Antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Artificial intelligence derived categorizations significantly improve HOMA IR/β indicators: Combating diabetes through cross-interacting drugs

Improvements in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-β) significantly reduce the risk of disabling diabetic pathies. Nanoparticle (AuNP-AgNP)-metformin are concentration dependent cross-interacting drugs as they may have a synergistic as well as antagonistic effect(s) on HOMA indicators when administered concurrently. We have employed a blend of machine learning: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and evolutionary optimization: multiobjective Genetic Algorithms (GA) to discover the optimum regime of the nanoparticle-metformin combination. We demonstrated how to successfully employ a tested and validated ANN to classify the exposed drug regimen into categories of interest based on gradient information. This study also prescribed standard categories of interest for the exposure of multiple diabetic drug regimen. The application of categorization greatly reduces the time and effort involved in reaching the optimum combination of multiple drug regimen based on the category of interest. Exposure of optimum AuNP, AgNP and Metformin to Diabetic rats significantly improved HOMA β functionality (∼63 %), Insulin resistance (HOMA IR) of Diabetic animals was also reduced significantly (∼54 %). The methods explained in the study are versatile and are not limited to only diabetic drugs.

Docosahexaenoic acid-loaded nanoparticles: A state-of-the-art of preparation methods, characterization, functionality, and therapeutic applications

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, offers several beneficial effects. DHA helps in reducing depression, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. It can stimulate the development of brain and nerve, alleviate lipids metabolism-related disorders, and enhance vision development. However, DHA susceptibility to chemical oxidation, poor water solubility, and unpleasant order could restrict its applications for nutritional and therapeutic purposes. To avoid these drawbacks and enhance its bioavailability, DHA can be encapsulated using an effective delivery system. Several encapsulation methods are recognized, and DHA-loaded nanoparticles have demonstrated numerous benefits. In clinical studies, positive influences on the development of several diseases have been reported, but some assumptions are conflicting and need more exploration, since DHA has a systemic and not a targeted release at the required level. This might cause the applications of nanoparticles that could allow DHA release at the required level and improve its efficiency, thus resulting in a better controlling of several diseases. In the current review, we focused on researches investigating the formulation and development of DHA-loaded nanoparticles using different delivery systems, including low-density lipoprotein, zinc oxide, silver, zein, and resveratrol-stearate. Silver-DHA nanoparticles presented a typical particle size of 24 nm with an incorporation level of 97.67 %, while the entrapment efficiency of zinc oxide-DHA nanoparticles represented 87.3 %. By using zein/Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) stabilized nanoparticles, DHA's encapsulation level reached 84.6 %. We have also highlighted the characteristics, functionality and medical implementation of these nanoparticles in the treatment of inflammations, brain disorders, diabetes as well as hepatocellular carcinoma.

Preparation of bio-synthesized Ag nanoparticles and assessment of their antidiabetic and antioxidant potential against STZ-induced diabetic albino rats

Bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully obtained using the leaf extract from Ventilago maderaspatana. Extensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the bioderived AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed their cubic structure, and revealed a well-defined size distribution with average crystallite size of 11.7  nm. FE-SEM and TEM images visually supported the observed size range. The presence of plant-mediated phytochemicals on the surface of AgNPs was confirmed through DLS, FTIR, and TGA/DTA studies. To assess their antidiabetic potential, rats were induced with streptozotocin, resulting in elevated levels of biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. Conversely, serum insulin levels (2.50 ± 0.55) and glucokinase activity (64.50 ± 8.66) decreased. However, treatment with AgNPs demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, total protein, albumin, and HbA1c levels, effectively restoring them to normal ranges. Moreover, the treatment significantly increased insulin levels (7.55 ± 0.63) and glucokinase activity (121.50 ± 4.60), indicating the antidiabetic potential of V. maderaspatana-mediated AgNPs. Notably, the exitance of phytochemicals, like flavonoids and phenols, on the surface of AgNPs facilitated their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation. This property enhanced their overall antidiabetic efficiency.

