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Chitra U, Arnold BJ, Sarkar H, Ma C, Lopez-Darwin S, Sanno K, Raphael BJ. Mapping the topography of spatial gene expression with interpretable deep learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561757. [PMID: 37873258 PMCID: PMC10592770 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved transcriptomics technologies provide high-throughput measurements of gene expression in a tissue slice, but the sparsity of this data complicates the analysis of spatial gene expression patterns such as gene expression gradients. We address these issues by deriving a topographic map of a tissue slice-analogous to a map of elevation in a landscape-using a novel quantity called the isodepth. Contours of constant isodepth enclose spatial domains with distinct cell type composition, while gradients of the isodepth indicate spatial directions of maximum change in gene expression. We develop GASTON, an unsupervised and interpretable deep learning algorithm that simultaneously learns the isodepth, spatial gene expression gradients, and piecewise linear functions of the isodepth that model both continuous gradients and discontinuous spatial variation in the expression of individual genes. We validate GASTON by showing that it accurately identifies spatial domains and marker genes across several biological systems. In SRT data from the brain, GASTON reveals gradients of neuronal differentiation and firing, and in SRT data from a tumor sample, GASTON infers gradients of metabolic activity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene expression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthsav Chitra
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brian J. Arnold
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hirak Sarkar
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kohei Sanno
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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2
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Mahé M, Rios-Fuller TJ, Karolin A, Schneider RJ. Genetics of enzymatic dysfunctions in metabolic disorders and cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230934. [PMID: 37601653 PMCID: PMC10433910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders arise from mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis, assembly, or activity of metabolic enzymes, leading to enzymatic deficiency and severe metabolic impairments. Metabolic enzymes are essential for the normal functioning of cells and are involved in the production of amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides, which are essential for cell growth, division and survival. When the activity of metabolic enzymes is disrupted due to mutations or changes in expression levels, it can result in various metabolic disorders that have also been linked to cancer development. However, there remains much to learn regarding the relationship between the dysregulation of metabolic enzymes and metabolic adaptations in cancer cells. In this review, we explore how dysregulated metabolism due to the alteration or change of metabolic enzymes in cancer cells plays a crucial role in tumor development, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. In addition, these changes in metabolism provide cancer cells with a number of advantages, including increased proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and the ability to evade the immune system. The tumor microenvironment, genetic context, and different signaling pathways further influence this interplay between cancer and metabolism. This review aims to explore how the dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in specific pathways, including the urea cycle, glycogen storage, lysosome storage, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration, contributes to the development of metabolic disorders and cancer. Additionally, the review seeks to shed light on why these enzymes represent crucial potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Grossman NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Fu J, Guo Q, Feng Y, Cheng P, Wu A. Dual role of fucosidase in cancers and its clinical potential. J Cancer 2022; 13:3121-3132. [PMID: 36046653 PMCID: PMC9414016 DOI: 10.7150/jca.75840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosidases and glycosyltransferases greatly impact malignant phenotype of tumors though genetics and epigenetics mechanisms. As the member of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 29A, α-L-fucosidases (AFUs) are involved in the hydrolysis of terminal L-fucose residues linked via α-1,2, α-1,3, α-1,4 or α-1,6 to the reducing end of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) of oligosaccharide chains. The defucosylation process mediated by AFUs contributes to the development of various diseases, such as chronic inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, and autoimmune diseases by reducing the interaction between fucosylated adhesion molecules supporting leukocyte extravasation. AFUs also impair crucial cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and presumably subsequent cell signaling pathways, which lead to changes in tumor function and behavior. There are two isoforms of AFUs in human, namely α-L-fucosidase 1 (FUCA1) and α-L-fucosidase 2 (FUCA2), respectively. FUCA1 is a p53 target gene and can hydrolyze different fucosylation sites on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby determining the activation of EGFR. FUCA2 mediates the adhesion between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa and is upregulated in 24 tumor types. Besides, based on the participation of AFU in signaling pathways and tumor progression, we discuss the prospect of AFU as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Yu XY, Lin SC, Zhang MQ, Guo XT, Ma K, Wang LX, Huang WT, Wang Z, Yu X, Wang CG, Zhang LJ, Yu ZT. Association and prognostic significance of alpha-L-fucosidase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:498-510. [PMID: 35317318 PMCID: PMC8919000 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i2.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-L-fucosidase-1 (FUCA1) has been demonstrated to play opposing regulatory roles in adenocarcinoma and non-adenocarcinoma. Moreover, recent studies reported that FUCA1 could decrease the invasion capability by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression. However, the potential role and prognostic significance of FUCA1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have not yet been explored.
