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Farvardin A, Llorens E, Liu-Xu L, Sánchez-Giménez L, Wong A, Biosca EG, Pedra JM, Falomir E, Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. Solanum lycopersicum heme-binding protein 2 as a potent antimicrobial weapon against plant pathogens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20336. [PMID: 37990046 PMCID: PMC10663603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria caused by the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the urgent exploration of alternative antimicrobial solutions. Among these alternatives, antimicrobial proteins, and peptides (Apps) have garnered attention due to their wide-ranging antimicrobial effects. This study focuses on evaluating the antimicrobial properties of Solanum lycopersicum heme-binding protein 2 (SlHBP2), an apoplastic protein extracted from tomato plants treated with 1-Methyl tryptophan (1-MT), against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). Computational studies indicate that SlHBP2 is annotated as a SOUL heme-binding family protein. Remarkably, recombinant SlHBP2 demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting the growth of Pst within a concentration range of 3-25 μg/mL. Moreover, SlHBP2 exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against other microorganisms, including Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), and Botrytis cinerea. To understand the mechanism of action employed by SlHBP2 against Pst, various techniques such as microscopy and fluorescence assays were employed. The results revealed that SlHBP2 disrupts the bacterial cell wall and causes leakage of intracellular contents. To summarize, the findings suggest that SlHBP2 has significant antimicrobial properties, making it a potential antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogens. Although further studies are warranted to explore the full potential of SlHBP2 and its suitability in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luisa Liu-Xu
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Lorena Sánchez-Giménez
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aloysius Wong
- College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, 325060, Zhejiang, China
| | - Elena G Biosca
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Pedra
- Central Service of Scientific Instrumentation, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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2
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Ghebremedhin A, Salam AB, Adu-Addai B, Noonan S, Stratton R, Ahmed MSU, Khantwal C, Martin GR, Lin H, Andrews C, Karanam B, Rudloff U, Lopez H, Jaynes J, Yates C. A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091254. [PMID: 37174654 PMCID: PMC10177262 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated M2-polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios, including Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we investigated the effects of targeting the CD206 receptor in M2-like macrophages with a novel synthetic analogue of a naturally occurring Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c, to decrease profibrotic cytokines. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro, resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression and a transient increase in M1-macrophage marker TNF-α. To elucidate the antifibrotic effects of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased CD206, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression in mouse lungs. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased lung fibrosis and significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and MMP-13. In comparison with the FDA-approved drugs Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed. In summary, our findings showed that inhibiting the profibrotic alternatively activated M2-like macrophages using a novel peptide, RP-832c, could reduce BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, warranting the therapeutic potential of this peptide for patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Bin Salam
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Benjamin Adu-Addai
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Steve Noonan
- Murigenics Inc., 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Richard Stratton
- Royal Free Hospital, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Md Shakir Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - George R Martin
- Riptide Bioscience, 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Huixian Lin
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Chris Andrews
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Balasubramanyam Karanam
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Udo Rudloff
- Rare Tumor Initiative, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Lopez
- Murigenics Inc., 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jesse Jaynes
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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3
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López-Cano A, Ferrer-Miralles N, Sánchez J, Carratalá JV, Rodriguez XR, Ratera I, Guasch J, Pich OQ, Bierge P, Garcia-de-la-Maria C, Miro JM, Garcia-Fruitós E, Arís A. A Novel Generation of Tailored Antimicrobial Drugs Based on Recombinant Multidomain Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041068. [PMID: 37111554 PMCID: PMC10146347 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has exponentially increased during the last years. It is necessary to develop new antimicrobial drugs to prevent and treat infectious diseases caused by multidrug- or extensively-drug resistant (MDR/XDR)-bacteria. Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) have a versatile role, acting as antimicrobial peptides and regulators of several innate immunity functions. The results shown by previous studies using synthetic HDPs are only the tip of the iceberg, since the synergistic potential of HDPs and their production as recombinant proteins are fields practically unexplored. The present study aims to move a step forward through the development of a new generation of tailored antimicrobials, using a rational design of recombinant multidomain proteins based on HDPs. This strategy is based on a two-phase process, starting with the construction of the first generation molecules using single HDPs and further selecting those HDPs with higher bactericidal efficiencies to be combined in the second generation of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. As a proof of concept, we have designed three new antimicrobials, named D5L37βD3, D5L37D5L37 and D5LAL37βD3. After an in-depth exploration, we found D5L37D5L37 to be the most promising one, since it was equally effective against four relevant pathogens in healthcare-associated infections, such as methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, being MRSA, MRSE and P. aeruginosa MDR strains. The low MIC values and versatile activity against planktonic and biofilm forms reinforce the use of this platform to isolate and produce unlimited HDP combinations as new antimicrobial drugs by effective means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià López-Cano
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (E.G.-F.)
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.F.-M.); (J.S.); (J.V.C.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.R.); (I.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Julieta Sánchez
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.F.-M.); (J.S.); (J.V.C.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Vicente Carratalá
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.F.-M.); (J.S.); (J.V.C.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.R.); (I.R.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Ratera
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.R.); (I.R.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Guasch
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.R.); (I.R.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dynamic Biomimetics for Cancer Immunotherapy, Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Q. Pich
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain; (O.Q.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Paula Bierge
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain; (O.Q.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Cristina Garcia-de-la-Maria
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.-d.-l.-M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jose M. Miro
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.-d.-l.-M.); (J.M.M.)
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (E.G.-F.)
