can affect the immune system, overall, existing epidemiological studies are inadequate to raise conclusions on the immunotoxic risk associated to pesticide exposure. The available studies on the effects of pesticides on human immune system have several limitations including poor indication on exposure levels, multiple chemical exposures, heterogeneity of the approach, and difficulty in giving a prognostic significance to the slight changes often observed. Further studies are necessary, and they should be preferably carried out through comparison of pre and post-exposure findings in the same group of subjects with a matched control group. Attempt should be made to define the prognostic significance of slight changes often observed. Animal and in vitro studies are also important and necessary to scientifically support epidemiological evidences on pesticide-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Although translational research is a rapidly evolving area of biomedical sciences, translational immunologic safety evaluation has so far attracted only very limited attention. Assays and animal models have been developed to identify immunotoxic hazards related to immunosuppression, but less attention has been paid to immunostimulation, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. Some of these assays and models are recommended by regulatory bodies, even though it is as yet unsure to what extent they can predict the potential of, or lack of, new chemical entities and drug candidates for inducing significant immunotoxic effects. A translational approach should attempt to standardize and validate those models, assays, and biomarkers that could be used in regulatory non-clinical safety studies as well as clinical studies. Beyond translational immunologic safety, immune monitoring during clinical studies is intended to identify and evaluate potential immune safety issues not seen in non-clinical studies. Based on this overview of the current knowledge, it can be concluded that much remains to be done to conduct translational studies helpful to enhance the immunologic safety of drugs and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Descotes
- Poison Center and Pharmacovigilance Department, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France.
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28
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Jennings P, Limonciel A, Felice L, Leonard MO. An overview of transcriptional regulation in response to toxicological insult. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:49-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Miller FW, Pollard KM, Parks CG, Germolec DR, Leung PSC, Selmi C, Humble MC, Rose NR. Criteria for environmentally associated autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:253-8. [PMID: 22771005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for the environment in the development of autoimmune diseases, as reviewed in the accompanying three papers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Expert Panel Workshop. An important unresolved issue, however, is the development of criteria for identifying autoimmune disease phenotypes for which the environment plays a causative role, herein referred to as environmentally associated autoimmune diseases. There are several different areas in which such criteria need to be developed, including: 1) identifying the necessary and sufficient data to define environmental risk factors for autoimmune diseases meeting current classification criteria; 2) establishing the existence of and criteria for new environmentally associated autoimmune disorders that do not meet current disease classification criteria; and 3) identifying in clinical practice specific environmental agents that induce autoimmune disease in individual patients. Here we discuss approaches that could be useful for developing criteria in these three areas, as well as factors that should be considered in evaluating the evidence for criteria that can distinguish individuals with such disorders from individuals without such disorders with high sensitivity and specificity. Current studies suggest that multiple lines of complementary evidence will be important and that in many cases there will be clinical, serologic, genetic, epigenetic, and/or other laboratory features that could be incorporated as criteria for environmentally associated autoimmune diseases to improve diagnosis and treatment and possibly allow for preventative strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Miller
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-1301, USA.
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Nagai H. Recent research and developmental strategy of anti-asthma drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:70-8. [PMID: 21924291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research over the past decade has provided information about the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma (BA). Anti-asthma drugs are classified into two categories: relievers (for the relief of asthma attack symptoms) and controllers (for the prevention of asthma symptoms). This paper aims to review the recent advancements of anti-asthma drugs that are controller medicines. The controllers mainly act on immune and inflammatory responses in BA development. 1) Immunomodulators. Drugs that act on the immune response are classified into two categories: immunosuppressors and immunomodulators, including immunopotentiators. The immunomodulation of the Th1 and Th2 imbalance is the first strategy of the controller because allergic BA is thought to be caused by Th2-polarized immunity. Suplatast is a novel immunomodulator that can adjust the imbalance in the Th1/Th2 immune response and shows clear clinical efficacy against BA. The immunomodulator approach has shifted from a more theoretical and conceptual model to one supported by evidence of clinical efficacy.2) Anti-inflammatory agents. Corticosteroids,mast cell stabilizers and autacoid inhibitors are anti-inflammatory agents for BA. The clinical superiority of the combined therapy of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2 agonists is evident. This combined therapy shows a potent synergic anti-inflammatory effect compared to the effect by corticosteroids alone. Currently, the anti-inflammatory agents for BA under development are drugs affecting lipid mediators. The prostaglandin (PG) D2 antagonist, PGE2, EP3 agonist and PGI2 agonist are being considered in addition to well-established leukotriene and thromboxane A2 inhibitors. New development strategies and therapeutics for controllers are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Nagai
- Gifu Junior College of Health Science 2-92 higashi-uzura, Gifu 500-8281, Japan.
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