AIM To evaluate the status, association, and prognostic value of FUCA1 and MMP-9 expression in ESCC.
METHODS Patients who underwent esophagectomy for ESCC between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014 at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center were enrolled. The expression status of FUCA1 and MMP-9 in cancerous tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression profiles of the FUCA1 and MMP-9 genes in non-metastatic ESCC were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.
RESULTS High expression of FUCA1 and MMP-9 was found in 90 patients (75.6%) and 62 patients (52.1%), respectively. In the high FUCA1 expression group, the constituent ratios of patients with stage III disease (61.1% vs 37.9%, P = 0.029), lymphatic invasion (62.2% vs 31.0%, P = 0.003), and high MMP-9 expression (60.0% vs 27.6%, P = 0.002) were significantly higher than those in the low FUCA1 expression group. In Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis, advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage (III, P = 0.001), positive regional lymph node metastasis (N+, P = 0.002), high FUCA1 expression (P = 0.001), and high MMP-9 expression (P = 0.002) were potential predictors of shorter overall survival (OS), which was similar to the results analyzed based on the TCGA database. Further Cox multivariate regression analyses still demonstrated that FUCA1 and MMP-9 expression levels were independent prognostic factors of OS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.484, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.239-0.979; P = 0.044; and HR: 0.591, 95%CI: 0.359-0.973, P = 0.039, respectively].
CONCLUSION FUCA1 cooperation with MMP-9 may have a major role in affecting the ESCC invasion and metastatic capability, and serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Cheng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun-Guang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Hamodat ZMAA. Properties of alpha-L-fucosidase for serum of patients with hepatocellular cancer and cytotoxicity on some cancer cell lines. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Zhang C, Liu J, Chao F, Wang S, Li D, Han D, Xu Z, Xu G, Chen G. Alpha-L-Fucosidase Has Diagnostic Value in Prostate Cancer With "Gray-Zone PSA" and Inhibits Cancer Progression via Regulating Glycosylation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:742354. [PMID: 34881177 PMCID: PMC8645591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.742354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the diagnostic value of alpha-l-fucosidase (AFU) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients with “gray-zone PSA” and to investigate the correlation between AFU expression and clinicopathological characteristics of PCa patients. Methods The level of AFU and other necessary clinicopathological variables of patients were retrieved from electronic medical records. The transcriptome profiling and clinical information of PCa patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The protein level of AFU in tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All the data were processed by appropriate analysis methods. The p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results AFU showed ideal diagnostic value for PCa with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ranging from 4 to 10 ng/ml, and its optimal cutoffs were 19.5 U/L. Beyond this, low AFU expression was associated with high pathological grade, T stage and N stage, more postoperative residual tumors, and poor primary therapy outcome, as well as shorter progression-free interval. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis illustrated that FUCA1/FUCA2 exerted tumor-suppressive function by regulating the glycosylation. Conclusions AFU (<19.5 U/L) could effectively distinguish the PCa from the patients with “gray-zone PSA”, and low expression of AFU was an independent unfavorable predictor for the clinicopathological characteristics of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Chao
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dunsheng Han
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Mehta K, Patel K, Pandya S, Patel P. Altered mRNA Expression of Fucosyltransferases and Fucosidase Predicts Prognosis in Human Oral Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:123-131. [PMID: 34703796 PMCID: PMC8496247 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant protein glycosylation is known to be associated with the development of various cancers. Although fucosylation is essential for normal biological functions, alterations in fucosylation are strongly implicated in cancer and increasing metastatic potential. Altered fucosyltarnsferases (FUTs) and fucosidases are found to be involved in many types of malignancies. In this study, we examined the mRNA expressions of fucosidase (FUCA1) and FUTs (FUTs (FUT3, FUT4, FUT5, FUT6, FUT8) in human oral cancer tissues. All FUTs and FUCA1 were significantly (P ≤0.05) down-regulated in malignant tissues in comparison with their adjacent normal tissues. The relationship between the clinicopathological parameters and the expression of FUTs and FUCA1 revealed that higher mRNA levels of FUT4, FUT5, and FUT8 and lower levels of FUT3 were associated with progression of disease and lymph node metastasis in oral carcinoma indicating their role in oral cancer progression. Collectively, results suggest that elevated mRNA levels of FUT4, FUT5 and FUT8 may be used as worst prognostic indicators for oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Mehta
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Biology Department, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Life Science Department, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kinjal Patel
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Biology Department, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shashank Pandya
