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Dai T, Wang Q, Zhu L, Luo Q, Yang J, Meng X, Wang H, Sun Z. Combined UTMD-Nanoplatform for the Effective Delivery of Drugs to Treat Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8519-8540. [PMID: 39185349 PMCID: PMC11345023 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s459960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effective accumulation of nanoparticles (NPs) in the tumour area is an important goals of current nanotechnology research, and a targeted nanoplatform is an effective solution. So we designed a multifunctional sound-sensitive targeted NP that combines a sonosensitizer to enable precisely targeted, deep-penetration sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in combination with multimodal imaging for the diagnosis and monitoring of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods ZnPP@PP NPs (ZnPP@PLGA- PFP NPs) were prepared via a double emulsion method, and G250 was covalently attached to the NPs shell via the carbon diimide method. Physicochemical property tests were conducted on the ZnPP@G-PP NPs, including tests of particle size, potential distribution, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capability. We assessed the targeting ability, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and permeability of the NPs in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated the nanoparticle's multimodal imaging capabilities and therapeutic ability against RCC, both in vitro and in vivo. Results The Znpp@G-PP NPs were successfully constructed, and their general properties showed uniform particle size, negative potential and good stability. The nanoparticles were successfully loaded with ZnPP and connected with G250, showing tumor-specific targeting ability. Under LIFU irradiation, the nanoparticles produced 1O2 by SDT. For RCC, PA/US multi-modal imaging of Znpp@G-PP NPs provide diagnostic information and monitor therapies in real time in 786-O RCC xenografts, with good biocompatibility. With the UTMD, nanoparticles can be effectively targeted into the tumor cells and penetrate into the tumor interior, significantly improving the SDT effect. Experiments in vitro and in vivo showed that the combination of the nanoparticles and LIFU could suppress the tumor, and the therapeutic effect was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion ZnPP@G-PP NPs provide a promising theranostic strategy for RCC and a platform for further research on improving the efficacy of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dai
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qimeihui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixia Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
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Ronca R, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase IX: An atypical target for innovative therapies in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189120. [PMID: 38801961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), are metallo-enzymes implicated in several pathophysiological processes where tissue pH regulation is required. CA IX is a tumor-associated CA isoform induced by hypoxia and involved in the adaptation of tumor cells to acidosis. Indeed, several tumor-driving pathways can induce CA IX expression, and this in turn has been associated to cancer cells invasion and metastatic features as well as to induction of stem-like features, drug resistance and recurrence. After its functional and structural characterization CA IX targeting approaches have been developed to inhibit its activity in neoplastic tissues, and to date this field has seen an incredible acceleration in terms of therapeutic options and biological readouts. Small molecules inhibitors, hybrid/dual targeting drugs, targeting antibodies and adoptive (CAR-T based) cell therapy have been developed at preclinical level, whereas a sulfonamide CA IX inhibitor and an antibody entered Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment and imaging of different solid tumors. Here recent advances on CA IX biology and pharmacology in cancer, and its therapeutic targeting will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (CIB), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy.
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Santos L, Moreira JN, Abrunhosa A, Gomes C. Brain metastasis: An insight into novel molecular targets for theranostic approaches. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 198:104377. [PMID: 38710296 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BrM) are common malignant lesions in the central nervous system, and pose a significant threat in advanced-stage malignancies due to delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. Their distinct genomic profiles underscore the need for molecular profiling to tailor effective treatments. Recent advances in cancer biology have uncovered molecular drivers underlying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This, coupled with the advances in molecular imaging technology and radiotracer synthesis, has paved the way for the development of innovative radiopharmaceuticals with enhanced specificity and affinity for BrM specific targets. Despite the challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier to effective drug delivery, several radiolabeled compounds have shown promise in detecting and targeting BrM. This manuscript provides an overview of the recent advances in molecular biomarkers used in nuclear imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy in both clinical and preclinical settings. Additionally, it explores potential theranostic applications addressing the unique challenges posed by BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Santos
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology Consortium (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology Consortium (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal.
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4
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Morgan KA, Wichmann CW, Osellame LD, Cao Z, Guo N, Scott AM, Donnelly PS. Tumor targeted alpha particle therapy with an actinium-225 labelled antibody for carbonic anhydrase IX. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3372-3381. [PMID: 38425522 PMCID: PMC10901495 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06365h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective antibody targeted delivery of α particle emitting actinium-225 to tumors has significant therapeutic potential. This work highlights the design and synthesis of a new bifunctional macrocyclic diazacrown ether chelator, H2MacropaSqOEt, that can be conjugated to antibodies and forms stable complexes with actinium-225. The macrocyclic diazacrown ether chelator incorporates a linker comprised of a short polyethylene glycol fragment and a squaramide ester that allows selective reaction with lysine residues on antibodies to form stable vinylogous amide linkages. This new H2MacropaSqOEt chelator was used to modify a monoclonal antibody, girentuximab (hG250), that binds to carbonic anhydrase IX, an enzyme that is overexpressed on the surface of cancers such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma. This new antibody conjugate (H2MacropaSq-hG250) had an average chelator to antibody ratio of 4 : 1 and retained high affinity for carbonic anhydrase IX. H2MacropaSq-hG250 was radiolabeled quantitatively with [225Ac]AcIII within one minute at room temperature with micromolar concentrations of antibody and the radioactive complex is stable in human serum for >7 days. Evaluation of [225Ac]Ac(MacropaSq-hG250) in a mouse xenograft model, that overexpresses carbonic anhydrase IX, demonstrated a highly significant therapeutic response. It is likely that H2MacropaSqOEt could be used to modify other antibodies providing a readily adaptable platform for other actinium-225 based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Christian W Wichmann
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy Austin Health Melbourne Australia
| | - Laura D Osellame
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy Austin Health Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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Meng L, Collier KA, Wang P, Li Z, Monk P, Mortazavi A, Hu Z, Spakowicz D, Zheng L, Yang Y. Emerging Immunotherapy Approaches for Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 13:34. [PMID: 38201238 PMCID: PMC10777977 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). While localized ccRCC can be cured with surgery, metastatic disease has a poor prognosis. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for advanced ccRCC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving immunotherapeutic landscape for metastatic ccRCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors have demonstrated clinical efficacy as monotherapies and in combination regimens. Combination immunotherapies pairing ICIs with antiangiogenic agents, other immunomodulators, or novel therapeutic platforms such as bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are areas of active research. Beyond the checkpoint blockade, additional modalities including therapeutic vaccines, cytokines, and oncolytic viruses are also being explored for ccRCC. This review discusses the mechanisms, major clinical trials, challenges, and future directions for these emerging immunotherapies. While current strategies have shown promise in improving patient outcomes, continued research is critical for expanding and optimizing immunotherapy approaches for advanced ccRCC. Realizing the full potential of immunotherapy will require elucidating mechanisms of response and resistance, developing predictive biomarkers, and rationally designing combination therapeutic regimens tailored to individual patients. Advances in immunotherapy carry immense promise for transforming the management of metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Katharine A. Collier
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zihai Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paul Monk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Daniel Spakowicz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linghua Zheng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuanquan Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.W.); (Z.L.); (P.M.); (A.M.); (D.S.); (L.Z.)