Evaluation of lupeol-chitosan nanoparticles infused cellulose acetate membranes for enhanced in-vitro anticancer and antidiabetic activities

This study utilizes the abundance of pharmacologically active compounds found in natural products and concentrates on the promising anticancer agent lupeol (LUP). The limited water solubility and bioavailability of lupeol have limited its therapeutic utility. To test their potential for treating diabetes and cancer, we synthesized lupeol@chitosan (LUP@CS) nanoparticles encapsulated in cellulose acetate (CA) membranes (LUP@CS/CA). Extensive characterization, including Scanning electron microscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and mechanical strength analysis, confirmed the membrane's structural integrity and drug release capacity. Notably, in vitro experiments utilizing A431 human skin cancer cells revealed remarkable anticancer activity, positioning the membrane as a potential novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin cancer. Inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes effectively, as evidenced by IC50 values as low as 54.56 mg/mL, the membrane also exhibited significant antidiabetic potential. These results demonstrate the multifarious potential of the membrane, which offers promise for both the treatment of skin cancer and the management of diabetes, and has significant implications for nano biological applications.

Nanomaterials in Medicine: Understanding Cellular Uptake, Localization, and Retention for Enhanced Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as promising tools for disease diagnosis and therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties. To maximize the effectiveness and design of NMs-based medical applications, it is essential to comprehend the complex mechanisms of cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and cellular retention. This review illuminates the various pathways that NMs take to get from the extracellular environment to certain intracellular compartments by investigating the various mechanisms that underlie their interaction with cells. The cellular uptake of NMs involves complex interactions with cell membranes, encompassing endocytosis, phagocytosis, and other active transport mechanisms. Unique uptake patterns across cell types highlight the necessity for customized NMs designs. After internalization, NMs move through a variety of intracellular routes that affect where they are located subcellularly. Understanding these pathways is pivotal for enhancing the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents and imaging probes. Furthermore, the cellular retention of NMs plays a critical role in sustained therapeutic efficacy and long-term imaging capabilities. Factors influencing cellular retention include nanoparticle size, surface chemistry, and the cellular microenvironment. Strategies for prolonging cellular retention are discussed, including surface modifications and encapsulation techniques. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and cellular retention of NMs is essential for advancing their application in disease diagnosis and therapy. This review provides insights into the intricate interplay between NMs and biological systems, offering a foundation for the rational design of next-generation nanomedicines.

Zinc-Phthalocyanine Loaded PLGA-PVA-Chitosan Nanosystem for the Enhancement of Antidiabetic Activity

Zinc, one of the most common nutraceutical agents, proved to be effective for diabetes as it regulates the blood glucose level by inhibiting glucagon secretion. However, the hepatotoxicity of zinc creates necrosis, hepatic glycogen depletion, and apoptosis of hepatocytes at the concentration of 10 μg/kg. Phthalocyanine, a blue-colored compound, is an aromatic macrocyclic compound with good antioxidant ability owing to its heterocyclic nitrogen conjugation. The conjugation of zinc with phthalocyanine aimed to reduce the toxicity associated with zinc and enhance the antidiabetic activity at a lower dose. Hence, the present research work possessed the insights of the synthetic aspect of zinc with phthalocyanine along with its entrapment in the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-chitosan nanosystem via oral administration in the treatment of diabetes. A nanoprecipitation technique was implemented for the synthesis of PLGA chitosan nanoparticles, and formulation was further optimized using a central composite design. Twenty trials provided by the software selected optimum concentrations of PLGA, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and chitosan in consideration with particle size up to 335.6 nm, zeta potential 27.87 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 75.67 ± 8.13%. Addition of chitosan to the nanocarrier system for controlling the release of the drug for 3 days was accompanied by the improvement in the glucose level within 28 days. The delivery of the nanoparticles showed enhancement in the cholesterol, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urine parameters, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The application of DoE (design of experiments) for the optimization of the nanoparticles established a controlled release formulation for diabetes, which displayed safety and effectiveness in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Assessment of Biotransformed Silica Nanoparticle on Blood Glucose Level in Human: An In Vitro Investigation