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (E.G.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-467-40-40
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4
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Nicolas M, Beito B, Oliveira M, Tudela Martins M, Gallas B, Salmain M, Boujday S, Humblot V. Strategies for Antimicrobial Peptides Immobilization on Surfaces to Prevent Biofilm Growth on Biomedical Devices. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:13. [PMID: 35052891 PMCID: PMC8772980 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial and medical device-induced biofilm infections affect millions of lives and urgently require innovative preventive approaches. These pathologies have led to the development of numerous antimicrobial strategies, an emergent topic involving both natural and synthetic routes, among which some are currently under testing for clinical approval and use. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ideal candidates for this fight. Therefore, the strategies involving surface functionalization with AMPs to prevent bacterial attachment/biofilms formation have experienced a tremendous development over the last decade. In this review, we describe the different mechanisms of action by which AMPs prevent bacterial adhesion and/or biofilm formation to better address their potential as anti-infective agents. We additionally analyze AMP immobilization techniques on a variety of materials, with a focus on biomedical applications. Furthermore, we summarize the advances made to date regarding the immobilization strategies of AMPs on various surfaces and their ability to prevent the adhesion of various microorganisms. Progress toward the clinical approval of AMPs in antibiotherapy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nicolas
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Institute of Nanosciences Paris (INSP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Bruno Beito
- Sorbonne Université, Master de Chimie, Profil MatNanoBio, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie of Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (B.B.); (M.O.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marta Oliveira
- Sorbonne Université, Master de Chimie, Profil MatNanoBio, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie of Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (B.B.); (M.O.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Tudela Martins
- Sorbonne Université, Master de Chimie, Profil MatNanoBio, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie of Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (B.B.); (M.O.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Bruno Gallas
- Sorbonne Université, Institute of Nanosciences Paris (INSP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Souhir Boujday
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Vincent Humblot
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique Thermique et Optique-Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6174, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon, France
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5
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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6
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Colicchio R, Nigro E, Colavita I, Pagliuca C, Di Maro S, Tomassi S, Scaglione E, Carbone F, Carriero MV, Matarese G, Daniele A, Cosconati S, Pessi A, Salvatore F, Salvatore P. A novel smaller β-defensin-derived peptide is active against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22026. [PMID: 34818435 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002330rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a severe obstacle in the fight against acute and chronic infectious diseases that accompany most degenerative illnesses from neoplasia to osteo-arthritis and obesity. Currently, the race is on to identify pharmaceutical molecules or combinations of molecules able to prevent or reduce the insurgence and/or progression of infectivity. Attempts to substitute antibiotics with antimicrobial peptides have, thus far, met with little success against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. During the last decade, we designed and studied the activity and features of human β-defensin analogs, which are salt-resistant, and hence active also under high salt concentrations as, for instance, in cystic fibrosis. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and major features of a new 21 aa long molecule, peptide γ2. The latter derives from the γ-core of the β-defensin natural molecules, a small fragment of these molecules still bearing high antibacterial activity. We found that peptide γ2, which contains only one disulphide bond, recapitulates most of the biological properties of natural human β-defensins and can also counteract both Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR bacterial strains and biofilm formation. Moreover, it has great stability in human serum thereby enhancing its antibacterial presence and activity without cytotoxicity in human cells. In conclusion, peptide γ2 is a promising new weapon also in the battle against intractable infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Carriero
- Tumor Progression Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
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7
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Srivastava M, Chandra A, R R, Nigam J, Rajan P, Parmar D, Srivastava RN, Gupta V. Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides and Cytokines in Human Omentum Following Abdominal Surgery. Cureus 2021; 13:e17477. [PMID: 34589365 PMCID: PMC8464651 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Omentum can secrete out biological agents like different growth factors, cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. The aim of our study was to determine the expression of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines in human omentum tissue and its response to intra-abdominal infection. Methodology Omentum tissue was obtained from 60 patients: control (n=20) and cases (n=40). mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, HBD-1, HBD-2, HNP1-3) and cytokines (TNF- α, IL-8, IL-10, IL1β) was evaluated using Real-Time PCR. Protein quantification was done by Immunoblotting and ELISA. Results Significantly higher expression of antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, HBD-1, HBD-2, HNP1-3) and cytokines (TNF- α, IL-8, IL-10, IL1β) was observed in cases as compared to control at both the transcriptional and translational level (p<0.0001). Conclusion Omentum governs a population of antimicrobial peptides with potent immunologic functions. The expression of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines is inducible and increases with the severity of infection. Omentum is thus an immunologically active and adaptable organ but its complete regulatory mechanism is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Srivastava
- Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Abhijit Chandra
- Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Rahul R
- Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, IND
| | - Jaya Nigam
- Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Pritheesh Rajan
- Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, IND
| | | | - Vivek Gupta
- Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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8
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Bakare OO, Gokul A, Wu R, Niekerk LA, Klein A, Keyster M. Biomedical Relevance of Novel Anticancer Peptides in the Sensitive Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1120. [PMID: 34439786 PMCID: PMC8394746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global increase in cancer mortality and economic losses necessitates the cautious quest for therapeutic agents with compensatory advantages over conventional therapies. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are a subset of host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, which have emerged as therapeutic and diagnostic candidates due to several compensatory advantages over the non-specificity of the current treatment regimens. This review aimed to highlight the ravaging incidence of cancer, the use of ACPs in cancer treatment with their mechanisms, ACP discovery and delivery methods, and the limitations for their use. This would create awareness for identifying more ACPs with better specificity, accuracy and sensitivity towards the disease. It would also promote their efficacious utilization in biotechnology, medical sciences and molecular biology to ease the severity of the disease and enable the patients living with these conditions to develop an accommodating lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (R.W.); (L.-A.N.)
| | - Arun Gokul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa;
| | - Ruomou Wu
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (R.W.); (L.-A.N.)
| | - Lee-Ann Niekerk
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (R.W.); (L.-A.N.)
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (R.W.); (L.-A.N.)
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9
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Al-Benna S. Inflammatory and coagulative pathophysiology for the management of burn patients with COVID-19: systematic review of the evidence. ANNALS OF BURNS AND FIRE DISASTERS 2021; 34:3-9. [PMID: 34054381 PMCID: PMC8126364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves a prominent innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, the complement system and acute phase proteins. This hyperinflammatory response predisposes patients to thromboembolic disease, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In burn injuries, damaged tissues induce a local and systemic inflammatory response through pathways associated to COVID-19. As such, a COVID-19 positive patient sustaining burn injuries may have an amplified response to the burn insult due to their baseline hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states. Burn patients may have compromised physiological reserve to withstand the insult of surgical intervention before reaching clinical instability. The concurrent pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the inflammatory response in burn injury have serious implications on the management of burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Al-Benna
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Prediction and Activity of a Cationic α-Helix Antimicrobial Peptide ZM-804 from Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052643. [PMID: 33807972 PMCID: PMC7961353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules consisting of less than fifty residues of amino acids. Plant AMPs establish the first barrier of defense in the innate immune system in response to invading pathogens. The purpose of this study was to isolate new AMPs from the Zea mays L. inbred line B73 and investigate their antimicrobial activities and mechanisms against certain essential plant pathogenic bacteria. In silico, the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides (CAMPR3), a computational AMP prediction server, was used to screen a cDNA library for AMPs. A ZM-804 peptide, isolated from the Z. mays L. inbred line B73 cDNA library, was predicted as a new cationic AMP with high prediction values. ZM-804 was tested against eleven pathogens of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and exhibited high antimicrobial activities as determined by the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). A confocal laser scanning microscope observation showed that the ZM-804 AMP targets bacterial cell membranes. SEM and TEM images revealed the disruption and damage of the cell membrane morphology of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 caused by ZM-804. In planta, ZM-804 demonstrated antimicrobial activity and prevented the infection of tomato plants by Pst DC3000. Moreover, four virulent phytopathogenic bacteria were prevented from inducing hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves in response to low ZM-804 concentrations. ZM-804 exhibits low hemolytic activity against mouse red blood cells (RBCs) and is relatively safe for mammalian cells. In conclusion, the ZM-804 peptide has a strong antibacterial activity and provides an alternative tool for plant disease control. Additionally, the ZM-804 peptide is considered a promising candidate for human and animal drug development.
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11
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Al-Benna S. Gene Expression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Receptor in Skin and the Implications for COVID-19. Adv Skin Wound Care 2021; 34:31-35. [PMID: 33323800 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000722748.73437.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is a critical step for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter target cells. This enzyme is expressed in many human tissues including the lungs, but no research has demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can infect human skin or subcutaneous fat tissue, despite the increasing number of reported skin manifestations. The aim of this study was to investigate ACE2 gene expression in skin using a public database. METHODS A search of transcriptomic data sets from a public gene expression database to investigate ACE2 gene expression in human tissues. RESULTS Human skin keratinocytes and basal cells express more ACE2 than lung epithelial cells. In contrast, both fibroblasts and melanocytes from human skin express less ACE2 than human lung epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The high expression of ACE2 in keratinocytes and basal cells of human skin indicates that they may be directly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection via the ACE2 receptor, especially in conditions of skin barrier dysfunction, and are therefore a potential target for the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Al-Benna
- Sammy Al-Benna, PhD, MBChB, FAPAC, is Head of Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Morphological Characteristics of the Action of Cationic Peptide Warnerin on Regeneration of the Connective Tissue around Implanted Teflon Catheters in Mice under Conditions of Immunosuppression. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:521-524. [PMID: 32910378 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Warnerin pretreatment of catheter segments subcutaneously implanted to mice under conditions of immunosuppression led to a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in the surrounding tissues on day 1; the number of fibroblasts tended to decrease by day 3. Immunohistochemical study showed the presence of T and B lymphocytes on day 3, but no positive reactions to vimentin and CD34 were observed during the first 2 days. These changes suggest that warnerin reduced the intensity of regeneration processes in tissues around the implant, which can be used for suppression of fibrosis.