- Surgical Oncology Department, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Prabhudas Patel
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Biology Department, The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Life Science Department, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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8
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Cao D, Xu N, Chen Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Yuan Z. Construction of a Pearson- and MIC-Based Co-expression Network to Identify Potential Cancer Genes. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 14:245-257. [PMID: 34694561 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method constructs co-expressed gene modules based on the linear similarity between paired gene expressions. Linear correlations are the main form of similarity between genes, however, nonlinear correlations still existed and had always been ignored. We proposed a modified network analysis method, WGCNA-P + M, which combines Pearson's correlation coefficient and the maximum information coefficient (MIC) as the similarity measures to assess the linear and nonlinear correlations between genes, respectively. Taking two real datasets, GSE44861 and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC), as examples, we compared the gene modules constructed by WGCNA-P + M and WGCNA from four perspectives: the "Usefulness" score, GO enrichment analysis on genes in the gray module, prediction performance of the top hub gene, survival analysis and literature reports on different hub genes. The results showed that the modules obtained by WGCNA-P + M are more biological meaningful, the hub genes obtained from WGCNA-P + M have more potential cancer genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Na Xu
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zheming Yuan
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis and Decision-Making, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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9
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Cotton J, Goehring CM, Kuehn A, Maurer A, Fuchs K, Pichler BJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Radiolabeled PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Probe for Visualization of In Vivo α-Fucosidase Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080745. [PMID: 34451843 PMCID: PMC8402005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic hydrolase α-fucosidase (AF) is a biomarker for maladies such as cancer and inflammation. The most advanced probes for α-fucosidase are unfortunately constrained to ex vivo or in vitro applications. The in vivo detection and quantification of AF using positron emission tomography would allow for better discovery and diagnosis of disease as well as provide better understanding of disease progression. We synthesized, characterized, and evaluated a radiolabeled small molecule inhibitor of AF based on a known molecule. The radiosynthesis involved the 11C methylation of a phenoxide, which was generated in situ by ultrasonification of the precursor with sodium hydride. The tracer was produced with a decay corrected yield of 41.7 ± 16.5% and had a molar activity of 65.4 ± 30.3 GBq/μmol. The tracer was shown to be stable in mouse serum at 60 min. To test the new tracer, HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells were engineered to overexpress human AF. In vitro evaluation revealed 3.5-fold higher uptake in HCT116AF cells compared to HCT116 controls (26.4 ± 7.8 vs. 7.5 ± 1.0 kBq/106 cells). Static PET scans 50 min post injection revealed 2.5-fold higher tracer uptake in the HCT116AF tumors (3.0 ± 0.8%ID/cc (n = 6)) compared with the controls (1.2 ± 0.8 (n = 5)). Dynamic scans showed higher uptake in the HCT116AF tumors at all time-points (n = 2). Ex vivo analysis of the tumors, utilizing fluorescent DDK2 antibodies, confirmed the expression of human AF in the HCT116AF xenografts. We have developed a novel PET tracer to image AF in vivo and will now apply this to relevant disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cotton
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-298-2386
| | - Chris Marc Goehring
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Anna Kuehn
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fuchs
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Bernd J. Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.G.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (K.F.); (B.J.P.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Xu L, Li Z, Song S, Chen Q, Mo L, Wang C, Fan W, Yan Y, Tong X, Yan H. Downregulation of α-l-fucosidase 1 suppresses glioma progression by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting macrophage infiltration. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2284-2296. [PMID: 32314457 PMCID: PMC7385365 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α‐l‐Fucosidase 1 (FUCA1), a lysosomal enzyme that catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal fucose residue, has been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, the clinical significance and biological roles of FUCA1 in glioma remain largely unknown. We analyzed FUCA1 expression according to data in Oncomine, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases and further verified FUCA1 expression with immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR analysis in glioma tissues. The results showed that FUCA1 overexpression was significantly associated with high‐grade glioma as well as high mortality rates in the survival analysis. Data analyzed in cBioPortal showed that alterations in FUCA1 (1.4%) were correlated with worse survival in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Functional experiments showed that downregulation of FUCA1 suppressed glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of FUCA1 had the opposite effects on glioma. Mechanistically, transient inhibition of FUCA1 promoted the formation of large acidic vacuoles, as revealed by staining with acridine orange, increased the ratio of LC3‐B/LC3‐A, and modified the expression of Beclin‐1 and Atg12, which are autophagic markers. Upregulation of FUCA1 attenuated starvation‐induced autophagy in glioma. In addition, lower levels of tumor‐infiltrating macrophages, including CD68+ (−30%), F4/80+ (−50%), and CD11c+ macrophages (−50%), were identified in FUCA1‐downregulated glioma tissues, and CCL2/CCL5 neutralizing Abs blocked this effect. These results show that FUCA1 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with glioma by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sirong Song