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Jiang N, Zheng Y, Ding J, Wang J, Zhu F, Wang M, Sobhani N, Neeli P, Wang G, Li H, Zheng J, Chai D. The co-delivery of adenovirus-based immune checkpoint vaccine elicits a potent anti-tumor effect in renal carcinoma. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:109. [PMID: 37542081 PMCID: PMC10403580 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-based checkpoint therapy has made significant progress in cancer treatment, but its therapeutic effect is limited. A replication-defective adenovirus (Ad) vaccine encoding tumor antigen carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) combined with Ad-encoding immune checkpoint PD-L1 was developed to treat renal carcinoma. Three tumor models, subcutaneous, lung metastasis and orthotopic tumor were established, and Ad vaccines were used to immunize them and evaluate the vaccine's therapeutic effect. Compared to the single Ad vaccine group, the subcutaneous tumor growth was significantly reduced in Ad-CAIX/Ad-PD-L1 combination group. Co-immunization of Ad-CAIX/Ad-PD-L1 enhanced the induction and maturation of CD11c+ or CD8+CD11c+ DCs in the spleen and tumor and promoted the strong tumor-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses. In vivo CD8 T cell deletion assay showed that the anti-tumor effect of the Ad-CAIX/Ad-PD-L1 vaccine was mainly dependent on functional CD8+ T cell immune responses. Furthermore, the Ad-CAIX/Ad-PD-L1 vaccine effectively inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis in metastatic or orthotopic models. These results indicate that the combination strategy of the immune checkpoint vaccine shows promising potential as an approach for malignant tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Urology, Suqian Hospital of Chinese Medicine Department of Pharmacy, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiage Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Praveen Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Verhoeff SR, Oosting SF, Elias SG, van Es SC, Gerritse SL, Angus L, Heskamp S, Desar IM, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, van der Veldt AA, Arens AI, Brouwers AH, Eisses B, Mulders PF, Hoekstra OS, Zwezerijnen GJ, van der Graaf WT, Aarntzen EH, Oyen WJ, van Herpen CM. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab and [18F]FDG PET/CT to Predict Watchful Waiting Duration in Patients with Metastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:592-601. [PMID: 36394882 PMCID: PMC9890134 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Watchful waiting (WW) can be considered for patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) with good or intermediate prognosis, especially those with <2 International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium criteria and ≤2 metastatic sites [referred to as watch and wait ("W&W") criteria]. The IMaging PAtients for Cancer drug SelecTion-Renal Cell Carcinoma study objective was to assess the predictive value of [18F]FDG PET/CT and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab PET/CT for WW duration in patients with mccRCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Between February 2015 and March 2018, 48 patients were enrolled, including 40 evaluable patients with good (n = 14) and intermediate (n = 26) prognosis. Baseline contrast-enhanced CT, [18F]FDG and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab PET/CT were performed. Primary endpoint was the time to disease progression warranting systemic treatment. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured using lesions on CT images coregistered to PET/CT. High and low uptake groups were defined on the basis of median geometric mean SUVmax of RECIST-measurable lesions across patients. RESULTS The median WW time was 16.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0-31.7]. The median WW period was shorter in patients with high [18F]FDG tumor uptake than those with low uptake (9.0 vs. 36.2 months; HR, 5.6; 95% CI: 2.4-14.7; P < 0.001). Patients with high [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab tumor uptake had a median WW period of 9.3 versus 21.3 months with low uptake (HR, 1.7; 95% CI: 0.9-3.3; P = 0.13). Patients with "W&W criteria" had a longer median WW period of 21.3 compared with patients without: 9.3 months (HR, 1.9; 95% CI: 0.9-3.9; Pone-sided = 0.034). Adding [18F]FDG uptake to the "W&W criteria" improved the prediction of WW duration (P < 0.001); whereas [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab did not (P = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS In patients with good- or intermediate-risk mccRCC, low [18F]FDG uptake is associated with prolonged WW. This study shows the predictive value of the "W&W criteria" for WW duration and shows the potential of [18F]FDG-PET/CT to further improve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Verhoeff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje F. Oosting
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G. Elias
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. van Es
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie L. Gerritse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location VUMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay Angus
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M.E. Desar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Astrid A.M. van der Veldt
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne I.J. Arens
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adrienne H. Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bertha Eisses
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter F.A. Mulders
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Otto S. Hoekstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location VUMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben J.C. Zwezerijnen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location VUMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Winette T.A. van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J.G. Oyen
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla M.L. van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Corresponding Author: Carla M.L. van Herpen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands. Phone: 312-4361-4038; Fax: 312-4361-5025; E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Wu B, Shao Y, Chen Y, Wang D. A systematic review verified by bioinformatic analysis based on TCGA reveals week prognosis power of CAIX in renal cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278556. [PMID: 36542612 PMCID: PMC9770376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein has been correlated with progression and survival in patients with some tumors such as head and neck carcinoma. But renal cell carcinoma is an exception. The prognostic value of CAIX in RCC used to be associated with patients' survival according to published works. This study aimed to rectify the former conclusion. METHODS This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020160181). A literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Web of Science databases was performed to retrieve original studies until April of 2022. Twenty-seven studies, including a total of 5462 patients with renal cell carcinoma, were reviewed. Standard meta-analysis methods were used to evaluate the prognostic impact of CAIX expression on patient prognosis. The hazard ratio and its 95% confidence interval were recorded for the relationship between CAIX expression and survival, and the data were analyzed using Stata 11.0. Then we verify the meta-analysis resort to bioinformatics (TCGA). RESULTS Our initial search resulted in 908 articles in total. From PubMed, Embase, Web of Science electronic and Cochrane library databases, 493, 318 and 97 potentially relevant articles were discovered, respectively. We took the analysis between CA9 and disease-specific survival (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.82-1.70, I2 = 79.3%, P<0.05), a subgroup then was performed to enhance the result (HR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.30-2.03, I2 = 26.3%, P = 0.228); overall survival was also parallel with the former (HR = 1.13, 95%CI: 0.82-1.56, I2 = 79.8%, P<0.05), then a subgroup also be performed (HR = 0.90, 95%CI:0.75-1.07, I2 = 23.1%, P = 0.246) to verify the result; the analysis between CAIX and progression-free survival got the similar result (HR = 1.73, 95%CI:0.97-3.09, I2 = 82.4%, P<0.05), we also verify the result by subgroup analysis (HR = 1.04, 95%CI:0.79-1.36, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.465); at last the relationship between CAIX and recurrence-free survival got the same result, too (HR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.95-1.02, I2 = 57.8%, P = 0.050), the subgroup's result was also parallel with the former (HR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.91-1.03, I2 = 0.00%, P = 0.704). To validate our meta-analysis, we took a bioinformatic analysis based on TCGA database, survival curve between low and high CAIX expression in four endpoints (DSS, OS, PFI, DFI) have corresponding P value (DSS:P = 0.23, OS:P = 0.77, PFI:P = 0.25, DFI:P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS CAIX expression in patients with RCC is an exception to predict tumor survival. Both low CAIX expression and high expression are not associated with survivals in RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikuan Zhang
- Basic Medicine of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Basic Medicine of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Basic Medicine of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Basic Medicine of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- Basic Medicine of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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van der Heide CD, Dalm SU. Radionuclide imaging and therapy directed towards the tumor microenvironment: a multi-cancer approach for personalized medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4616-4641. [PMID: 35788730 PMCID: PMC9606105 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide theranostics is becoming more and more prominent in clinical oncology. Currently, most nuclear medicine compounds researched for cancer theranostics are directed towards targets expressed in only a small subset of cancer types, limiting clinical applicability. The identification of cancer-specific targets that are (more) universally expressed will allow more cancer patients to benefit from these personalized nuclear medicine–based interventions. A tumor is not merely a collection of cancer cells, it also comprises supporting stromal cells embedded in an altered extracellular matrix (ECM), together forming the tumor microenvironment (TME). Since the TME is less genetically unstable than cancer cells, and TME phenotypes can be shared between cancer types, it offers targets that are more universally expressed. The TME is characterized by the presence of altered processes such as hypoxia, acidity, and increased metabolism. Next to the ECM, the TME consists of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophages, endothelial cells forming the neo-vasculature, immune cells, and cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs). Radioligands directed at the altered processes, the ECM, and the cellular components of the TME have been developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for targeted radionuclide imaging and/or therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the TME targets and their corresponding radioligands. In addition, we discuss what developments are needed to further explore the TME as a target for radionuclide theranostics, with the hopes of stimulating the development of novel TME radioligands with multi-cancer, or in some cases even pan-cancer, application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone U Dalm
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Wu Q, Huang G, Wei W, Liu J. Molecular Imaging of Renal Cell Carcinoma in Precision Medicine. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3457-3470. [PMID: 35510710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the sixth most common cancer among men and the ninth among women, and its prognosis is closely correlated with metastasis. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the main adjuvant treatments for advanced RCC and require early diagnosis, precise assessment, and prediction of the therapeutic responses. Current conventional imaging methods of RCC only provide structural information rather than biological processes. Noninvasive diagnostic tools are therefore needed to image RCC early and accurately at the molecular level. Nuclear medicine imaging combines the high sensitivity of radionuclides with the high resolution of structural imaging to visualize the metabolic processes and specific targets of RCC for more accurate and reliable diagnosis, staging, prognosis prediction, and response assessment. This review summarizes the most recent applications of nuclear medicine receptor imaging and metabolic imaging in RCC and highlights future development perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
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11
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Parakh S, Lee ST, Gan HK, Scott AM. Radiolabeled Antibodies for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1454. [PMID: 35326605 PMCID: PMC8946248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunoconjugates consist of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked to a radionuclide. Radioimmunoconjugates as theranostics tools have been in development with success, particularly in hematological malignancies, leading to approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) allows for reduced toxicity compared to conventional radiation therapy and enhances the efficacy of mAbs. In addition, using radiolabeled mAbs with imaging methods provides critical information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents with direct relevance to the optimization of the dose and dosing schedule, real-time antigen quantitation, antigen heterogeneity, and dynamic antigen changes. All of these parameters are critical in predicting treatment responses and identifying patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment. Historically, RITs have been less effective in solid tumors; however, several strategies are being investigated to improve their therapeutic index, including targeting patients with minimal disease burden; using pre-targeting strategies, newer radionuclides, and improved labeling techniques; and using combined modalities and locoregional application. This review provides an overview of the radiolabeled intact antibodies currently in clinical use and those in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagun Parakh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (S.P.); (H.K.G.)
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sze Ting Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Hui K. Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (S.P.); (H.K.G.)