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13
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Kumar S, Mandal D, El-Mowafi SA, Mozaffari S, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Click-Free Synthesis of a Multivalent Tricyclic Peptide as a Molecular Transporter. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090842. [PMID: 32899170 PMCID: PMC7558522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular delivery of cell-impermeable and water-insoluble molecules remains an ongoing challenge to overcome. Previously, we reported amphipathic cyclic peptides c[WR]4 and c[WR]5 consisting of alternate arginine and tryptophan residues as nuclear-targeting molecular transporters. These peptides contain an optimal balance of positive charge and hydrophobicity, which is required for interactions with the phospholipid bilayer to facilitate their application as a drug delivery system. To further optimize them, we synthesized and evaluated a multivalent tricyclic peptide as an efficient molecular transporter. The monomeric cyclic peptide building blocks were synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry and cyclization in the solution and conjugated with each other through an amide bond to afford the tricyclic peptide, which demonstrated modest antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64–128 µg/mL. The tricyclic peptide was found to be nontoxic up to 30 µM in the breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231). The presence of tricyclic peptide enhanced cellular uptakes of fluorescently-labeled phosphopeptide (F’-GpYEEI, 18-fold), anti-HIV drugs (lamivudine (F’-3TC), emtricitabine (F’-FTC), and stavudine (F’-d4T), 1.7–12-fold), and siRNA (3.3-fold) in the MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana 131039, India
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Shaima Ahmed El-Mowafi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Peptide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Saghar Mozaffari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
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14
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Ghebremedhin A, Salam AB, Adu-Addai B, Noonan S, Stratton R, Ahmed MSU, Khantwal C, Martin GR, Lin H, Andrews C, Karanam B, Rudloff U, Lopez H, Jaynes J, Yates C. A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.27.218115. [PMID: 32766584 PMCID: PMC7402041 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.218115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Activated M2 polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios such as Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), through the production of inflammatory and fibrosis-inducing cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of targeting the CD206 receptor with a novel fragment of a Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c to decrease cytokines that cause fibrosis. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2 polarized bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro , resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression, and a transient increase in M1 marker TNFα, which resolves over a 24hr period. To elucidate the antifibrotic effect of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM) -induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis in a dosage dependent manner, as well as decreased CD206, TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression in mouse lungs. Interestingly we did not observe any changes in the resident alveolar macrophage marker CD170 expression. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased fibrosis in the lung, as well as significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and MMP-13. In comparison with FDA approved drugs, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed on body weight or blood chemistry. In summary, RP-832c is a potential agent to mitigate the overactivity of M2 macrophages in pathogenesis several pulmonary fibrotic diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 induced lung fibrosis.
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15
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Fernández de Ullivarri M, Arbulu S, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Cotter PD. Antifungal Peptides as Therapeutic Agents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:105. [PMID: 32257965 PMCID: PMC7089922 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have been used since ancient times in food and beverage-making processes and, more recently, have been harnessed for the production of antibiotics and in processes of relevance to the bioeconomy. Moreover, they are starting to gain attention as a key component of the human microbiome. However, fungi are also responsible for human infections. The incidence of community-acquired and nosocomial fungal infections has increased considerably in recent decades. Antibiotic resistance development, the increasing number of immunodeficiency- and/or immunosuppression-related diseases and limited therapeutic options available are triggering the search for novel alternatives. These new antifungals should be less toxic for the host, with targeted or broader antimicrobial spectra (for diseases of known and unknown etiology, respectively) and modes of actions that limit the potential for the emergence of resistance among pathogenic fungi. Given these criteria, antimicrobial peptides with antifungal properties, i.e., antifungal peptides (AFPs), have emerged as powerful candidates due to their efficacy and high selectivity. In this review, we provide an overview of the bioactivity and classification of AFPs (natural and synthetic) as well as their mode of action and advantages over current antifungal drugs. Additionally, natural, heterologous and synthetic production of AFPs with a view to greater levels of exploitation is discussed. Finally, we evaluate the current and potential applications of these peptides, along with the future challenges relating to antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández de Ullivarri
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Sara Arbulu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Enriqueta Garcia-Gutierrez
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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16
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Quercini L, Brunetti J, Riolo G, Bindi S, Scali S, Lampronti I, D'Aversa E, Wronski S, Pollini S, Gentile M, Lupetti P, Rossolini GM, Falciani C, Bracci L, Pini A. An antimicrobial molecule mitigates signs of sepsis in vivo and eradicates infections from lung tissue. FASEB J 2019; 34:192-207. [PMID: 31914681 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901896rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peptide sequence KKIRVRLSA was synthesized in a dimeric structure (SET-M33DIM) and evaluated as a candidate drug for infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. SET-M33DIM showed significant antibacterial activity against MDR strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration [MICs], 1.5-11 µM), and less activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs, 11-22 µM). It showed very low toxicity in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo; in cytotoxicity tests, its EC50 was as much as 22 times better than that of SET-M33, a peptide with the same amino-acid sequence, but synthesized in tetra-branched form (638 vs 28 µM). In in vivo and ex vivo experiments, SET-M33DIM cleared P. aeruginosa infection, significantly reducing signs of sepsis in animals, and restoring cell viability in lung tissue after bacterial challenge. It also quelled inflammation triggered by LPS and live bacterial cells, inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators in lung tissue, cultured macrophages, and bronchial cells from a cystic fibrosis patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jlenia Brunetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Riolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Bindi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Scali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta D'Aversa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabine Wronski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Simona Pollini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Lupetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Falciani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luisa Bracci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Feng CW, Chen NF, Sung CS, Kuo HM, Yang SN, Chen CL, Hung HC, Chen BH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Therapeutic Effect of Modulating TREM-1 via Anti-inflammation and Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:769. [PMID: 31440123 PMCID: PMC6691936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroinflammation has been identified as one of its key pathological characteristics. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplify the inflammatory response and play a role in sepsis and cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that the attenuation of TREM-1 activity produces cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. However, no study has examined the role of TREM-1 in neurodegeneration. We showed that LP17, a synthetic peptide blocker of TREM-1, significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cascades of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B. Moreover, LP17 enhanced the LPS-induced upregulation of autophagy-related proteins such as light chain-3 and histone deacetylase-6. We also knocked down TREM-1 expression in a BV2 cell model to further confirm the role of TREM-1. LP17 inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine-induced locomotor deficit and iNOS messenger RNA expression in zebrafish. We also observed therapeutic effects of LP17 administration in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD syndrome using a rat model. These data suggest that the attenuation of TREM-1 could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses in PD and that this neuroprotective effect might occur via the activation of autophagy and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Feng
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
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18
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Sharma A, Vaghasiya K, Ray E, Gupta P, Kumar Singh A, Datta Gupta U, Kumar Verma R. Mycobactericidal activity of some micro-encapsulated synthetic Host Defense Peptides (HDP) by expediting the permeation of antibiotic: A new paradigm of drug delivery for tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Rakesh KP, Marichannegowda MH, Srivastava S, Chen X, Long S, Karthik CS, Mallu P, Qin HL. Combating a Master Manipulator: Staphylococcus aureus Immunomodulatory Molecules as Targets for Combinatorial Drug Discovery. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:681-693. [PMID: 30372025 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that can cause significant disease burden and mortality by counteracting host defenses through producing virulence factors to survive the immune responses evoked by infection. This emerging drug-resistant pathogen has led to a decline in the efficacy of traditional antimicrobial therapy. To combat these threats, precision antimicrobial therapeutics have been created to target key virulence determinants of specific pathogens. Here we review the benefits of, progresses in, and roadblocks to the development of precision antimicrobial therapeutics using combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadalipura P. Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | | | - Shobhith Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Sihui Long