Diabetes has affected nearly half a billion people worldwide. According to current guidelines, glycemic control is essential to mitigate diabetic complications. The antihyperglycemic effects of various chemically synthesized nanoparticles have been reported in animal models. However, their impact on humans has not been previously reported. This study was conducted to biosynthesize and assess the antihyperglycemic property of silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) since they are non-toxic and biocompatible. SiO2-NPs biosynthesized using the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. In this collaborative study, 26 people, either hyperglycemic or euglycemic, diagnosed at the Endocrinology Outpatients, according to the American Diabetes Association, USA, were recruited. Silica nanoparticles were characterized and assessed for in vitro antihyperglycemic property using blood samples. Particle size distribution based on TEM images confirms that the average size of silica nanoparticle is 25 nm and is monodispersed in nature. The XRD pattern shows that only one broad peak at 2θ = 220 corresponds to the plane (101) of silica nanoparticles. UV Visible spectra show the λmax at 270 nm, peaks in FTIR at 1536 cm-1, 1640 cm-1, and 3420 cm-1 for the protein cap. The mean blood glucose was 120.2 mg/dL in the 'SiO2-NP untreated' group and decreased to 97.24 mg/dL in the 'SiO2-NP treated' group. A paired t-test (P-value < 0.0001) indicates a strong relationship between antihyperglycemia and silica NP. In our study, it has been observed that the biosynthesized silica nanoparticles using the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum show antihyperglycemic property in vitro.

Graphical Abstract

Effect of zinc oxide nanocomposite and ginger extract on lipid profile, glucose, pancreatic tissue and expression of Gpx1 and Tnf-α genes in diabetic rat model

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a life-threatening health condition that requires expensive treatment and places a significant financial burden on society. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the potential of low and high concentrations of ginger extract, ZnO-NPs, and a combination of both to help manage diabetes and reduce high levels of lipids in diabetic rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The research focused on agglomerated nanoparticles under 100 nm, specifically ZnO nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles was determined using X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis, with a monodisperse particle size distribution of 20 to 48 nm and an average size of 38 nm, as shown by dynamic light scattering. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of typical peaks of ginger extract and ZnO-NPs in the nanocomposite structure. The pancreatic tissue histopathological study indicated that a concentration of 10 mg/kg of the composite had the most significant antidiabetic effect compared to other treatments. Lower concentrations could significantly reduce and balance fasting blood sugar and triglycerides levels while also increasing the high-density lipoproteins levels. However, all treatments induced a significant decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins levels. Only metformin and ZnO-NPs in lower concentrations could decrease very low-density lipoproteins levels. The molecular technique showed that a low concentration of the composite led to the most significant decrease in Tnf-α gene expression compared to the diabetic group. The expression of the glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) gene in treated groups had no significant difference with the level of Gpx1 expression in the control rats.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, this study demonstrated that lower concentrations of the treatments, especially composite, were more effective for treating diabetic rats due to reduced pancreatic tissue damage.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials.

METHODS

These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays.

RESULTS

Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Nanomedicines based on trace elements for intervention of diabetes mellitus

Epidemiology shows that the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing year by year globally. Proper interventions are highly aspired for diabetics to improve the quality of life and prevent development of chronic complications. Trace elements, also known as microelements, are chemical substances that are present in our body in minute amounts. They are necessitated by the body for growth, development and functional metabolism. For the past few years, trace element nanoparticles have aroused considerable interest as a burgeoning form of nanomedicines in antidiabetic applications. These microelement-based nanomedicines can regulate glucose metabolism in several ways, showing great potential for diabetes management. Starting from the pathophysiology of diabetes, the state-of-the-art of diabetes treatment, the physiological roles of trace elements, various emerging trace element nanoparticles specific for diabetes were comprehensively reviewed in this work. Our findings disclose that trace element nanoparticles can fight against diabetes by lowering blood glucose, promoting insulin secretion, alleviating glucose intolerance, improving insulin sensitivity, ameliorating lipid profile, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant stress, and other mechanisms. In conclusion, trace element nanoparticles can be applied as nanomedicines or dietary modifiers for effective intervention for diabetes.

Aldose Reductase and Protein Glycation Inhibitory Activity of Dark Chocolate-Assisted Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Introduction One of the most common health issues that the global population is dealing with is the associated complications of diabetes, which encompasses cataracts, peripheral neuropathy, vascular damage, impaired wound healing, retinal issues, and arterial wall stiffening. The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of dark chocolate and its assisted zinc oxide nanoparticles against diabetes-associated complications. Materials and methods Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using commercially dark chocolate (DC-ZnO NP). The synthesized DC-ZnO NPs were evaluated against recombinant aldose reductase (AR) activity and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Aminoguanidine and gallic acid were used as reference standards for AGE assay and sorbitol accumulation inhibition, respectively. Results The results of the present study showed that green synthesized DC-ZnO NP had a significant dose-dependent inhibitory activity on both AR and AGEs. The inhibitory activity was compared to that of quercetin and aminoguanidine, respectively. Conclusion Targeting the endogenous antioxidant systems like AGEs and AR enzymes seems to provide a promising therapeutic approach, thus concluding that ZnO-NP could be a promising agent for treating diabetes-related complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy that provide grounds for further clinical investigations and trials.