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3010, Australia
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12
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Zatovicova M, Kajanova I, Barathova M, Takacova M, Labudova M, Csaderova L, Jelenska L, Svastova E, Pastorekova S, Harris AL, Pastorek J. Novel humanized monoclonal antibodies for targeting hypoxic human tumors via two distinct extracellular domains of carbonic anhydrase IX. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:3. [PMID: 35109923 PMCID: PMC8811981 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is often the main factor in the cancer progression. Moreover, low levels of oxygen in tumor tissue may signal that the first- or second-line therapy will not be successful. This knowledge triggers the inevitable search for different kinds of treatment that will successfully cure aggressive tumors. Due to its exclusive expression on cancer cells, carbonic anhydrase IX belongs to the group of the most precise targets in hypoxic tumors. CA IX possesses several exceptional qualities that predetermine its crucial role in targeted therapy. Its expression on the cell membrane makes it an easily accessible target, while its absence in healthy corresponding tissues makes the treatment practically harmless. The presence of CA IX in solid tumors causes an acidic environment that may lead to the failure of standard therapy. METHODS Parental mouse hybridomas (IV/18 and VII/20) were humanized to antibodies which were subsequently named CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2. From each hybridoma, we obtained 25 clones. Each clone was tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, affinity, extracellular pH measurement, multicellular aggregation analysis, and real-time monitoring of invasion with the xCELLigence system. RESULTS Based on the results from in vivo experiments, we have selected mouse monoclonal antibodies VII/20 and IV/18. The first one is directed at the conformational epitope of the catalytic domain, internalizes after binding to the antigen, and halts tumor growth while blocking extracellular acidification. The second targets the sequential epitope of the proteo-glycan domain, does not internalize, and is able to block the attachment of cancer cells to the matrix preventing metastasis formation. In vitro experiments prove that humanized versions of the parental murine antibodies, CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2, have preserved these characteristics. They can reverse the failure of standard therapy as a result of an acidic environment by modulating the TME, and both are able to induce an immune response and have high affinity, as well as ADCC and CDC activity. CONCLUSION CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2 are the very first humanized antibodies against CA IX that are likely to become suitable therapies for hypoxic tumors. These antibodies can be applied in the treatment therapy of primary tumors and suppression of metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zatovicova
- MABPRO, a.s., Dubravska cesta 2, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Kajanova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Barathova
- MABPRO, a.s., Dubravska cesta 2, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Takacova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Labudova
- MABPRO, a.s., Dubravska cesta 2, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Jelenska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliska Svastova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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13
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Kalinin S, Malkova A, Sharonova T, Sharoyko V, Bunev A, Supuran CT, Krasavin M. Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors as Candidates for Combination Therapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13405. [PMID: 34948200 PMCID: PMC8705727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is becoming imperative for the treatment of many cancers, as it provides a higher chance of avoiding drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Among the resistance-conferring factors, the tumor microenvironment plays a major role, and therefore, represents a viable target for adjuvant therapeutic agents. Thus, hypoxia and extracellular acidosis are known to select for the most aggressive and resilient phenotypes and build poorly responsive regions of the tumor mass. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) IX isoform is a surficial zinc metalloenzyme that is proven to play a central role in regulating intra and extracellular pH, as well as modulating invasion and metastasis processes. With its strong association and distribution in various tumor tissues and well-known druggability, this protein holds great promise as a target to pharmacologically interfere with the tumor microenvironment by using drug combination regimens. In the present review, we summarized recent publications revealing the potential of CA IX inhibitors to intensify cancer chemotherapy and overcome drug resistance in preclinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kalinin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (M.K.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia;
| | - Anna Malkova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tatiana Sharonova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Vladimir Sharoyko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (M.K.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia;
| | - Alexander Bunev
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (M.K.)
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14
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Sheff JG, Kelly JF, Robotham A, Sulea T, Malenfant F, L'Abbé D, Duchesne M, Pelletier A, Lefebvre J, Acel A, Parat M, Gosselin M, Wu C, Fortin Y, Baardsnes J, Van Faassen H, Awrey S, Chafe SC, McDonald PC, Dedhar S, Lenferink AEG. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals three unique binding responses of mAbs directed to the catalytic domain of hCAIX. MAbs 2021; 13:1997072. [PMID: 34812124 PMCID: PMC8632303 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1997072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (hCAIX), an extracellular enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2, is often overexpressed in solid tumors. This enzyme is instrumental in maintaining the survival of cancer cells in a hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment. Absent in most normal tissues, hCAIX is a promising therapeutic target for detection and treatment of solid tumors. Screening of a library of anti-hCAIX monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) previously identified three therapeutic candidates (mAb c2C7, m4A2 and m9B6) with distinct biophysical and functional characteristics. Selective binding to the catalytic domain was confirmed by yeast surface display and isothermal calorimetry, and deeper insight into the dynamic binding profiles of these mAbs upon binding were highlighted by bottom-up hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Here, a conformational and allosterically silent epitope was identified for the antibody-drug conjugate candidate c2C7. Unique binding profiles are described for both inhibitory antibodies, m4A2 and m9B6. M4A2 reduces the ability of the enzyme to hydrate CO2 by steric gating at the entrance of the catalytic cavity. Conversely, m9B6 disrupts the secondary structure that is necessary for substrate binding and hydration. The synergy of these two inhibitory mechanisms is demonstrated in in vitro activity assays and HDX-MS. Finally, the ability of m4A2 to modulate extracellular pH and intracellular metabolism is reported. By highlighting three unique modes by which hCAIX can be targeted, this study demonstrates both the utility of HDX-MS as an important tool in the characterization of anti-cancer biotherapeutics, and the underlying value of CAIX as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey G Sheff
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John F Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Félix Malenfant
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis L'Abbé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Duchesne
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Pelletier
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Lefebvre
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Acel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Parat
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mylene Gosselin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cunle Wu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Fortin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henk Van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Awrey
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne E G Lenferink
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Lenferink AEG, McDonald PC, Cantin C, Grothé S, Gosselin M, Baardsnes J, Banville M, Lachance P, Robert A, Cepero-Donates Y, Radinovic S, Salois P, Parat M, Oamari H, Dulude A, Patel M, Lafrance M, Acel A, Bousquet-Gagnon N, L'Abbé D, Pelletier A, Malenfant F, Jaramillo M, O'Connor-Mccourt M, Wu C, Durocher Y, Duchesne M, Gadoury C, Marcil A, Fortin Y, Paul-Roc B, Acchione M, Chafe SC, Nemirovsky O, Lau J, Bénard F, Dedhar S. Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human carbonic anhydrase-IX. MAbs 2021; 13:1999194. [PMID: 34806527 PMCID: PMC8632296 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1999194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The architectural complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a substantial obstacle in the successful treatment of cancer. Hypoxia, caused by insufficient oxygen supply, and acidosis, resulting from the expulsion of acidic metabolites, are prominent features of the TME. To mitigate the consequences of the hostile TME, cancer cells metabolically rewire themselves and express a series of specific transporters and enzymes instrumental to this adaptation. One of these proteins is carbonic anhydrase (CA)IX, a zinc-containing extracellular membrane bound enzyme that has been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of a neutral intracellular pH (pHi), allowing tumor cells to survive and thrive in these harsh conditions. Although CAIX has been considered a promising cancer target, only two antibody-based therapeutics have been clinically tested so far. To fill this gap, we generated a series of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically recognize the extracellular domain (ECD) of human CAIX. Here we describe the biophysical and functional properties of a set of antibodies against the CAIX ECD domain and their applicability as: 1) suitable for development as an antibody-drug-conjugate, 2) an inhibitor of CAIX enzyme activity, or 3) an imaging/detection antibody. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of these specific hCAIX mAbs for further development as novel cancer therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E G Lenferink
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christiane Cantin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Suzanne Grothé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mylene Gosselin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Myriam Banville
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul Lachance
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stevo Radinovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patrick Salois
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Parat
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hafida Oamari
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Annie Dulude
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mehul Patel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Lafrance
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrea Acel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bousquet-Gagnon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Denis L'Abbé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alex Pelletier
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Félix Malenfant
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maureen O'Connor-Mccourt
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Cunle Wu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mélanie Duchesne
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christine Gadoury
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Marcil
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yves Fortin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Beatrice Paul-Roc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maurizio Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Oksana Nemirovsky