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China
| | - Chimatahalli S. Karthik
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Putswamappa Mallu
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
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20
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Farkas A, Pap B, Kondorosi É, Maróti G. Antimicrobial Activity of NCR Plant Peptides Strongly Depends on the Test Assays. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2600. [PMID: 30425705 PMCID: PMC6218624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis specific NCR247 and NCR335 cationic plant peptides of Medicago truncatula have been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbes. However, their antimicrobial efficiency is clearly limited by divalent cations. Here, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of NCR247 and NCR335 peptides were compared to those of the well-characterized peptide antibiotics polymyxin B and the aminoglycoside streptomycin on three model microbes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as eukaryotic fungi. The aim of the study was to assess how the killing efficiency of these peptides depends on various, widely used antimicrobial susceptibility assays. Validated resazurin microdilution assay was used to determine minimal growth inhibitory concentrations in three general test media (MHB, MHBII and low-salt medium LSM). Bactericidal/fungicidal activities were determined by the commonly used drop plate assay. The natural plant peptides showed distinct characteristics, NCR247 had a generally high sensitivity for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the medium, while NCR335 proved to be a robust and strong antimicrobial agent with comparable efficiency values to polymyxin B. Activity data were confirmed visually, both NCR247 and NCR335 treatments at minimal bactericidal concentrations induced complete disruption of the membranes and provoked cell lysis on all tested microorganisms as observed by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Farkas
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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21
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Genga KR, Shimada T, Boyd JH, Walley KR, Russell JA. The Understanding and Management of Organism Toxicity in Septic Shock. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:502-514. [PMID: 29763894 DOI: 10.1159/000487818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity caused by different organisms in septic shock is substantially complex and characterized by an intricate pathogenicity that involves several systems and pathways. Immune cells' pattern recognition receptors initiate the host response to pathogens after the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In essence, the subsequent activation of downstream pathways may progress to infection resolution or to a dysregulated host response that represents the hallmark of organ injury in septic shock. Likewise, the management of organism toxicity in septic shock is complicated and comprises a multiplicity of suitable targets. In this review, the classic immune responses to pathogens are discussed as well as other factors that are relevant in the pathogenicity of septic shock, including sepsis-induced immune suppression, inflammasome activation, intestinal permeability, and the role of lipids and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Current therapies aiming to eliminate the organisms causing septic shock, recent and ongoing trials in septic shock treatment, and potential new therapeutic strategies are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadanaga Shimada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John H Boyd
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keith R Walley
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James A Russell
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, .,Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia,
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22
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Liu Z, Zhu M, Chen X, Yang G, Yang T, Yu L, Hui L, Wang X. Expression and antibacterial activity of hybrid antimicrobial peptide cecropinA-thanatin in Pichia pastoris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.flm.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Christiansen SH, Murphy RA, Juul-Madsen K, Fredborg M, Hvam ML, Axelgaard E, Skovdal SM, Meyer RL, Sørensen UBS, Möller A, Nyengaard JR, Nørskov-Lauritsen N, Wang M, Gadjeva M, Howard KA, Davies JC, Petersen E, Vorup-Jensen T. The Immunomodulatory Drug Glatiramer Acetate is Also an Effective Antimicrobial Agent that Kills Gram-negative Bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15653. [PMID: 29142299 PMCID: PMC5688084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic drug development strategies have failed to meet the urgent clinical needs in treating infections with Gram-negative bacteria. Repurposing drugs can lead to timely availability of new antibiotics, accelerated by existing safety profiles. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a widely used and safe formulation for treatment of multiple sclerosis. It contains a large diversity of essentially isomeric polypeptides with the cationic and amphiphilic character of many antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Here, we report that GA is antibacterial, targeting Gram-negative organisms with higher activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the naturally-occurring AMP LL-37 in human plasma. As judged from flow cytometric assays, bacterial killing by GA occurred within minutes. Laboratory strains of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa were killed by a process of condensing intracellular contents. Efficient killing by GA was also demonstrated in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates and approximately 50% of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from chronic airway infection in CF patients. By contrast, the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells appeared to be protected from GA by an increased formation of nm-scale particulates. Our data identify GA as an attractive drug repurposing candidate to treat infections with Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Hill Christiansen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ronan A Murphy
- CF and Chronic Lung Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marlene Fredborg
- Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Lykke Hvam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Axelgaard
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sandra M Skovdal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Louise Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe B Skov Sørensen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Möller
- Dept. of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Nørskov-Lauritsen
- Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikala Wang
- Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jane C Davies
- CF and Chronic Lung Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Dept. of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus University Network for Interdisciplinary Drug Resistance Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Dept. of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Aarhus University Network for Interdisciplinary Drug Resistance Research, Aarhus, Denmark.
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24
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Misra SK, Schwartz-Duval AS, Pan D. Genomic DNA Interactions Mechanize Peptidotoxin-Mediated Anticancer Nanotherapy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2254-2261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Misra
- Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, and Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron S. Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, and Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, and Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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Lv Z, Fan Y, Xu Q, Kong Q, Li C, Liu Z, Wang W, An Y. Long-term anti-endotoxin/E. coli efficacy in mice transfected with AAV2/1-muBPI25 -muFcγ1. APMIS 2016; 124:888-95. [PMID: 27501062 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability increasing (BPI) is an antibiotic protein which kills Gram-negative bacteria and neutralizes endotoxin. We have previously developed a recombinant adeno-associated virus which contains human BPI amino acid residues 1-199 and Fc fragment of human IgG1 gene (AAV-hBPI-Fc) and shown that the recombinant virus can protect mice from lethal endotoxemia. However, whether AAV-hBPI-Fc can be used in vivo for the long term remains unclear. To address this, we established an adeno-associated virus-containing mouse BPI and Fc fragment genes (muBPI-Fc) and compared antigenicity of these recombinant proteins in murine models. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of both fusion proteins at injected sites. ELISA and Western blotting showed that the muBPI-Fc protein was detected in serum up to 8 weeks after injection, without generation of autoantibodies against muBPI-Fc. In contrast, expressed hBPI-Fc protein was only detected on the 2nd week, whereas the autoantibody against hBPI-Fc protein occurred in serum from the 4th week to the end of study. muBPI-Fc also reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and protected mice from endotoxemia and bacteremia. Our data showed that AAV-muBPI-Fc has potential long-term efficacy as an anti-endotoxin and has anti-bacterial activity in mice, suggesting the potential clinical application of AAV-hBPI-Fc, such as in endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lv
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiang Fan
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingli Kong
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunqing An
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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26
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Efficacy of Lantibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Skin Infections, Monitored by In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3948-55. [PMID: 27067340 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02938-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the majority of skin and soft tissue infections. Antibiotics are losing their efficacy as treatment for skin and soft tissue infections as a result of increased resistance in a variety of pathogens, including S. aureus It is thus imperative to explore alternative antimicrobial treatments to ensure future treatment options for skin and soft tissue infections. A select few lantibiotics, a group of natural defense peptides produced by bacteria, inhibit the growth of numerous clinical S. aureus isolates, including methicillin-resistant strains. In this study, the antimicrobial activities of nisin, clausin, and amyloliquecidin, separately administered, were compared to that of a mupirocin-based ointment, which is commonly used as treatment for S. aureus-induced skin infections. Full-thickness excisional wounds, generated on the dorsal surfaces of mice, were infected with a bioluminescent strain of S. aureus (strain Xen 36). The infections were monitored in real time using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Lantibiotic treatments significantly reduced the bioluminescence of S. aureus Xen 36 to a level similar to that recorded with mupirocin treatment. Wound closure, however, was more pronounced during lantibiotic treatment. Lantibiotics thus have the potential to be used as an alternative treatment option for S. aureus-induced skin infections.