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lidong Mo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijia Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Deng Y, Zhao Y, Fan W, Peng J, Luo X, Mo Y, Xiao B, Zhang L, Pan Z. Preoperative AFU Is a Useful Serological Prognostic Predictor for Colorectal Liver Oligometastasis Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resection. J Cancer 2019; 10:5049-5056. [PMID: 31602256 PMCID: PMC6775624 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preoperative alpha-l-fucosidase (AFU) has been used as a diagnostic biomarker for several cancers, but its role as a prognostic predictor in colorectal cancer liver oligometastasis (CLOM) patients after radical surgery has not been well defined. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of preoperative serum AFU for CLOM patients after hepatic resection. Methods: A retrospective data set was collected to evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative AFU in CLOM patients after radical hepatic resection. A total of 269 patients with histopathologically confirmed CLOM were enrolled. The optimal cut-off value of preoperative AFU was determined using X-tile software. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the prognostic significance of preoperative serum AFU. Results: The X-tile software showed that the optimal cut-off value of preoperative AFU was set at 30.8 U/L. Patients with preoperative AFU≤30.8 and >30.8 were classified into high and low AFU groups, respectively. Female patients and those with a single liver metastasis had a higher tendency to have a preoperative AFU≤30.8 U/L; patients with lower clinical risk score (CRS) were more likely to have AFU >30.8 U/L than patients with higher CRS. The results showed that preoperative AFU was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) (P=0.041). Patients with a preoperative AFU≤30.8 U/L had a lower OS rate than those with AFU>30.8 U/L. Furthermore, for patients with lower CRS scores (0-2), the tendency clearly showed that patients with higher preoperative AFU had a better prognosis (P=0.029). Conclusions: Higher preoperative serum AFU can predict better survival in CLOM patients after hepatic resection, especially for CLOM patients with lower CRS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Mo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyi Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Yelamanchi SD, Tyagi A, Mohanty V, Dutta P, Korbonits M, Chavan S, Advani J, Madugundu AK, Dey G, Datta KK, Rajyalakshmi M, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Chaturvedi A, Kumar A, Das AA, Ghosh D, Jogdand GM, Nair HH, Saini K, Panchal M, Sarvaiya MA, Mohanraj SS, Sengupta N, Saxena P, Subramani PA, Kumar P, Akkali R, Reshma SV, Santhosh RS, Rastogi S, Kumar S, Ghosh SK, Irlapati VK, Srinivasan A, Radotra BD, Mathur PP, Wong GW, Satishchandra P, Chatterjee A, Gowda H, Bhansali A, Pandey A, Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK. Proteomic Analysis of the Human Anterior Pituitary Gland. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:759-769. [PMID: 30571610 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary function is regulated by a complex system involving the hypothalamus and biological networks within the pituitary. Although the hormones secreted from the pituitary have been well studied, comprehensive analyses of the pituitary proteome are limited. Pituitary proteomics is a field of postgenomic research that is crucial to understand human health and pituitary diseases. In this context, we report here a systematic proteomic profiling of human anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) using high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. A total of 2164 proteins were identified in this study, of which 105 proteins were identified for the first time compared with high-throughput proteomic-based studies from human pituitary glands. In addition, we identified 480 proteins with secretory potential and 187 N-terminally acetylated proteins. These are the first region-specific data that could serve as a vital resource for further investigations on the physiological role of the human anterior pituitary glands and the proteins secreted by them. We anticipate that the identification of previously unknown proteins in the present study will accelerate biomedical research to decipher their role in functioning of the human anterior pituitary gland and associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankur Tyagi
- 2 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Varshasnata Mohanty
- 2 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- 3 Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Márta Korbonits
- 4 Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandip Chavan
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,5 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,5 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,6 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,7 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gourav Dey