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Wen J, Tang T, Kanwal S, Lu Y, Tao C, Zheng L, Zhang D, Gu Z. Detection and Classification of Multi-Type Cells by Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2021; 9:641670. [PMID: 33912538 PMCID: PMC8071986 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.641670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells circulating in the peripheral blood are the prime cause of cancer metastasis and death, thus the identification and discrimination of these rare cells are crucial in the diagnostic of cancer. As a label-free detection method without invasion, Raman spectroscopy has already been indicated as a promising method for cell identification. This study uses a confocal Raman spectrometer with 532 nm laser excitation to obtain the Raman spectrum of living cells from the kidney, liver, lung, skin, and breast. Multivariate statistical methods are applied to classify the Raman spectra of these cells. The results validate that these cells can be distinguished from each other. Among the models built to predict unknown cell types, the quadratic discriminant analysis model had the highest accuracy. The demonstrated analysis model, based on the Raman spectrum of cells, is propitious and has great potential in the field of biomedical for classifying circulating tumor cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchen Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Saima Kanwal
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxian Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and Systems, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengqin Gu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Stravinskiene D, Sliziene A, Baranauskiene L, Petrikaite V, Zvirbliene A. Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Recombinant Derivatives Targeting Surface-Exposed Carbonic Anhydrase XII on Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249411. [PMID: 33321910 PMCID: PMC7763246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies are widely used for the diagnostics and therapy of cancer. They are generated to interact with cell surface proteins which are usually involved in the development and progression of cancer. Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) contributes to the survival of tumors under hypoxic conditions thus is considered a candidate target for antibody-based therapy. In this study, we have generated a novel collection of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the recombinant extracellular domain of CA XII produced in HEK-293 cells. Eighteen out of 24 MAbs were reactive with cellular CA XII on the surface of live kidney and lung cancer cells as determined by flow cytometry. One MAb 14D6 also inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant CA XII as measured by the stopped-flow assay. MAb 14D6 showed the migrastatic effect on human lung carcinoma A549 and renal carcinoma A498 cell lines in a ‘wound healing’ assay. It did not reduce the growth of multicellular lung and renal cancer spheroids but reduced the cell viability by the ATP Bioluminescence assay. Epitope mapping revealed the surface-exposed amino acid sequence (35-FGPDGENS-42) close to the catalytic center of CA XII recognized by the MAb 14D6. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains of MAb 14D6 were sequenced and their complementarity-determining regions were defined. The obtained variable sequences were used to generate recombinant antibodies in two formats: single-chain fragment variable (scFv) expressed in E. coli and scFv fused to human IgG1 Fc fragment (scFv-Fc) expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Both recombinant antibodies maintained the same specificity for CA XII as the parental MAb 14D6. The novel antibodies may represent promising tools for CA XII-related cancer research and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Stravinskiene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiste Sliziene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lina Baranauskiene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
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18
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Burianova V, Kalinin S, Supuran CT, Krasavin M. Radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) targeting tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113046. [PMID: 33303236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumour-associated, cell membrane-bound isoforms IX and XII of human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are overexpressed in cancer cells contributing to the hypoxic tumour pH/metabolism regulating machinery and as thus, can serve as markers of malignant neoplastic tissue. Inhibitors of CAs can be employed both for the treatment of hypoxic tumours and in the design of radiotracers for positron emission tomography and imaging of such cancers. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress achieved to-date in the field of developing PET-tracers based on monoclonal antibodies, biomolecules, and small-molecule ligands of CA IX and XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burianova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kalinin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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19
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Courcier J, de la Taille A, Nourieh M, Leguerney I, Lassau N, Ingels A. Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Renal Cell Carcinoma, Implications for Disease Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7146. [PMID: 32998233 PMCID: PMC7582814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a well-described enzyme in renal cell carcinoma, with its expression being regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, it is known for interfering with hypoxia processes. Renal carcinoma encompasses a broad spectrum of histological entities and is also described as a heterogeneous malignant tumor. Recently, various combinations of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies have been validated to manage this disease. Reliable markers to confirm the diagnosis, estimate the prognosis, predict or monitor the treatment response are required. Molecular imaging developments allow a comprehensive analysis of the tumor, overcoming the spatial heterogeneity issue. CAIX, being highly expressed at the tumor cell surfaces of clear cell renal carcinoma, also represents a potential treatment target. In this manuscript we reviewed the current knowledge from the literature on the pathophysiological interactions between renal cell carcinoma and CAIX, the role of CAIX as a marker for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment monitoring and molecular imaging, and the potential target for therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX/genetics
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Disease Management
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoxia/diagnostic imaging
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Prognosis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Courcier
- Biomaps, UMR1281, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (J.C.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000 Créteil, France;
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000 Créteil, France;
| | - Maya Nourieh
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital, UPEC, 94000 Créteil, France;
| | - Ingrid Leguerney
- Biomaps, UMR1281, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (J.C.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Nathalie Lassau
- Biomaps, UMR1281, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (J.C.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Imaging, Institute Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandre Ingels
- Biomaps, UMR1281, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (J.C.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000 Créteil, France;
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20
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Strapcova S, Takacova M, Csaderova L, Martinelli P, Lukacikova L, Gal V, Kopacek J, Svastova E. Clinical and Pre-Clinical Evidence of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Pancreatic Cancer and Its High Expression in Pre-Cancerous Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2005. [PMID: 32707920 PMCID: PMC7464147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon that occurs in most solid tumors. Regardless of tumor origin, the evolution of a hypoxia-adapted phenotype is critical for invasive cancer development. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is also characterized by hypoxia, desmoplasia, and the presence of necrosis, predicting poor outcome. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is one of the most strict hypoxia regulated genes which plays a key role in the adaptation of cancer cells to hypoxia and acidosis. Here, we summarize clinical data showing that CAIX expression is associated with tumor necrosis, vascularization, expression of Frizzled-1, mucins, or proteins involved in glycolysis, and inevitably, poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. We also describe the transcriptional regulation of CAIX in relation to signaling pathways activated in pancreatic cancers. A large part deals with the preclinical evidence supporting the relevance of CAIX in processes leading to the aggressive behavior of pancreatic tumors. Furthermore, we focus on CAIX occurrence in pre-cancerous lesions, and for the first time, we describe CAIX expression within intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia. Our review concludes with a detailed account of clinical trials implicating that treatment consisting of conventionally used therapies combined with CAIX targeting could result in an improved anti-cancer response in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strapcova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Martina Takacova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Institute of Cancer Research, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Cancer Cell Signaling, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV Vienna, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lubomira Lukacikova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Viliam Gal
- Alpha Medical Pathology, Ruzinovska 6, 82606 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Eliska Svastova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.S.); (M.T.); (L.C.); (L.L.); (J.K.)
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21
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Mishra CB, Tiwari M, Supuran CT. Progress in the development of human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their pharmacological applications: Where are we today? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2485-2565. [PMID: 32691504 DOI: 10.1002/med.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are widely distributed metalloenzymes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They efficiently catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H+ ions and play a crucial role in regulating many physiological processes. CAs are well-studied drug target for various disorders such as glaucoma, epilepsy, sleep apnea, and high altitude sickness. In the past decades, a large category of diverse families of CA inhibitors (CAIs) have been developed and many of them showed effective inhibition toward specific isoforms, and effectiveness in pathological conditions in preclinical and clinical settings. The discovery of isoform-selective CAIs in the last decade led to diminished side effects associated with off-target isoforms inhibition. The many new classes of such compounds will be discussed in the review, together with strategies for their development. Pharmacological advances of the newly emerged CAIs in diseases not usually associated with CA inhibition (neuropathic pain, arthritis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer) will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Mishra
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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22