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27
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Radiotherapy for oral cancer decreases the cutaneous expression of host defence peptides. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:882-9. [PMID: 27193476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial resistance against antibiotics has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of cutaneous infections. Consequences can be severe, especially in infected wounds following previous local radiotherapy. Certain endogenous peptide antibiotics, the host defence peptides (HDPs), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and promote wound healing. Their use as supplements to conventional antibiotics is a current topic of discussion; however, knowledge of their quantities in healthy and compromised tissue is a prerequisite for such discussion. To date, no data concerning HDP quantities in irradiated skin are available. METHODS Expression profiles of the genes encoding HDPs, namely human beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1, hBD-1), beta-defensin-2 (DEFB4A, hBD-2), beta-defensin-3 (DEFB103, hBD-3) and S100A7, were assessed in samples of non-irradiated and irradiated neck. RESULTS A reduction in the expression of all of the examined genes was observed in irradiated skin when compared with non-irradiated skin (statistically significant in the case of S100A7, P = 0.013). Immunohistochemistry revealed differences in HDP distribution with respect to the epithelial layers. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates a significant reduction in HDP gene expression in neck skin as a result of radiotherapy. These findings might represent a starting point for novel treatments of cutaneous infections in irradiated patients, such as topical supplementation of synthetic HDP.
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28
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Nigro E, Colavita I, Sarnataro D, Scudiero O, Zambrano G, Granata V, Daniele A, Carotenuto A, Galdiero S, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK, Salvatore F, Pessi A. An ancestral host defence peptide within human β-defensin 3 recapitulates the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the full-length molecule. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18450. [PMID: 26688341 PMCID: PMC4685272 DOI: 10.1038/srep18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are critical components of innate immunity. Despite their diversity, they share common features including a structural signature, designated "γ-core motif". We reasoned that for each HDPs evolved from an ancestral γ-core, the latter should be the evolutionary starting point of the molecule, i.e. it should represent a structural scaffold for the modular construction of the full-length molecule, and possess biological properties. We explored the γ-core of human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) and found that it: (a) is the folding nucleus of HBD3; (b) folds rapidly and is stable in human serum; (c) displays antibacterial activity; (d) binds to CD98, which mediates HBD3 internalization in eukaryotic cells; (e) exerts antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus; and (f) is not toxic to human cells. These results demonstrate that the γ-core within HBD3 is the ancestral core of the full-length molecule and is a viable HDP per se, since it is endowed with the most important biological features of HBD3. Notably, the small, stable scaffold of the HBD3 γ-core can be exploited to design disease-specific antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Colavita
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Zambrano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Granata
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- The School of Life Sciences and the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- The School of Life Sciences and the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.,IRCCS-SDN Foundation, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Pessi
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
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29
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Martin L, van Meegern A, Doemming S, Schuerholz T. Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Sepsis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:404. [PMID: 26347737 PMCID: PMC4542572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100 years ago, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were identified as an important part of innate immunity. They exist in species from bacteria to mammals and can be isolated in body fluids and on surfaces constitutively or induced by inflammation. Defensins have anti-bacterial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as anti-viral and anti-yeast effects. Human neutrophil peptides (HNP) 1-3 and human beta-defensins (HBDs) 1-3 are some of the most important defensins in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated higher levels of HNP 1-3 and HBD-2 in sepsis. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) attenuates local inflammatory response and decreases systemic toxicity of endotoxins. Moreover, BPI might reflect the severity of organ dysfunction in sepsis. Elevated plasma lactoferrin is detected in patients with organ failure. HNP 1-3, lactoferrin, BPI, and heparin-binding protein are increased in sepsis. Human lactoferrin peptide 1-11 (hLF 1-11) possesses antimicrobial activity and modulates inflammation. The recombinant form of lactoferrin [talactoferrin alpha (TLF)] has been shown to decrease mortality in critically ill patients. A phase II/III study with TLF in sepsis did not confirm this result. The growing number of multiresistant bacteria is an ongoing problem in sepsis therapy. Furthermore, antibiotics are known to promote the liberation of pro-inflammatory cell components and thus augment the severity of sepsis. Compared to antibiotics, AMPs kill bacteria but also neutralize pathogenic factors such as lipopolysaccharide. The obstacle to applying naturally occurring AMPs is their high nephro- and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the challenge is to develop peptides to treat septic patients effectively without causing harm. This overview focuses on natural and synthetic AMPs in human and experimental sepsis and their potential to provide significant improvements in the treatment of critically ill with severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Martin
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Anne van Meegern
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Sabine Doemming
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Tobias Schuerholz
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
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30
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The Frog Skin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide Esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2 Promotes the Migration of Human HaCaT Keratinocytes in an EGF Receptor-Dependent Manner: A Novel Promoter of Human Skin Wound Healing? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128663. [PMID: 26068861 PMCID: PMC4466536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the many functions of skin is to protect the organism against a wide range of pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by the skin epithelium provide an effective chemical shield against microbial pathogens. However, whereas antibacterial/antifungal activities of AMPs have been extensively characterized, much less is known regarding their wound healing-modulatory properties. By using an in vitro re-epithelialisation assay employing special cell-culture inserts, we detected that a derivative of the frog-skin AMP esculentin-1a, named esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2, significantly stimulates migration of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) over a wide range of peptide concentrations (0.025–4 μM), and this notably more efficiently than human cathelicidin (LL-37). This activity is preserved in primary human epidermal keratinocytes. By using appropriate inhibitors and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay we found that the peptide-induced cell migration involves activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and STAT3 protein. These results suggest that esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2 now deserves to be tested in standard wound healing assays as a novel candidate promoter of skin re-epithelialisation. The established ability of esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2 to kill microbes without harming mammalian cells, namely its high anti-Pseudomonal activity, makes this AMP a particularly attractive candidate wound healing promoter, especially in the management of chronic, often Pseudomonas-infected, skin ulcers.