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,5 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - M Rajyalakshmi
- 8 Department of Biotechnology, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Abhishek Chaturvedi
- 9 Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- 10 Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Apabrita Ayan Das
- 11 Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- 12 Protein Engineering and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | | | - Haritha H Nair
- 13 Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Keshav Saini
- 14 Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Panchal
- 15 Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | | | - Soundappan S Mohanraj
- 17 Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nabonita Sengupta
- 18 Neuroinflammation Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Priti Saxena
- 14 Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- 20 Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Rakhil Akkali
- 21 Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | | | | | - Sangita Rastogi
- 24 Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- 25 Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Ghosh
- 19 Department of Molecular Parasitology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anand Srinivasan
- 27 Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan Das Radotra
- 28 Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Premendu P Mathur
- 29 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - G William Wong
- 30 Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Aditi Chatterjee
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- 3 Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,5 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,6 Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,7 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,32 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,33 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,34 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,35 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susarla K Shankar
- 36 Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.,37 Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Neurobiology Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- 36 Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.,37 Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Neurobiology Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,2 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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13
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Pappa KI, Kontostathi G, Makridakis M, Lygirou V, Zoidakis J, Daskalakis G, Anagnou NP. High Resolution Proteomic Analysis of the Cervical Cancer Cell Lines Secretome Documents Deregulation of Multiple Proteases. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:507-521. [PMID: 29109100 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic infection by HPV, eventually leads to cervical carcinogenesis, associated by deregulation of specific pathways and protein expression at the intracellular and secretome level. Thus, secretome analysis can elucidate the biological mechanisms contributing to cervical cancer. In the present study we systematically analyzed its constitution in four cervical cell lines employing a highly sensitive proteomic technology coupled with bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC/MS-MS proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed in the secretome of four informative cervical cell lines SiHa (HPV16+), HeLa (HPV18+), C33A (HPV-) and HCK1T (normal). RESULTS The proteomic pattern of each cancer cell line compared to HCK1T was identified and a detailed bioinformatics analysis disclosed inhibition of matrix metalloproteases in cancer cell lines. This prediction was further confirmed via zymography for MMP-2 and MMP-9, western blot analysis for ADAM10 and by MRM for TIMP1. The differential expression of important secreted proteins such as CATD, FUCA1 and SOD2 was also confirmed by western blot analysis. MRM-targeted proteomics analysis confirmed the differential expression of CATD, CATB, SOD2, QPCT and NEU1. CONCLUSION High resolution proteomics analysis of cervical cancer secretome revealed significantly deregulated biological processes and proteins implicated in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi I Pappa
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece .,First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kontostathi
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - George Daskalakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P Anagnou
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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14
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Schneider M, Al-Shareffi E, Haltiwanger RS. Biological functions of fucose in mammals. Glycobiology 2018; 27:601-618. [PMID: 28430973 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucose is a 6-deoxy hexose in the l-configuration found in a large variety of different organisms. In mammals, fucose is incorporated into N-glycans, O-glycans and glycolipids by 13 fucosyltransferases, all of which utilize the nucleotide-charged form, GDP-fucose, to modify targets. Three of the fucosyltransferases, FUT8, FUT12/POFUT1 and FUT13/POFUT2, are essential for proper development in mice. Fucose modifications have also been implicated in many other biological functions including immunity and cancer. Congenital mutations of a Golgi apparatus localized GDP-fucose transporter causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II, which results in severe developmental and immune deficiencies, highlighting the important role fucose plays in these processes. Additionally, changes in