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Ramachandran K, M R B, Jojo A, Pooleri GK, Thomas A. Role of CAIX Expression in Conventional Renal Cell Carcinomas as a Diagnostic Marker and its Prognostic Importance. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 12:79-84. [PMID: 33994732 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding of the biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been achieved recently, which led to novel targeted therapies, revolutionising the management of patients with advanced disease. To date, there are no molecular markers which can reliably predict RCC outcome. We investigated whether a novel kidney cancer marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), is associated with progression and survival. A retrospective study was done on patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma over a period of 5 years. Immunohistochemical analysis using a CAIX monoclonal antibody was performed on paraffin-embedded blocks from patients treated with nephrectomy for clear cell RCC. Patients were segregated into two categories based on CA IX expression as CA IX ≤ 85% and CA IX > 85%. A comparison was made based on the survival (from date of diagnosis) with CA IX expression. Correlation of CA IX expression and TNM staging, nuclear grading, tumour volume and age was statistically studied using Student's t test. The association between survival and CA IX was done using Mann-Whitney test. The association of CA IX with rest of the prognostic variables were analysed using Fisher's exact test. In our study, CA IX expression > 85% had longer survival compared with those with lower expression ≤ 85%. A significant statistical association was seen with CAIX and lymphovascular emboli, major vessel, perinephric fat, renal sinus fat involvement and distant metastasis. CAIX reflects significant changes in tumour biology that predicts clinical outcome and identify high-risk patients for adjuvant immunotherapy and CAIX targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindhu M R
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Annie Jojo
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Ginil Kumar Pooleri
- Department of Urology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala 682041 India
| | - Appu Thomas
- Department of Urology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala 682041 India
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23
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Janoniene A, Petrikaite V. In Search of Advanced Tumor Diagnostics and Treatment: Achievements and Perspectives of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Targeted Delivery. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1800-1815. [PMID: 32374612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The research of how cells sense and adapt the oxygen deficiency has been recognized as worth winning a Nobel Prize in 2019. Understanding hypoxia-driven molecular machinery paved a path for novel strategies in fighting hypoxia-related diseases including cancer. The oxygen depletion inside the tumor provokes HIF-1 dependent gene and protein expression which helps the tumor to survive. For this reason, tumor related molecules are in the spotlight for scientists developing anticancer agents. One such target is carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)-a protein located on the outer cell membrane of most hypoxic tumor cells. This offers the opportunity to exploit it as a target for delivery of cytotoxic drugs, dyes, or radioisotopes to cancer cells. Therefore, researchers investigate CA IX specific small molecules and antibodies as tumor-targeting moieties in nanosystems and conjugates which are expected to overcome the limitations of some existing diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review covers the vast majority of CA IX-targeted systems (nanoparticle and conjugate based) for both therapeutic and imaging purposes published up to now. Furthermore, it shows their stage of development and gives an assessment of their clinical translation possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Janoniene
- Vilnius University Life Science Center, Institute of Biotechnology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Vilnius University Life Science Center, Institute of Biotechnology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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24
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Abstract
Nearly 100 years ago, Otto Warburg undertook a study of tumor metabolism, and discovered increased lactate caused by increased glycolysis in cancer cells. His experiments were conducted in the presence of excess oxygen, but today tumor tissue is known to be a hypoxic environment. However, an increase of glycolysis and lactate production is still a valid observation. Numerous abnormalities and mutations of metabolic enzymes have been found in many cancers. For example, pyruvate kinase M2 has been associated with many cancers and is a major contributor to directing glycolysis into fermentation, forming lactate. Increases in several enzymes, including glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M2, Rad6, or deficiency of other enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, all may contribute directly or indirectly to increases in lactate associated with the Warburg effect. In addition, the increased lactate and acid-base changes are modified further by monocarboxylate transporters and carbonic anhydrase, which contribute to alkalinizing tumor cells while acidifying the tumor extracellular environment. This acidification leads to cancer spread. Fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect should provide new approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Y Spencer
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Robert C Stanton
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nephrology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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25
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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26
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Amoev ZV, Alyasova AV, Gorshkova TN, Samsonova EI, Strokina EV, Kontorshchikova KN. Tumor M2-Pyruvate Kinase, Matrix Carbonic Anhydrase IX, and Metalloproteinase 9 - Novel Prognostic Markers of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2020; 12:43-47. [PMID: 34513052 PMCID: PMC8353685 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.2.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using plasma levels of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase (Tu M2-PK), matrix carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in patients with renal cell cancer as predictors of the disease course and the response to treatment. Materials and Methods Samples of blood plasma or serum of 46 patients with clear cell renal cancer T1-4N0-1M0-1 obtained before surgery and 8-9 days after surgery were tested. The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy individuals, comparable in age with the examined patients. Quantitative determination of Tu M2-PK in EDTA-added blood plasma was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a ScheBo Tumor M2-PK test (Germany). Determination of CA9 by ELISA was performed using a Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX Quantikine ELISA Kit (USA) and MMP9 - using a Quantikine ELISA Kit (USA). Results In patients with renal cell carcinoma, a statistically significant increase in the level of Tu M2-PK, CA9 and a statistically significant decrease in MMP9 in comparison with the control group were found. The level of Tu M2-PK in patients with localized kidney cancer was significantly lower than in patients with disseminated cancer. An increase in size of the primary tumor and a decrease in the degree of its differentiation correlated with an increase in Tu M2-PK, and decrease in CA9 and MMP9 in the blood serum. Performing surgery equivalent to nephrectomy did not change the Tu M2-PK levels in the early postoperative period, but caused a decrease in the levels of CA9 and MMP9. Conclusion The results indicate a potential significance of Tu M2-PK, CA9, and MMP9 as biological markers for predicting the disease course in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z V Amoev
- Urologist, Department of Urology No.2, Clinical Hospital No.1, Privolzhsky District Medical Center of Federal Medico-Biologic Agency of Russia, 14 Ilyinskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603000, Russia
| | - A V Alyasova
- Professor, Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy and Radiology, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - T N Gorshkova
- Head of Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Privolzhsky District Medical Center of Federal Medico-Biologic Agency of Russia, 14 Ilyinskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603000, Russia
| | - E I Samsonova
- Physician, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Privolzhsky District Medical Center of Federal Medico-Biologic Agency of Russia, 14 Ilyinskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603000, Russia
| | - E V Strokina
- Physician, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Privolzhsky District Medical Center of Federal Medico-Biologic Agency of Russia, 14 Ilyinskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603000, Russia
| | - K N Kontorshchikova
- Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
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De Luca R, Gouyou B, Ongaro T, Villa A, Ziffels B, Sannino A, Buttinoni G, Galeazzi S, Mazzacuva M, Neri D. A Novel Fully-Human Potency-Matched Dual Cytokine-Antibody Fusion Protein Targets Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Renal Cell Carcinomas. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1228. [PMID: 31799191 PMCID: PMC6863974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain cytokines synergize in activating anti-cancer immunity at the site of disease and it may be desirable to generate biopharmaceutical agents, capable of simultaneous delivery of cytokine pairs to the tumor. In this article, we have described the cloning, expression and characterization of IL2-XE114-TNFmut, a dual-cytokine biopharmaceutical featuring the sequential fusion of interleukin-2 (IL2) with the XE114 antibody in scFv format and a tumor necrosis factor mutant (TNFmut). The fusion protein recognized the cognate antigen (carbonic anhydrase IX, a marker of hypoxia and of renal cell carcinoma) with high affinity and specificity. IL2-XE114-TNFmut formed a stable non-covalent homotrimeric structure, displayed cytokine activity in in vitro tests and preferentially localized to solid tumors in vivo. The product exhibited a partial growth inhibition of murine CT26 tumors transfected for carbonic anhydrase IX. When administered to Cynomolgus monkey as intravenous injection, IL2-XE114-TNFmut showed the expected plasma concentration of ~1,500 ng/ml at early time points, indicating the absence of any in vivo trapping events, and a half-life of ~2 h. IL2-XE114-TNFmut may thus be considered as a promising biopharmaceutical for the treatment of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, since these tumors are known to be sensitive to IL2 and to TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Buttinoni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Verhoeff SR, van Es SC, Boon E, van Helden E, Angus L, Elias SG, Oosting SF, Aarntzen EH, Brouwers AH, Kwee TC, Heskamp S, Hoekstra OS, Verheul H, van der Veldt AAM, de Vries EGE, Boerman OC, van der Graaf WTA, Oyen WJG, van Herpen CML. Lesion detection by [ 89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab and [ 18F]FDG-PET/CT in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:1931-1939. [PMID: 31172212 PMCID: PMC6647180 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The main objective of this preliminary analysis of the IMaging PAtients for Cancer drug selecTion (IMPACT)-renal cell cancer (RCC) study is to evaluate the lesion detection of baseline contrast-enhanced CT, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab-PET/CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT in detecting ccRCC lesions in patients with a good or intermediate prognosis metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) according to the International Metastatic Database Consortium (IMDC) risk model. Methods Between February 2015 and March 2018, 42 newly diagnosed mccRCC patients with good or intermediate prognosis, eligible for watchful waiting, were included. Patients underwent CT, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab-PET/CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT at baseline. Scans were independently reviewed and lesions of ≥10 mm and lymph nodes of ≥15 mm at CT were analyzed. For lesions with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab or [18F]FDG-uptake visually exceeding background uptake, maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured. Results A total of 449 lesions were detected by ≥1 modality (median per patient: 7; ICR 4.25–12.75) of which 42% were in lung, 22% in lymph nodes and 10% in bone. Combined [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab-PET/CT and CT detected more lesions than CT alone: 91% (95%CI: 87–94) versus 56% (95%CI: 50–62, p = 0.001), respectively, and more than CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT combined (84% (95%CI:79–88, p < 0.005). Both PET/CTs detected more bone and soft tissue lesions compared to CT alone. Conclusions The addition of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab-PET/CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT to CT increases lesion detection compared to CT alone in newly diagnosed good and intermediate prognosis mccRCC patients eligible for watchful waiting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-04358-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Verhoeff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C van Es