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31
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Maletzki C, Klier U, Marinkovic S, Klar E, Andrä J, Linnebacher M. Host defense peptides for treatment of colorectal carcinoma - a comparative in vitro and in vivo analysis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4467-79. [PMID: 24962950 PMCID: PMC4147338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) constitute effector molecules of the innate immune system. Besides acting against microbia and fungi, they exhibit broad and selective oncolytic activity. The underlying mechanism is at least partially attributable to elevated surface-exposed levels of phosphatidylserine (PS) on tumor targets. In this study, comprehensive analysis of NK-2-based derivatives (C7A, C7A-D21K, and C7A-Δ) was done on patient-derived ultra-low passage colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines. Peptides were designed to improve antitumoral potential. Mellitin was used as positive control and a non-toxic peptide (NK11) served as negative control. Subsequently, effectiveness of local HDP application was determined in xenopatients. Generally, CRC lines displayed a heterogeneous pattern of surface-exposed PS, which was usually below standard CRC cells. Of note, five out of seven cell lines were susceptible towards HDP-mediated lysis (lytic activity of peptides: C7A-D21K > C7A-Δ= C7A). Oncolytic activity correlated mostly with surface-exposed PS levels. Apoptosis as well as necrosis were involved in killing. In an in vivo experiment, substantial growth inhibition of HROC24 xenografts was observed after HDP therapy and, surprisingly, also after NK11 treatment. These promising data underline the high potential of HDPs for oncolytic therapies and may provide a rationale for optimizing preclinical treatment schedules based on NK-2.
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32
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Sur A, Pradhan B, Banerjee A, Aich P. Immune activation efficacy of indolicidin is enhanced upon conjugation with carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123905. [PMID: 25876153 PMCID: PMC4398554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is concern of today's world. Search for alternative molecules, for treatment and immune stimulation, remains at the forefront. One such group of biomolecules with promise, along the line of immune stimulation or therapy, is host defense peptide (HDP). These molecules, however, are required at a higher dose to be effective which leads to high cost. To alleviate such problems, an aid can be used to achieve similar efficacy but at a smaller effective dose of the immune stimulant. We hypothesised that by conjugating HDPs with carbon nanotubes and/or gold nanoparticles, it would be possible to stimulate a protective immune response in host system at a lower dosage of HDP. In this report, we characterized, using biophysical methodologies, conjugation of Indolicidin, as a representative of HDP. We further established efficacy of peptide-nanomaterial conjugates in activating innate immunity and protecting against pathogen infection in vitro at a significantly small dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sur
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Biswaranjan Pradhan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Arka Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Palok Aich
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- * E-mail:
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33
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Forde E, Devocelle M. Pro-moieties of antimicrobial peptide prodrugs. Molecules 2015; 20:1210-27. [PMID: 25591121 PMCID: PMC6272668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of antimicrobial agents that have been garnering increasing attention as resistance renders many conventional antibiotics ineffective. Extensive research has resulted in a large library of highly-active AMPs. However, several issues serve as an impediment to their clinical development, not least the issue of host toxicity. An approach that may allow otherwise cytotoxic AMPs to be used is to deliver them as a prodrug, targeting antimicrobial activity and limiting toxic effects on the host. The varied library of AMPs is complemented by a selection of different possible pro-moieties, each with their own characteristics. This review deals with the different pro-moieties that have been used with AMPs and discusses the merits of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna Forde
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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34
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Novel phospholipase A2 inhibitors from python serum are potent peptide antibiotics. Biochimie 2015; 111:30-44. [PMID: 25583073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a vital role in defense against resistant bacteria. In this study, eight different AMPs synthesized from Python reticulatus serum protein were tested for bactericidal activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia pseudomallei (KHW and TES strains), and Proteus vulgaris) using a disc-diffusion method (20 μg/disc). Among the tested peptides, phospholipase A2 inhibitory peptide (PIP)-18[59-76], β-Asp65-PIP[59-67], D-Ala66-PNT.II, and D60,65E-PIP[59-67] displayed the most potent bactericidal activity against all tested pathogens in a dose-dependent manner (100-6.8 μg/ml), with a remarkable activity noted against S. aureus at 6.8 μg/ml dose within 6 h of incubation. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by a micro-broth dilution method at 100-3.125 μg/ml revealed that PIP-18[59-76], β-Asp65-PIP[59-67] and D-Ala66-PNT.II peptides exerted a potent inhibitory effect against S. aureus and B. pseudomallei (KHW) (MICs 3.125 μg/ml), while a much less inhibitory potency (MICs 12.5 μg/ml) was noted for β-Asp65-PIP[59-67] and D-Ala66-PNT.II peptides against B. pseudomallei (TES). Higher doses of peptides had no effect on the other two strains (i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae). Overall, PIP-18[59-76] possessed higher antimicrobial activity than that of chloramphenicol (CHL), ceftazidime (CF) and streptomycin (ST) (30 μg/disc). When the two most active peptides, PIP-18[59-76] and β-Asp65-PIP[59-67], were applied topically at a 150 mg/kg dose for testing wound healing activity in a mouse model of S. aureus infection, the former accelerates faster wound healing than the latter peptide at 14 days post-treatment. The western blot data suggest that the topical application of peptides (PIP-18[59-67] and β-Asp65-PIP[59-67]) modulates NF-kB mediated wound repair in mice with relatively little haemolytic (100-1.56 μg/ml) and cytotoxic (1000-3.125 μg/ml) effects evident on human cells in vitro.
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Szczepanski C, Tenstad O, Baumann A, Martinez A, Myklebust R, Bjerkvig R, Prestegarden L. Identification of a novel lytic peptide for the treatment of solid tumours. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:186-200. [PMID: 25061502 PMCID: PMC4104761 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally known as host defence peptides for their substantial bacteriotoxic effects, many cationic antimicrobial peptides also exhibit a potent cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Their mode of action is characterized mostly by electrostatic interactions with the plasma membrane, leading to membrane disruption and rapid necrotic cell death. In this work, we have designed a novel cationic peptide of 27 amino acids (Cypep-1), which shows efficacy against a number of cancer cell types, both in vitro and in vivo, while normal human fibroblasts were significantly less affected. Surface plasmon resonance experiments as well as liposome leakage assays monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a substantial binding affinity of Cypep-1 to negatively charged liposomes and induced significant leakage of liposome content after exposure to the peptide. The observed membranolytic effect of Cypep-1 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as by time-lapse confocal microscopy. Pharmacokinetic profiling of Cypep-1 in rats showed a short plasma half-life after i.v. injection, followed mainly by retention in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Extremely low concentrations within the organs of the central nervous system indicated that Cypep-1 did not pass the blood-brain-barrier. Local treatment of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma allografts by means of a single local bolus injection of Cypep-1 led to a significant reduction of tumour growth in the following weeks and prolonged survival. Detailed histological analysis of the treated tumours revealed large areas of necrosis. In sum, our findings show that the novel cationic peptide Cypep-1 displays a strong cytolytic activity against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and thus holds a substantial therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olav Tenstad
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Baumann
- Biorecognition Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Biorecognition Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidar Myklebust
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxemburg
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Dept. of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kim DJ, Lee YW, Park MK, Shin JR, Lim KJ, Cho JH, Kim SC. Efficacy of the designer antimicrobial peptide SHAP1 in wound healing and wound infection. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2333-43. [PMID: 24952727 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infected wounds cause delay in wound closure and impose significantly negative effects on patient care and recovery. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antimicrobial and wound closure activities, along with little opportunity for the development of resistance, represent one of the promising agents for new therapeutic approaches in the infected wound treatment. However, therapeutic applications of these AMPs are limited by their toxicity and low stability in vivo. Previously, we reported that the 19-amino-acid designer peptide SHAP1 possessed salt-resistant antimicrobial activities. Here, we analyzed the wound closure activities of SHAP1 both in vitro and in vivo. SHAP1 did not affect the viability of human erythrocytes and keratinocytes up to 200 μM, and was not digested by exposure to proteases in the wound fluid, such as human neutrophil elastase and Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase for up to 12 h. SHAP1 elicited stronger wound closure activity than human cathelicidin AMP LL-37 in vitro by inducing HaCaT cell migration, which was shown to progress via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. In vivo analysis revealed that SHAP1 treatment accelerated closure and healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in mice. Moreover, SHAP1 effectively countered S. aureus infection and enhanced wound healing in S. aureus-infected murine wounds. Overall, these results suggest that SHAP1 might be developed as a novel topical agent for the infected wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Veldhuizen EJA, Schneider VAF, Agustiandari H, van Dijk A, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven JLM, Bikker FJ, Haagsman HP. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of PR-39 derived peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95939. [PMID: 24755622 PMCID: PMC3995882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine cathelicidin PR-39 is a host defence peptide that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune defence of the pig against infections. Besides direct antimicrobial activity, it is involved in immunomodulation, wound healing and several other biological processes. In this study, the antimicrobial- and immunomodulatory activity of PR-39, and N- and C-terminal derivatives of PR-39 were tested. PR-39 exhibited an unexpected broad antimicrobial spectrum including several Gram positive strains such as Bacillus globigii and Enterococcus faecalis. Of organisms tested, only Staphylococcus aureus was insensitive to PR-39. Truncation of PR-39 down to 15 (N-terminal) amino acids did not lead to major loss of activity, while peptides corresponding to the C-terminal part of PR-39 were hampered in their antimicrobial activity. However, shorter peptides were all much more sensitive to inhibition by salt. Active peptides induced ATP leakage and loss of membrane potential in Bacillus globigii and Escherichia coli, indicating a lytic mechanism of action for these peptides. Finally, only the mature peptide was able to induce IL-8 production in porcine macrophages, but some shorter peptides also had an effect on TNF-α production showing differential regulation of cytokine induction by PR-39 derived peptides. None of the active peptides showed high cytotoxicity highlighting the potential of these peptides for use as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktoria A. F. Schneider
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Herfita Agustiandari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna L. M. Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Liu R, Chen X, Falk SP, Mowery BP, Karlsson AJ, Weisblum B, Palecek SP, Masters KS, Gellman SH. Structure-activity relationships among antifungal nylon-3 polymers: identification of materials active against drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4333-42. [PMID: 24606327 PMCID: PMC3985965 DOI: 10.1021/ja500036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major challenge to human health that is heightened by pathogen resistance to current therapeutic agents. Previously, we were inspired by host-defense peptides to develop nylon-3 polymers (poly-β-peptides) that are toxic toward the fungal pathogen Candida albicans but exert little effect on mammalian cells. Based on subsequent analysis of structure-activity relationships among antifungal nylon-3 polymers, we have now identified readily prepared cationic homopolymers active against strains of C. albicans that are resistant to the antifungal drugs fluconazole and amphotericin B. These nylon-3 polymers are nonhemolytic. In addition, we have identified cationic-hydrophobic copolymers that are highly active against a second fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, and moderately active against a third pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shaun P. Falk
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brendan P. Mowery
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Amy J. Karlsson
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Hajisharifi Z, Piryaiee M, Mohammad Beigi M, Behbahani M, Mohabatkar H. Predicting anticancer peptides with Chou′s pseudo amino acid composition and investigating their mutagenicity via Ames test. J Theor Biol 2014; 341:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Potential of host defense peptide prodrugs as neutrophil elastase-dependent anti-infective agents for cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:978-85. [PMID: 24277028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01167-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are short antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system. Deficiencies in HDPs contribute to enhanced susceptibility to infections, e.g., in cystic fibrosis (CF). Exogenous HDPs can compensate for these deficiencies, but their development as antimicrobials is limited by cytotoxicity. Three HDP prodrugs were designed so their net positive charge is masked by a promoiety containing a substrate for the enzyme neutrophil elastase (NE). This approach can confine activation to sites with high NE levels. Enzyme-labile peptides were synthesized, and their activation was investigated using purified NE. Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to parent and prodrug peptides in the presence and absence of NE-rich CF human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and different NaCl concentrations were compared. The effect of the HDP promoiety on cytotoxicity was determined with cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE41o-) cells. NE in CF BAL fluids activated the HDP prodrugs, restoring bactericidal activity against reference and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. However, activation also required the addition of 300 mM NaCl. Under these conditions, the bactericidal activity levels of the HDP prodrugs differed, with pro-P18 demonstrating the greatest activity (90% to 100% of that of the parent, P18, at 6.25 μg/ml). Cytotoxic effects on CFBE41o- cells were reduced by the addition of the promoiety to HDPs. We demonstrate here for the first time the selective activation of novel HDP prodrugs by a host disease-associated enzyme at in vivo concentrations of the CF lung. This approach may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents with low toxicity that are active under the challenging conditions of the CF lung.
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Thivierge K, Cotton S, Schaefer DA, Riggs MW, To J, Lund ME, Robinson MW, Dalton JP, Donnelly SM. Cathelicidin-like helminth defence molecules (HDMs): absence of cytotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-protozoan activities imply a specific adaptation to immune modulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2307. [PMID: 23875042 PMCID: PMC3708846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. They have multifunctional roles in the defence against infectious agents of mammals, possessing both bactericidal and immune-modulatory activities. We have identified a novel family of molecules secreted by helminth parasites (helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit similar structural and biochemical characteristics to the HDPs. Here, we have analyzed the functional activities of four HDMs derived from Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica and compared them to human, mouse, bovine and sheep HDPs. Unlike the mammalian HDPs the helminth-derived HDMs show no antimicrobial activity and are non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells (macrophages and red blood cells). However, both the mammalian- and helminth-derived peptides suppress the activation of macrophages by microbial stimuli and alter the response of B cells to cytokine stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesise that HDMs represent a novel family of HDPs that evolved to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts by retaining potent immune modulatory properties without causing deleterious cytotoxic effects. In mammals, secreted host defence peptides (HDPs) protect against a wide range of infectious pathogens. They also perform a range of immune modulatory functions which regulate the immune response to pathogens, ensuring that the protective inflammatory response is not exacerbated and that post-infection repair mechanisms are initiated. We identified a novel family of molecules secreted by medically-important helminth pathogens (termed helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit striking structural and biochemical similarities to the HDPs. To further investigate the extent of this similarity, we have performed a comparative functional study between several well characterized, anti-microbial, mammalian HDPs and a series of parasite-derived peptides. The parasite HDMs displayed immune modulatory properties that were similar to their HDP homologs in mammals, but possessed no antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity. We propose that HDMs of these helminth pathogens underwent specific adaptation, losing their anti-microbial activity but retaining their ability to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts. This absence of cytotoxicity and retention of immune-modulatory activity offers an opportunity to design novel immunotherapeutics derived from the HDMs which could be used to combat destructive inflammatory responses associated with microbial infection and immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Thivierge
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Cotton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Deborah A. Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joyce To
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria E. Lund
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila M. Donnelly
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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The equine antimicrobial peptide eCATH1 is effective against the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4615-21. [PMID: 23817377 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02044-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi, the causal agent of rhodococcosis, is a major pathogen of foals and is also responsible for severe infections in immunocompromised humans. Of great concern, strains resistant to currently used antibiotics have emerged. As the number of drugs that are efficient in vivo is limited because of the intracellular localization of the bacterium inside macrophages, new active but cell-permeant drugs will be needed in the near future. In the present study, we evaluated, by in vitro and ex vivo experiments, the ability of the alpha-helical equine antimicrobial peptide eCATH1 to kill intracellular bacterial cells. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of the peptide was assessed in experimental rhodococcosis induced in mice, while the in vivo toxicity was evaluated by behavioral and histopathological analysis. The study revealed that eCATH1 significantly reduced the number of bacteria inside macrophages. Furthermore, the bactericidal potential of the peptide was maintained in vivo at doses that appeared to have no visible deleterious effects for the mice even after 7 days of treatment. Indeed, daily subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg body weight of eCATH1 led to a significant reduction of the bacterial load in organs comparable to that obtained after treatment with 10 mg/kg body weight of rifampin. Interestingly, the combination of the peptide with rifampin showed a synergistic interaction in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. These results emphasize the therapeutic potential that eCATH1 represents in the treatment of rhodococcosis.