levels of fucosylated proteins have proven as useful tools for determining cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Chemically modified fucose analogs can be used to alter many of these fucose dependent processes or as tools to better understand them. In this review, we summarize the known roles of fucose in mammalian physiology and pathophysiology. Additionally, we discuss recent therapeutic advances for cancer and other diseases that are a direct result of our improved understanding of the role that fucose plays in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Esam Al-Shareffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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Vecchio G, Parascandolo A, Allocca C, Ugolini C, Basolo F, Moracci M, Strazzulli A, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Laukkanen MO, Castellone MD, Tsuchida N. Human a-L-fucosidase-1 attenuates the invasive properties of thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27075-27092. [PMID: 28404918 PMCID: PMC5432319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans containing α-L-fucose participate in diverse interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. High glycan expression on cell surface is often associated with neoplastic progression. The lysosomal exoenzyme, α-L-fucosidase-1 (FUCA-1) removes fucose residues from glycans. The FUCA-1 gene is down-regulated in highly aggressive and metastatic human tumors. However, the role of FUCA-1 in tumor progression remains unclear. It is speculated that its inactivation perturbs glycosylation of proteins involved in cell adhesion and promotes cancer. FUCA-1 expression of various thyroid normal and cancer tissues assayed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was high in normal thyroids and papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), whereas it progressively decreased in poorly differentiated, metastatic and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC). FUCA-1 mRNA expression from tissue samples and cell lines and protein expression levels and enzyme activity in thyroid cancer cell lines paralleled those of IHC staining. Furthermore, ATC-derived 8505C cells adhesion to human E-selectin and HUVEC cells was inhibited by bovine α-L-fucosidase or Lewis antigens, thus pointing to an essential role of fucose residues in the adhesive phenotype of this cancer cell line. Finally, 8505C cells transfected with a FUCA-1 containing plasmid displayed a less invasive phenotype versus the parental 8505C. These results demonstrate that FUCA-1 is down-regulated in ATC compared to PTC and normal thyroid tissues and cell lines. As shown for other human cancers, the down-regulation of FUCA-1 correlates with increased aggressiveness of the cancer type. This is the first report indicating that the down-regulation of FUCA-1 is related to the increased aggressiveness of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Oncologia, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples and Via Balbi 5, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Allocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Nobuo Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Bonin S, Parascandolo A, Aversa C, Barbazza R, Tsuchida N, Castellone MD, Stanta G, Vecchio G. Reduced expression of α-L-Fucosidase-1 (FUCA-1) predicts recurrence and shorter cancer specific survival in luminal B LN+ breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15228-15238. [PMID: 29632639 PMCID: PMC5880599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lysosomal enzyme α-L-Fucosidase-1 (FUCA-1) catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of terminal fucose residues. FUCA-1 gene is down-regulated in highly aggressive and metastatic human tumors as its inactivation perturbs the fucosylation of proteins involved in cell adhesion, migration and metastases. Results Negativity to FUCA-1 was significantly related to the development of later recurrences in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvement at diagnosis. Cancer specific survival of luminal B LN+ patients was influenced by FUCA-1 expression as luminal B LN+ patients with positive expression had a longer cancer specific survival. FUCA-1 mRNA expression was inversely related to cancer stage and lymph node involvement. WB and qPCR analysis of FUCA-1 expression in breast cancer-derived cell lines confirmed an inverse relationship with tumor aggressiveness. Conclusions This study shows that, within LN+ breast cancer patients, FUCA-1 is able to identify a sub-set of non recurrent patients characterized by the positive expression of FUCA-1 and that, within luminal B LN+ patients, the expression of FUCA-1 predicts longer cancer specific survival. Methods We have analyzed FUCA-1 in 305 breast cancer patients by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and by qPCR in breast cancer patients and in breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bonin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Trieste-Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Aversa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Trieste-Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Renzo Barbazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Trieste-Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nobuo Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Giorgio Stanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Trieste-Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Oncologia, Naples, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Oncologia, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Donnelly C, Dykstra B, Mondal N, Huang J, Kaskow BJ, Griffin R, Sackstein R, Baecher-Allan C. Optimizing human Treg immunotherapy by Treg subset selection and E-selectin ligand expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:420. [PMID: 29323143 PMCID: PMC5765004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While human Tregs hold immense promise for immunotherapy, their biologic variability poses challenges for clinical use. Here, we examined clinically-relevant activities of defined subsets of freshly-isolated and culture-expanded human PBMC-derived Tregs. Unlike highly suppressive but plastic memory Tregs (memTreg), naïve Tregs (nvTreg) exhibited the greatest proliferation, suppressive capacity after stimulation, and Treg lineage fidelity. Yet, unlike memTregs, nvTregs lack Fucosyltransferase VII and display low sLeX expression, with concomitant poor homing capacity. In vitro nvTreg expansion augmented their suppressive function, but did not alter the nvTreg sLeX-l°w glycome. However, exofucosylation of the nvTreg surface yielded high sLeX expression, promoting endothelial adhesion and enhanced inhibition of xenogeneic aGVHD. These data indicate that the immature Treg glycome is under unique regulation and that adult PBMCs can be an ideal source of autologous-derived therapeutic Tregs, provided that subset selection and glycan engineering are engaged to optimize both their immunomodulation and tropism for inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Donnelly
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brad Dykstra
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Platelet Biogenesis, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Mondal
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Junning Huang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Belinda J Kaskow
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Russell Griffin
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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18
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Tsuchida N, Ikeda MA, Ιshino Υ, Grieco M, Vecchio G. FUCA1 is induced by wild-type p53 and expressed at different levels in thyroid cancers depending on p53 status. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:2043-2048. [PMID: 28440416 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucose residues of cell surface glycans, which play important roles in growth, invasion and metastasis, are added by fucosyltransferases (FUTs) and removed by α-L-fucosidases (FUCAs). By the differential display method, we isolated a 3' non-coding region of α-L-fucosidase-1 (FUCA1) (a gene coding for the lysosomal fucosidase-1 enzyme) as a wild-type p53-inducible gene: 18S and 20S FUCA1 mRNA species were induced in Saos-2 cells transfected with a temperature-sensitive p53 mutant at the permissive temperature. By microarray analyses of thyroid cancer biopsy samples, FUCA1 RNA expression levels were found to be lower in anaplastic thyroid cancer samples (ATCs), while they were higher in papillary thyroid cancer samples (PTCs) and in normal thyroid tissues. Since most ATCs were reported to carry the mutated form of p53, while PTCs carry mostly the wild-type form of p53, it is likely that FUCA1 expression levels are regulated, at least in part, by the p53 status in thyroid cancers. In order to better understand the role played by FUCA genes in thyroid tumorigenesis, we examined the clonogenic potential in vitro of thyroid cell lines transfected with either FUCA1 or FUCA2 (the latter gene coding for a secreted, non-lysosomal enzyme). We found that α-L-fucosidases did not suppress grossly cell growth. Contrary to what we observed with the expression of FUCA1, the FUT8 expression levels were found high in ATCs but lower in PTCs and normal thyroid tissues. Taken together, these results suggest the possibility that the higher fucose levels on cell surface glycans of aggressive ATCs, compared to those of less aggressive PTCs, may be at least in part responsible for the more aggressive and metastatic phenotype of ATCs compared to PTCs, as the expression levels of FUCA1 and FUT8 were inversely related in these two types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Υoshizumu Ιshino
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Michele Grieco
- DiSTABiF, Department of Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Biological and Pharmaceutical, The University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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19
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Silva M, Fung RKF, Donnelly CB, Videira PA, Sackstein R. Cell-Specific Variation in E-Selectin Ligand Expression among Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Implications for Immunosurveillance and Pathobiology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3576-3587. [PMID: 28330896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both host defense and immunopathology are shaped by the ordered recruitment of circulating leukocytes to affected sites, a process initiated by binding of blood-borne cells to E-selectin displayed at target endothelial beds. Accordingly, knowledge of the expression and function of leukocyte E-selectin ligands is key to understanding the tempo and specificity of immunoreactivity. In this study, we performed E-selectin adherence assays under hemodynamic flow conditions coupled with flow cytometry and Western blot analysis to elucidate the function and structural biology of glycoprotein E-selectin ligands expressed on human PBMCs. Circulating monocytes uniformly express high levels of the canonical E-selectin binding determinant sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) and display markedly greater adhesive interactions with E-selectin than do circulating lymphocytes, which exhibit variable E-selectin binding among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but no binding by B cells. Monocytes prominently present sLeX decorations on an array of protein scaffolds, including P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, CD43, and CD44 (rendering the E-selectin ligands cutaneous lymphocyte