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Boon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Helden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay Angus
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G Elias
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje F Oosting
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C Kwee
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto S Hoekstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Winette T A van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla M L van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process that follows an intricate scenario with a dynamic interplay of selective and adaptive steps and an extensive cast of molecules and signaling pathways. Solid tumor initially grows as an avascular bulk of cells carrying oncogenic mutations until diffusion distances from the nearest functional blood vessels limit delivery of nutrients and oxygen on the one hand and removal of metabolic waste on the other one. These restrictions result in regional hypoxia and acidosis that select for adaptable tumor cells able to promote aberrant angiogenesis, remodel metabolism, acquire invasiveness and metastatic propensity, and gain therapeutic resistance. Tumor cells are thereby endowed with capability to survive and proliferate in hostile microenvironment, communicate with stroma, enter circulation, colonize secondary sites, and generate metastases. While the role of oncogenic mutations initializing and driving these processes is well established, a key contribution of non-genomic, landscaping molecular players is still less appreciated despite they can equally serve as viable targets of anticancer therapies. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is one of these players: it is induced by hypoxia, functionally linked to acidosis, implicated in invasiveness, and correlated with therapeutic resistance. Here, we summarize the available experimental evidence supported by accumulating preclinical and clinical data that CA IX can contribute virtually to each step of cancer progression path via its enzyme activity and/or non-catalytic mechanisms. We also propose that targeting tumor cells that express CA IX may provide therapeutic benefits in various settings and combinations with both conventional and newly developed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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30
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John NT, Blum KA, Hakimi AA. Role of lymph node dissection in renal cell cancer. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:187-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Basaco T, Pektor S, Bermudez JM, Meneses N, Heller M, Galván JA, Boligán KF, Schürch S, von Gunten S, Türler A, Miederer M. Evaluation of Radiolabeled Girentuximab In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E132. [PMID: 30487460 PMCID: PMC6316122 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Girentuximab (cG250) targets carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a protein which is expressed on the surface of most renal cancer cells (RCCs). cG250 labeled with 177Lu has been used in clinical trials for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of RCCs. In this work, an extensive characterization of the immunoconjugates allowed optimization of the labeling conditions with 177Lu while maintaining immunoreactivity of cG250, which was then investigated in in vitro and in vivo experiments. cG250 was conjugated with S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (DOTA(SCN)) by using incubation times between 30 and 90 min and characterized by mass spectrometry. Immunoconjugates with five to ten DOTA(SCN) molecules per cG250 molecule were obtained. Conjugates with ratios less than six DOTA(SCN)/cG250 had higher in vitro antigen affinity, both pre- and postlabeling with 177Lu. Radiochemical stability increased, in the presence of sodium ascorbate, which prevents radiolysis. The immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled cG250 tested by specific binding to SK-RC-52 cells decreased when the DOTA content per conjugate increased. The in vivo tumor uptake was < 10% ID/g and independent of the total amount of protein in the range between 5 and 100 µg cG250 per animal. Low tumor uptake was found to be due to significant necrotic areas and heterogeneous CAIX expression. In addition, low vascularity indicated relatively poor accessibility of the CAIX target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Basaco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Stefanie Pektor
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Josue M Bermudez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Niurka Meneses
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - José A Galván
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kayluz F Boligán
- Institute of Pharmacology (PKI), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Schürch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology (PKI), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Türler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Miederer
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Singh S, Lomelino CL, Mboge MY, Frost SC, McKenna R. Cancer Drug Development of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors beyond the Active Site. Molecules 2018; 23:E1045. [PMID: 29710858 PMCID: PMC6099549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to produce bicarbonate and a proton. Multiple CA isoforms are implicated in a range of diseases, including cancer. In solid tumors, continuously dividing cells create hypoxic conditions that eventually lead to an acidic microenvironment. Hypoxic tumor cells have different mechanisms in place to regulate and adjust the surrounding microenvironment for survival. These mechanisms include expression of CA isoform IX (CA IX) and XII (CA XII). These enzymes help maintain a physiological intracellular pH while simultaneously contributing to an acidic extracellular pH, leading to tumor cell survival. Expression of CA IX and CA XII has also been shown to promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This review discusses the characteristics of CA IX and CA XII, their mechanism of action, and validates their prospective use as anticancer targets. We discuss the current status of small inhibitors that target these isoforms, both classical and non-classical, and their future design in order to obtain isoform-specificity for CA IX and CA XII. Biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal-radionuclide conjugated chimeric antibodies, and antibody-small molecule conjugates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Mam Y Mboge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Nakai M, Pan J, Lin KS, Thompson JR, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Nakabayashi Y, Storr T. Evaluation of 99mTc-sulfonamide and sulfocoumarin derivatives for imaging carbonic anhydrase IX expression. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:63-70. [PMID: 29778927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to prepare hypoxia tumor imaging agents, technetium(I) and rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with dipyridylamine (L1 = N-{[1-(2,2-dioxido-1,2-benzoxathiin-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine; L3 = N-{[1-[N-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl-methyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine), and iminodiacetate (H2L2 = N-{[1-(2,2-dioxido-1,2-benzoxathiin-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]methyl}-N-(carboxy-methyl)-glycine; H2L4 = N-{[1-[N-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]methyl}-N-(carboxymethyl)-glycine) ligands appended to sulfonamide or sulfocoumarin carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were synthesized. The Re(I) complexes were characterized using 1H/13C NMR, MS, EA, and in one case the X-ray structure of [Et3NH][Re(CO)3(L2)] was obtained. As expected, the Re coordination geometry is distorted octahedral, with a tridentate iminodiacetate ligand in a fac arrangement dictated by the three strong-field CO ligands. Inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) showed that the Re sulfocoumarin derivatives were inactive against hCA-I, -II and -IV, but had moderate affinity for hCA-IX. The Re sulfonamides showed improved affinity against all tested hCAs, with [Re(CO)3(L4)]- being the most active and selective for the hCA-IX isoform. The corresponding 99mTc complexes were synthesized from fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+, purified by HPLC, and obtained with average 41-76% decay-corrected radiochemical yields and with >99% radiochemical purity. Uptake in HT-29 tumors at 1 h post-injection was highest for [99mTc(CO)3(L4)]- (0.14 ± 0.10%ID/g) in comparison to [99mTc(CO)3(L1)]+ (0.06 ± 0.01%ID/g), [99mTc(CO)3(L2)]- (0.03 ± 0.00%ID/g), and [99mTc(CO)3(L3)]+ (0.07 ± 0.03%ID/g). The uptake in tumors was further reduced at 4 h post-injection. For potential imaging application with single photon emission computed tomography, further optimization is needed to improve the affinity to hCA-IX and uptake in hCA-IX expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
| | - Jihne Pan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - John R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino,50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino,50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Yasuo Nakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Supuran CT, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D' Ambrosio K, Carta F, Monti SM, De Simone G. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1799-1836. [PMID: 29635752 DOI: 10.1002/med.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a tumor-associated protein, since it is scarcely present in normal tissues, but highly overexpressed in a large number of solid tumors, where it actively contributes to survival and metastatic spread of tumor cells. Due to these features, the characterization of its biochemical, structural, and functional features for drug design purposes has been extensively carried out, with consequent development of several highly selective small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to be used for different purposes. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art of studies performed on this enzyme, regarding structural, functional, and biomedical aspects, as well as the development of molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. A brief description of additional pharmacologic applications for CA IX inhibition in other diseases, such as arthritis and ischemia, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Lau J, Lin KS, Bénard F. Past, Present, and Future: Development of Theranostic Agents Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4322-4339. [PMID: 29158829 PMCID: PMC5695016 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics is the integration of diagnostic information with pharmaceuticals to increase effectiveness and safety of cancer treatments. Nuclear medicine provides a non-invasive means to visualize drug target expression across primary and metastatic sites, and assess pharmacokinetics and efficacy of companion therapeutic agents. This is significant given the increasing recognition of the importance of clonal heterogeneity in treatment response and resistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) has been advocated as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for targeting hypoxia in solid malignancies. CA-IX confers cancer cell survival under low oxygen tension, and is associated with increased propensity for metastasis. As such, CA-IX is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancers. Different classes of antigen recognition molecules targeting CA-IX including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody mimetics have been radiolabeled for imaging and therapeutic applications. cG250, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been labeled with an assortment of radionuclides (124I, 111In, 89Zr, 131I, 90Y, and 177Lu) and is the most extensively investigated CA-IX radiopharmaceutical. In recent years, there have been tremendous advancements made by the research community in developing alternatives to cG250. Although still in preclinical settings, several small molecule inhibitors and antibody mimetics hold great promise in improving the management of aggressive and resistant cancers.