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Liu R, Chen X, Hayouka Z, Chakraborty S, Falk SP, Weisblum B, Masters KS, Gellman SH. Nylon-3 polymers with selective antifungal activity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5270-3. [PMID: 23547967 PMCID: PMC3684071 DOI: 10.1021/ja4006404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-defense peptides inhibit bacterial growth but show little toxicity toward mammalian cells. A variety of synthetic polymers have been reported to mimic this antibacterial selectivity; however, achieving comparable selectivity for fungi is more difficult because these pathogens are eukaryotes. Here we report nylon-3 polymers based on a novel subunit that display potent antifungal activity (MIC = 3.1 μg/mL for Candida albicans ) and favorable selectivity (IC10 > 400 μg/mL for 3T3 fibroblast toxicity; HC10 > 400 μg/mL for hemolysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Zvika Hayouka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Shaun P. Falk
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Rishi P, Singh AP, Arora S, Garg N, Kaur IP. Revisiting eukaryotic anti-infective biotherapeutics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:281-92. [PMID: 23317462 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.749210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging drug resistance has forced the scientific community to revisit the observational data documented in the folklore and come up with novel and effective alternatives. Candidates from eukaryotic origin including herbal products and antimicrobial peptides are finding a strategic place in the therapeutic armamentarium against infectious diseases. These agents have recently gained interest owing to their versatile applications. Present review encompasses the use of these alternative strategies in their native or designer form, alone or in conjunction with antibiotics, as possible remedial measures. Further to this, the limitations or the possible concerns associated with these options are also discussed at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University , Chandigarh, Chandigarh , India and
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide a primordial source of immunity, conferring upon eukaryotic cells resistance against bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Despite a few examples of anionic peptides, AMPs are usually relatively short positively charged polypeptides, consisting of a dozen to about a hundred amino acids, and exhibiting amphipathic character. Despite significant differences in their primary and secondary structures, all AMPs discovered to date share the ability to interact with cellular membranes, thereby affecting bilayer stability, disrupting membrane organization, and/or forming well-defined pores. AMPs selectively target infectious agents without being susceptible to any of the common pathways by which these acquire resistance, thereby making AMPs prime candidates to provide therapeutic alternatives to conventional drugs. However, the mechanisms of AMP actions are still a matter of intense debate. The structure-function paradigm suggests that a better understanding of how AMPs elicit their biological functions could result from atomic resolution studies of peptide-lipid interactions. In contrast, more strict thermodynamic views preclude any roles for three-dimensional structures. Indeed, the design of selective AMPs based solely on structural parameters has been challenging. In this chapter, we will focus on selected AMPs for which studies on the corresponding AMP-lipid interactions have helped reach an understanding of how AMP effects are mediated. We will emphasize the roles of both liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy for elucidating the mechanisms of action of AMPs.
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Schuerholz T, Brandenburg K, Marx G. Antimicrobial peptides and their potential application in inflammation and sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:207. [PMID: 22429567 PMCID: PMC3681352 DOI: 10.1186/cc11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schuerholz
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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A novel 96-well gel-based assay for determining antifungal activity against filamentous fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:551-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Steinstraesser L, Hirsch T, Schulte M, Kueckelhaus M, Jacobsen F, Mersch EA, Stricker I, Afacan N, Jenssen H, Hancock REW, Kindrachuk J. Innate defense regulator peptide 1018 in wound healing and wound infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39373. [PMID: 22879874 PMCID: PMC3412849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate defense regulators (IDRs) are synthetic immunomodulatory versions of natural host defense peptides (HDP). IDRs mediate protection against bacterial challenge in the absence of direct antimicrobial activity, representing a novel approach to anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapy. Previously, we reported that IDR-1018 selectively induced chemokine responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses. As there has been an increasing appreciation for the ability of HDPs to modulate complex immune processes, including wound healing, we characterized the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 in vitro. Further, we investigated the efficacy of IDR-1018 in diabetic and non-diabetic wound healing models. In all experiments, IDR-1018 was compared to the human HDP LL-37 and HDP-derived wound healing peptide HB-107. IDR-1018 was significantly less cytotoxic in vitro as compared to either LL-37 or HB-107. Furthermore, administration of IDR-1018 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fibroblast cellular respiration. In vivo, IDR-1018 demonstrated significantly accelerated wound healing in S. aureus infected porcine and non-diabetic but not in diabetic murine wounds. However, no significant differences in bacterial colonization were observed. Our investigation demonstrates that in addition to previously reported immunomodulatory activities IDR-1018 promotes wound healing independent of direct antibacterial activity. Interestingly, these effects were not observed in diabetic wounds. It is anticipated that the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 can be attributed to modulation of host immune pathways that are suppressed in diabetic wounds and provide further evidence of the multiple immunomodulatory activities of IDR-1018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Steinstraesser
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Quantitative comparison of the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the oral mucosa and extraoral skin. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 50:447-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Matera G, Quirino A, Giancotti A, Pulicari MC, Rametti L, Rodríguez ML, Liberto MC, Focà A. Procalcitonin neutralizes bacterial LPS and reduces LPS-induced cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:68. [PMID: 22568957 PMCID: PMC3406977 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a polypeptide with several cationic aminoacids in its chemical structure and it is a well known marker of sepsis. It is now emerging that PCT might exhibit some anti-inflammatory effects. The present study, based on the evaluation of the in vitro interaction between PCT and bacterial lipopolisaccharide (LPS), reports new data supporting the interesting and potentially useful anti-inflammatory activity of PCT. RESULTS PCT significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay reactivity of LPS from both Salmonella typhimurium (rough chemotype) and Escherichia coli (smooth chemotype). Subsequently, the in vitro effects of PCT on LPS-induced cytokine release were studied in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). When LPS was pre-incubated for 30 minutes with different concentrations of PCT, the release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) by PBMC decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after 24 hours for IL-10 and 4 hours for TNFα. The release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) exhibited a drastic reduction at 4 hours for all the PCT concentrations assessed, whereas such decrease was concentration-dependent after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence of the capability of PCT to directly neutralize bacterial LPS, thus leading to a reduction of its major inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Matera
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aida Giancotti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pulicari
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Linda Rametti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luz Rodríguez
- Randox Laboratories Limited, 5 Diamond Rd., Crumlin, County Antrim, BT29, 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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