Ag, CD43E, and hematopoietic cell E-selectin/L-selectin ligand, respectively), and B cells altogether lack E-selectin ligands. Quantitative PCR gene expression studies of glycosyltransferases that regulate display of sLeX reveal high transcript levels among circulating monocytes and low levels among circulating B cells, and, commensurately, cell surface α(1,3)-fucosylation reveals that acceptor sialyllactosaminyl glycans convertible into sLeX are abundantly expressed on human monocytes yet are relatively deficient on B cells. Collectively, these findings unveil distinct cell-specific patterns of E-selectin ligand expression among human PBMCs, indicating that circulating monocytes are specialized to engage E-selectin and providing key insights into the molecular effectors mediating recruitment of these cells at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ronald Kam Fai Fung
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Medical Training and Administration Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia; and
| | - Conor Brian Donnelly
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paula Alexandra Videira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.,Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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20
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Ezawa I, Sawai Y, Kawase T, Okabe A, Tsutsumi S, Ichikawa H, Kobayashi Y, Tashiro F, Namiki H, Kondo T, Semba K, Aburatani H, Taya Y, Nakagama H, Ohki R. Novel p53 target gene FUCA1 encodes a fucosidase and regulates growth and survival of cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:734-45. [PMID: 26998741 PMCID: PMC4968591 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 functions by inducing the transcription of a collection of target genes. We previously attempted to identify p53 target genes by microarray expression and ChIP‐sequencing analyses. In this study, we describe a novel p53 target gene, FUCA1, which encodes a fucosidase. Although fucosidase, α‐l‐1 (FUCA1) has been reported to be a lysosomal protein, we detected it outside of lysosomes and observed that its activity is highest at physiological pH. As there is a reported association between fucosylation and tumorigenesis, we investigated the potential role of FUCA1 in cancer. We found that overexpression of FUCA1, but not a mutant defective in enzyme activity, suppressed the growth of cancer cells and induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that FUCA1 reduced fucosylation and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor, and concomitantly suppressed epidermal growth factor signaling pathways. FUCA1 loss‐of‐function mutations are found in several cancers, its expression is reduced in cancers of the large intestine, and low FUCA1 expression is associated with poorer prognosis in several cancers. These results show that protein defucosylation mediated by FUCA1 is involved in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Ezawa
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sawai
- Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawase
- Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsutsumi
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumio Tashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Namiki
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Taya
- Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Ohki
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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McDonald AG, Tipton KF, Davey GP. A Knowledge-Based System for Display and Prediction of O-Glycosylation Network Behaviour in Response to Enzyme Knockouts. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004844. [PMID: 27054587 PMCID: PMC4824424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of mucin-type protein, changes to which are important biomarkers of cancer. For this study of the enzymes of O-glycosylation, we developed a shorthand notation for representing GalNAc-linked oligosaccharides, a method for their graphical interpretation, and a pattern-matching algorithm that generates networks of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Software for generating glycans from the enzyme activities is presented, and is also available online. The degree distributions of the resulting enzyme-reaction networks were found to be Poisson in nature. Simple graph-theoretic measures were used to characterise the resulting reaction networks. From a study of in-silico single-enzyme knockouts of each of 25 enzymes known to be involved in mucin O-glycan biosynthesis, six of them, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4Gal-T4), four glycosyltransferases and one sulfotransferase, play the dominant role in determining O-glycan heterogeneity. In the absence of β4Gal-T4, all Lewis X, sialyl-Lewis X, Lewis Y and Sda/Cad glycoforms were eliminated, in contrast to knockouts of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases, which did not affect the relative abundances of O-glycans expressing these epitopes. A set of 244 experimentally determined mucin-type O-glycans obtained from the literature was used to validate the method, which was able to predict up to 98% of the most common structures obtained from human and engineered CHO cell glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. McDonald
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith F. Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gavin P. Davey
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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McGowan I, Janocko L, Burneisen S, Bhat A, Richardson-Harman N. Variability of cytokine gene expression in intestinal tissue and the impact of normalization with the use of reference genes. Cytokine 2015; 71:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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