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Huizing FJ, Hoeben BAW, Franssen G, Lok J, Heskamp S, Oosterwijk E, Boerman OC, Bussink J. Preclinical validation of 111In-girentuximab-F(ab') 2 as a tracer to image hypoxia related marker CAIX expression in head and neck cancer xenografts. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:521-525. [PMID: 28789809 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia is a major cause of radio- and chemoresistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is an endogenous hypoxia-related marker and an important prognostic marker. Assessment of CAIX expression may allow patient selection for hypoxia or CAIX-targeted treatment. The radioactive tracer 111In-girentuximab-F(ab')2 targets CAIX and can be used for SPECT imaging. Aim of this study was to validate and optimize 111In-girentuximab-F(ab')2 for imaging of CAIX expression in head and neck tumor xenografts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Affinity and internalization kinetics of 111In-girentuximab-F(ab')2 were determined in vitro using CAIX-expressing SK-RC-52 cells. Tumor targeting characteristics were determined in athymic mice with six different head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCCNij) xenografts. Tracer uptake was measured by ex vivo radioactivity counting. Intratumoral distribution of tracer uptake was measured using autoradiography and CAIX expression was determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS 26% of the tracer was internalized into the SK-RC-52 cells within 24h. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.69±0.08nM. In biodistribution studies SCCNij153 tumors showed the highest tracer uptake: 4.1±0.8ID/g at 24h p.i. Immunohistochemical and autoradiographic analyses of the xenografts showed a distinct spatial correlation between localization of the tracer and CAIX expression. CONCLUSION 111In-girentuximab-F(ab')2 has a high affinity for CAIX. In vivo tumor uptake correlated strongly with CAIX expression in different head and neck xenografts. These results suggest that 111In-girentuximab-F(ab')2 is a promising tracer for imaging of hypoxia-related CAIX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokko J Huizing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca A W Hoeben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Franssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Lok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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McDonald PC, Chafe SC, Dedhar S. Overcoming Hypoxia-Mediated Tumor Progression: Combinatorial Approaches Targeting pH Regulation, Angiogenesis and Immune Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:27. [PMID: 27066484 PMCID: PMC4814851 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important contributor to the heterogeneity of the microenvironment of solid tumors and is a significant environmental stressor that drives adaptations which are essential for the survival and metastatic capabilities of tumor cells. Critical adaptive mechanisms include altered metabolism, pH regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, migration/invasion, diminished response to immune cells and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In particular, pH regulation by hypoxic tumor cells, through the modulation of cell surface molecules such as extracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAIX and CAXII) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT-1 and MCT-4) functions to increase cancer cell survival and enhance cell invasion while also contributing to immune evasion. Indeed, CAIX is a vital regulator of hypoxia mediated tumor progression, and targeted inhibition of its function results in reduced tumor growth, metastasis, and cancer stem cell function. However, the integrated contributions of the repertoire of hypoxia-induced effectors of pH regulation for tumor survival and invasion remain to be fully explored and exploited as therapeutic avenues. For example, the clinical use of anti-angiogenic agents has identified a conundrum whereby this treatment increases hypoxia and cancer stem cell components of tumors, and accelerates metastasis. Furthermore, hypoxia results in the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs), and also stimulates the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, which collectively suppress T-cell mediated tumor cell killing. Therefore, combinatorial targeting of angiogenesis, the immune system and pH regulation in the context of hypoxia may lead to more effective strategies for curbing tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, thereby increasing therapeutic efficacy and leading to more effective strategies for the treatment of patients with aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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van Kuijk SJA, Yaromina A, Houben R, Niemans R, Lambin P, Dubois LJ. Prognostic Significance of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:69. [PMID: 27066453 PMCID: PMC4810028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic of many solid tumors and an adverse prognostic factor for treatment outcome. Hypoxia increases the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), an enzyme that is predominantly found on tumor cells and is involved in maintaining the cellular pH balance. Many clinical studies investigated the prognostic value of CAIX expression, but most have been inconclusive, partly due to small numbers of patients included. The present meta-analysis was therefore performed utilizing the results of all clinical studies to determine the prognostic value of CAIX expression in solid tumors. Renal cell carcinoma was excluded from this meta-analysis due to an alternative mechanism of upregulation. 958 papers were identified from a literature search performed in PubMed and Embase. These papers were independently evaluated by two reviewers and 147 studies were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis revealed strong significant associations between CAIX expression and all endpoints: overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.58–1.98], disease-free survival (HR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.62–2.16), locoregional control (HR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.22–1.93), disease-specific survival (HR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.41–2.25), metastasis-free survival (HR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.33–2.50), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.27–1.96). Subgroup analyses revealed similar associations in the majority of tumor sites and types. In conclusion, these results show that patients having tumors with high CAIX expression have higher risk of locoregional failure, disease progression, and higher risk to develop metastases, independent of tumor type or site. The results of this meta-analysis further support the development of a clinical test to determine patient prognosis based on CAIX expression and may have important implications for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A van Kuijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ruud Houben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO Clinic , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Raymon Niemans
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
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Stem cells, biomarkers and genetic profiling: approaching future challenges in Urology. Urologia 2016; 83:4-13. [PMID: 26940971 DOI: 10.5301/uro.5000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urological research is facing future challenges, the most difficult one is the fast and meaningful transfer of the massive amount of data from research basic to clinical practice. Between the most important issues that research should focus in the next years are targeting of tumor stem cells, clinical application of biomarkers, and wide application of genetic profiling of urological neoplasms. Several clinical implications are expected, from diagnosis to selection of candidates for different treatment modalities, to modulation of sequential treatment plans, to prognosis. A number of clinical trials based on research data from the hottest issues are in the pipeline. In this review, we will focus on new insights from recent work worlwide in urological research, with particular attention to high-risk nonmuscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer. Cancer care is moving towards a personalized approach in patient management. The most important issues in urological research point strongly in this direction and show an enormous potential for the rapid landing of Urology in the era of personalized medicine.
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Chang DK, Moniz RJ, Xu Z, Sun J, Signoretti S, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Human anti-CAIX antibodies mediate immune cell inhibition of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in a humanized mouse model in vivo. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:119. [PMID: 26062742 PMCID: PMC4464115 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a surface-expressed protein that is upregulated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and represents a prototypic tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therapeutic approaches targeting CAIX have focused on the development of CAIX inhibitors and specific immunotherapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, current in vivo mouse models used to characterize the anti-tumor properties of fully human anti-CAIX mAbs have significant limitations since the role of human effector cells in tumor cell killing in vivo is not directly evaluated. Methods The role of human anti-CAIX mAbs on CAIX+ RCC tumor cell killing by immunocytes or complement was tested in vitro by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) as well as on CAIX+ RCC cellular motility, wound healing, migration and proliferation. The in vivo therapeutic activity mediated by anti-CAIX mAbs was determined by using a novel orthotopic RCC xenograft humanized animal model and analyzed by histology and FACS staining. Results Our studies demonstrate the capacity of human anti-CAIX mAbs that inhibit CA enzymatic activity to result in immune-mediated killing of RCC, including nature killer (NK) cell-mediated ADCC, CDC, and macrophage-mediated ADCP. The killing activity correlated positively with the level of CAIX expression on RCC tumor cell lines. In addition, Fc engineering of anti-CAIX mAbs was shown to enhance the ADCC activity against RCC. We also demonstrate that these anti-CAIX mAbs inhibit migration of RCC cells in vitro. Finally, through the implementation of a novel orthotopic RCC model utilizing allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ−/− mice, we show that anti-CAIX mAbs are capable of mediating human immune response in vivo including tumor infiltration of NK cells and activation of T cells, resulting in inhibition of CAIX+ tumor growth. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that these novel human anti-CAIX mAbs have therapeutic potential in the unmet medical need of targeted killing of HIF-driven CAIX+RCC. The orthotopic tumor xenografted humanized mouse provides an improved model to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor capabilities of fully human mAbs for RCC therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0384-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kuan Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond J Moniz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zhongyao Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Uda NR, Seibert V, Stenner-Liewen F, Müller P, Herzig P, Gondi G, Zeidler R, van Dijk M, Zippelius A, Renner C. Esterase activity of carbonic anhydrases serves as surrogate for selecting antibodies blocking hydratase activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30:955-60. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Seibert
- 4-Antibody AG (Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Agenus Inc., USA), Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Frank Stenner-Liewen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
- Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Petra Herzig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Gabor Gondi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc van Dijk
- 4-Antibody AG (Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Agenus Inc., USA), Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
- Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Christoph Renner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
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Loh J, Davis ID, Martin JM, Siva S. Extracranial oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma: current management and future directions. Future Oncol 2014; 10:761-74. [PMID: 24799057 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'oligometastases' was formulated to describe an intermediate state between widespread metastases and locally confined disease. The standard of care in metastatic renal cell carcinoma is systemic therapy; however, in patients with solitary or limited metastases, aggressive local therapies may potentially prolong survival. The literature suggests a survival benefit with surgical metastasectomy, with a reported 5-year survival as high as 45% in those who achieve complete resection. More recently, an expanding body of evidence supports the role of stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy for the treatment of oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma and early results demonstrate comparable local control rates with surgery. There is also increasing interest in the abscopal and immunologic effects of localized radiation. With the proliferation of newer targeted agents and immunomodulatory agents, current work is addressing the optimization of patient selection and avenues towards sequencing and combining the various treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Loh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah NSW 2298, Australia