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Oscimum sanctum Leaf Extract and Studies on Its Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties

The green synthesis of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs) has gained considerable attention among researchers as it is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, and nontoxic. We have synthesized silver NPs (Ag NPs) with Oscimum sanctum (holy Tulsi) medicinal plant leaf extract by green synthesis methods. Further, we investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the synthesized Ag NPs. Oscimum sanctum leaf extract has secondary metabolites such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which play a significant role in the synthesis of Ag NPs. Subsequently, these bioactive molecules get adsorbed on the large surfaces of the synthesized NPs. Spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible absorption, Fourier-transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy have been used to study and characterize the phytosynthesized Ag NPs. The XRD pattern confirms the formation of crystalline Ag NPs with a high degree of intensity. UV-visible absorption spectra confirm the surface plasmon resonance peak in the range of 440-450 nm. A scanning electron microscopy picture reveals homogeneous growth of Ag NPs with particle sizes of 200-400 nm; however, crystallite size along different planes has been estimated in the range of 18-23 nm. We have found that these Ag NPs synthesized with Oscimum sanctum leaf extract show inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro. Our findings further reveal that these Ag NPs are more effective in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria as compared to other bacterial strains.

Investigating the fate and toxicity of green synthesized gold nanoparticles in albino mice

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the acute and chronic adverse effects of ∼50 nm (nanometer) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using Ziziphus zizyphus leaf extract in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE

AuNPs have shown promise for medical applications, but their safety and biocompatibility need to be addressed. Understanding the potential adverse effects of AuNPs is crucial to ensure their safe use in medical applications.

METHODS

The ∼50 nm AuNPs were synthesized using Ziziphus zizyphus leaf extract and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. Mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of AuNPs at a dose of 1 g/mg (grams per milligram) or a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days. Various parameters, including gold bioaccumulation, survival, behavior, body weight, and blood glucose levels, were measured. Histopathological changes and organ indices were assessed.

RESULTS

Gold levels in the blood and heart did not significantly increase with daily administration of AuNPs. However, there were proportional increases in gold content observed in the liver, spleen, and kidney, indicating effective tissue uptake. Histopathological alterations were predominantly observed in the kidney, suggesting potential tissue injury.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study indicate that ∼50 nm AuNPs synthesized using Z. zizyphus leaf extract can induce adverse effects, particularly in the kidney, in mice. These results highlight the importance of addressing safety concerns when using AuNPs in medical applications. Further investigations that encompass a comprehensive set of toxicological parameters are necessary to confirm the long-term adverse effects of AuNP exposure.

Cellular Alterations in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Due to Interactions with Nanomaterials

Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties that are useful for a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications; nevertheless, increasing concern exists about their biosafety. This review aims to focus on the implications of nanoparticles in cellular metabolism and their outcomes. In particular, some NPs have the ability to modify glucose and lipid metabolism, and this feature is especially interesting to treat diabetes and obesity and to target cancer cells. However, the lack of specificity to reach target cells and the toxicological evaluation of nontargeted cells can potentially induce detrimental side effects, closely related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, identifying the metabolic alterations caused by NPs, independent of their application, is highly needed. To our knowledge, this increase would lead to the improvement and safer use with a reduced toxicity, increasing the number of available NPs for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

Biological characterization of microwave based synthesized ZnO and Ce doped ZnO nanoflowers impeded chitosan matrix with enhanced antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties