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Honarvar H, Garousi J, Gunneriusson E, Höidén-Guthenberg I, Altai M, Widström C, Tolmachev V, Frejd FY. Imaging of CAIX-expressing xenografts in vivo using 99mTc-HEHEHE-ZCAIX:1 affibody molecule. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:513-20. [PMID: 25434612 PMCID: PMC4277246 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme involved in regulation of tissue pH balance. In cancer, CAIX expression is associated with tumor hypoxia. CAIX is also overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma and is a molecular target for the therapeutic antibody cG250 (girentuximab). Radionuclide imaging of CAIX expression might be used for identification of patients who may benefit from cG250 therapy and from treatment strategies for hypoxic tumors. Affibody molecules are small (7 kDa) scaffold proteins having a high potential as probes for radionuclide molecular imaging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate feasibility of in vivo imaging of CAIX-expression using radiolabeled Affibody molecules. A histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate (HE)3-tag-containing CAIX-binding Affibody molecule (HE)3-ZCAIX:1 was labeled with [99mTc(CO)3]+. Its binding properties were evaluated in vitro using CAIX-expressing SK-RC-52 renal carcinoma cells. 99mTc-(HE)3-ZCAIX:1 was evaluated in NMRI nu/nu mice bearing SK-RC-52 xenografts. The in vivo specificity test confirmed CAIX-mediated tumor targeting. 99mTc-(HE)3-ZCAIX:1 cleared rapidly from blood and normal tissues except for kidneys. At optimal time-point (4 h p.i.), the tumor uptake was 9.7±0.7% ID/g, and tumor-to-blood ratio was 53±10. Experimental imaging of CAIX-expressing SK-RC-52 xenografts at 4 h p.i. provided high contrast images. The use of radioiodine label for ZCAIX:1 enabled the reduction of renal uptake, but resulted in significantly lower tumor uptake and tumor-to-blood ratio. Results of the present study suggest that radiolabeled Affibody molecules are promising probes for imaging of CAIX-expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Honarvar
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Javad Garousi
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mohamed Altai
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles Widström
- Department of Hospital Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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ZATOVICOVA MIRIAM, JELENSKA LENKA, HULIKOVA ALZBETA, DITTE PETER, DITTE ZUZANA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, SVASTOVA ELISKA, SCHMALIX WOLFGANG, BOETTGER VOLKER, BEVAN PAUL, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA. Monoclonal antibody G250 targeting CA IX: Binding specificity, internalization and therapeutic effects in a non-renal cancer model. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2455-67. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for cancer therapy: from biology to clinical use. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:52-64. [PMID: 25117006 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment includes a complicated network of physiological gradients contributing to plasticity of tumor cells and heterogeneity of tumor tissue. Hypoxia is a key component generating intratumoral oxygen gradients, which affect the cellular expression program and lead to therapy resistance and increased metastatic propensity of weakly oxygenated cell subpopulations. One of the adaptive responses of tumor cells to hypoxia involves the increased expression and functional activation of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a cancer-related cell surface enzyme catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion and proton. Via its catalytic activity, CA IX participates in regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH perturbations that result from hypoxia-induced changes in cellular metabolism producing excess of acid. Through the ability to regulate pH, CA IX also facilitates cell migration and invasion. In addition, CA IX has non-catalytic function in cell adhesion and spreading. Thus, CA IX endows tumor cells with survival advantages in hypoxia/acidosis and confers an increased ability to migrate, invade and metastasize. Accordingly, CA IX is expressed in a broad range of tumors, where it is associated with prognosis and therapy outcome. Its expression pattern and functional implications in tumor biology make CA IX a promising therapeutic target, which can be hit either by immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies or with compounds inhibiting its enzyme activity. The first strategy has already reached the clinical trials, whereas the second one is still in preclinical testing. Both strategies indicate that CA IX can become a clinically useful anticancer target, but urge further efforts toward better selection of patients for immunotherapy and deeper understanding of tumor types, clinical situations and synthetic lethality interactions with other treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lu C, Li J, Xu K, Yang C, Wang J, Han C, Liu X. Fabrication of mAb G250-SPIO molecular magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobe for the specific detection of renal cell carcinoma in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101898. [PMID: 24999987 PMCID: PMC4084989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) has been paid more and more attention for early diagnosis of cancer. A sensitive and specific mMRI probe plays the most important role in this technique. In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and mAb G250 were conjugated as mMRI probe for the detection of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using 3.0-Tesla MRI in vitro. mAb G250 could specifically recognize carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) antigen overexpressed in ccRCC and the SPIO nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent presented excellent MRI response and good biocompatibility. The successful assembly of this nanoprobe was confirmed by UV-vis spectrum, FT-IR spectroscopy and DLS analysis. In vitro MRI study on ccRCC cells and control cells indicated that our fabricated mAb G250-SPIO nanoprobe could be used in the specific labeling of clear cell renal carcinoma cells successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailuan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Cuiping Han
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Sugiura G, Kühn H, Sauter M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Radiolabeling strategies for tumor-targeting proteinaceous drugs. Molecules 2014; 19:2135-65. [PMID: 24552984 PMCID: PMC6271853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their large size proteinaceous drugs offer higher operative information content compared to the small molecules that correspond to the traditional understanding of druglikeness. As a consequence these drugs allow developing patient-specific therapies that provide the means to go beyond the possibilities of current drug therapy. However, the efficacy of these strategies, in particular "personalized medicine", depends on precise information about individual target expression rates. Molecular imaging combines non-invasive imaging methods with tools of molecular and cellular biology and thus bridges current knowledge to the clinical use. Moreover, nuclear medicine techniques provide therapeutic applications with tracers that behave like the diagnostic tracer. The advantages of radioiodination, still the most versatile radiolabeling strategy, and other labeled compounds comprising covalently attached radioisotopes are compared to the use of chelator-protein conjugates that are complexed with metallic radioisotopes. With the techniques using radioactive isotopes as a reporting unit or even the therapeutic principle, care has to be taken to avoid cleavage of the radionuclide from the protein it is linked to. The tracers used in molecular imaging require labeling techniques that provide site specific conjugation and metabolic stability. Appropriate choice of the radionuclide allows tailoring the properties of the labeled protein to the application required. Until the event of positron emission tomography the spectrum of nuclides used to visualize cellular and biochemical processes was largely restricted to iodine isotopes and 99m-technetium. Today, several nuclides such as 18-fluorine, 68-gallium and 86-yttrium have fundamentally extended the possibilities of tracer design and in turn caused the need for the development of chemical methods for their conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Sugiura
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Helen Kühn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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Schwab A, Stock C. Ion channels and transporters in tumour cell migration and invasion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130102. [PMID: 24493750 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a central component of the metastatic cascade requiring a concerted action of ion channels and transporters (migration-associated transportome), cytoskeletal elements and signalling cascades. Ion transport proteins and aquaporins contribute to tumour cell migration and invasion among other things by inducing local volume changes and/or by modulating Ca(2+) and H(+) signalling. Targeting cell migration therapeutically bears great clinical potential, because it is a prerequisite for metastasis. Ion transport proteins appear to be attractive candidate target proteins for this purpose because they are easily accessible as membrane proteins and often overexpressed or activated in cancer. Importantly, a number of clinically widely used drugs are available whose anticipated efficacy as anti-tumour drugs, however, has now only begun to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Schwab
- Institut für Physiologie II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, , Robert-Koch-Strasse 27b, Münster 48149, Germany
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Dekaminaviciute D, Kairys V, Zilnyte M, Petrikaite V, Jogaite V, Matuliene J, Gudleviciene Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Zvirbliene A. Monoclonal antibodies raised against 167-180 aa sequence of human carbonic anhydrase XII inhibit its enzymatic activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:804-10. [PMID: 24400872 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.856424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a single-pass transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. This enzyme is being recognized as a potential biomarker for different tumours. The current study was aimed to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing the enzymatic activity of CA XII. Bioinformatics analysis of CA XII structure revealed surface-exposed sequences located in a proximity of its catalytic centre. Two MAbs against the selected antigenic peptide spanning 167-180 aa sequence of CA XII were generated. The MAbs were reactive with recombinant catalytic domain of CA XII expressed either in E. coli or mammalian cells. Inhibitory activity of the MAbs was demonstrated by a stopped flow CO2 hydration assay. The study provides new data on the surface-exposed linear CA XII epitope that may serve as a target for inhibitory antibodies with a potential immunotherapeutic application.
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50
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Sedlakova O, Svastova E, Takacova M, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Carbonic anhydrase IX, a hypoxia-induced catalytic component of the pH regulating machinery in tumors. Front Physiol 2014; 4:400. [PMID: 24409151 PMCID: PMC3884196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic tissue microenvironment contributes to tumor progression via multiple effects including the activation of angiogenic factors and proteases, reduced cell-cell adhesion, increased migration and invasion, etc. In addition, intratumoral acidosis can influence the uptake of anticancer drugs and modulate the response of tumors to conventional therapy. Acidification of the tumor microenvironment often develops due to hypoxia-triggered oncogenic metabolism, which leads to the extensive production of lactate, protons, and carbon dioxide. In order to avoid intracellular accumulation of the acidic metabolic products, which is incompatible with the survival and proliferation, tumor cells activate molecular machinery that regulates pH by driving transmembrane inside-out and outside-in ion fluxes. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced catalytic component of the bicarbonate import arm of this machinery. Through its catalytic activity, CA IX directly participates in many acidosis-induced features of tumor phenotype as demonstrated by manipulating its expression and/or by in vitro mutagenesis. CA IX can function as a survival factor protecting tumor cells from hypoxia and acidosis, as a pro-migratory factor facilitating cell movement and invasion, as a signaling molecule transducing extracellular signals to intracellular pathways (including major signaling and metabolic cascades) and converting intracellular signals to extracellular effects on adhesion, proteolysis, and other processes. These functional implications of CA IX in cancer are supported by numerous clinical studies demonstrating the association of CA IX with various clinical correlates and markers of aggressive tumor behavior. Although our understanding of the many faces of CA IX is still incomplete, existing knowledge supports the view that CA IX is a biologically and clinically relevant molecule, exploitable in anticancer strategies aimed at targeting adaptive responses to hypoxia and/or acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sedlakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliska Svastova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
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