The chitosan matrix was used as a substrate for ZnO nanoflowers (ZnO/CH) and Ce-doped ZnO nanoflowers (Ce-ZnO/CH) by microwave-induced hydrothermal synthesis processes. The obtained hybrid structures were assessed as enhanced antioxidant and antidiabetic agents considering the synergetic effect of the different components. The integration of chitosan and cerium induced significantly the biological activity of ZnO flower-like particles. Ce-doped ZnO nano-flowers show higher activities than both ZnO nanoflowers and ZnO/CH composite reflecting the strong effect of surface electrons that were formed by the doping process as compared to the high interactive interface of the chitosan substrate. As an antioxidant the synthetic Ce-ZnO/CH composite achieved remarkable scavenging efficiencies for DPPH (92.4 ± 1.33 %), nitric oxide (95.2 ± 1.81 %), ABTS (90.4 ± 1.64 %), and superoxide (52.8 ± 1.22 %) radicals which are significantly higher values than Ascorbic acid as standard and the commercially used ZnO nanoparticles. Also, its antidiabetic efficiency enhanced greatly achieving strong inhibition effects on porcine α-amylase (93.6 ± 1.66 %), crude α-amylase (88.7 ± 1.82 %), pancreatic α-glucosidase (98.7 ± 1.26 %), crude intestinal α-glucosidase (96.8 ± 1.16 %), and amyloglucosidase (97.2 ± 1.72 %) enzymes. The recognized inhibition percentages are notably higher than the determined percentages using miglitol drug and slightly higher than acarbose. This recommends the Ce-ZnO/CH composite as a potential antidiabetic and antioxidant agent compared with the high cost and the reported side effects of the commonly used chemical drug.

Biological Activities of Sargassum Algae Mediated ZnO and Co Doped ZnO Nanoparticles as Enhanced Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Agents

Brown macroalgae (BMG) were used as carriers for ZnO (ZnO/BMG) and cobalt-doped ZnO (Co-ZnO/BMG) via facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The multifunctional structures of synthesized composites were evaluated as enhanced antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents based on the synergistic effects of ZnO, Co-ZnO, and BMG. BMG substrate incorporation and cobalt doping notably enhanced the bioactivity of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. As an antioxidant, the Co-ZnO/BMG composite exhibited highly effective scavenging properties for the common free reactive oxygen radicals (DPPH [89.6 ± 1.5%], nitric oxide [90.2 ± 1.3%], ABTS [87.7 ± 1.8%], and O2●- [46.7 ± 1.9%]) as compared to ascorbic acid. Additionally, its anti-diabetic activity was enhanced significantly and strongly inhibited essential oxidative enzymes (porcine α-amylase (90.6 ± 1.5%), crude α-amylase (84.3 ± 1.8%), pancreatic α-glucosidase (95.7 ± 1.4%), crude intestinal α-glucosidase (93.4 ± 1.8%), and amyloglucosidase (96.2 ± 1.4%)). Co-ZnO/BMG inhibitory activity was higher than that of miglitol, and in some cases, higher than or close to that of acarbose. Therefore, the synthetic Co-ZnO/BMG composite can be used as a commercial anti-diabetic and antioxidant agent, considering the cost and adverse side effects of current drugs. The results also demonstrate the impact of cobalt doping and BMG integration on the biological activity of ZnO.

Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluations of Green ZnO-Decorated Acid-Activated Bentonite-Mediated Curcumin Extract (ZnO@CU/BE) as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Agents

Green ZnO-decorated acid-activated bentonite-mediated curcumin extract (ZnO@CU/BE) was prepared as a multifunctional antioxidant and antidiabetic agent based on the extract of curcumin, which was used as a reducing and capping reagent. ZnO@CU/BE showed notably enhanced antioxidant properties against nitric oxide (88.6 ± 1.58%), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (90.2 ± 1.76%), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (87.3 ± 1.61%), and superoxide (39.5 ± 1.12%) radicals. These percentages are higher than the reported values of ascorbic acid as a standard and the integrated components of the structure (CU, BE/CU, and ZnO). This signifies the impact of the bentonite substrate on enhancing the solubility, stability, dispersion, and release rate of the intercalated curcumin-based phytochemicals, in addition to enhancing the exposure interface of ZnO nanoparticles. Therefore, effective antidiabetic properties were observed, with significant inhibition effects on porcine pancreatic α-amylase (76.8 ± 1.87%), murine pancreatic α-amylase (56.5 ± 1.67%), pancreatic α-glucosidase (96.5 ± 1.07%), murine intestinal α-glucosidase (92.5 ± 1.10%), and amyloglucosidase (93.7 ± 1.55%) enzymes. These values are higher than those determined using commercial miglitol and are close to the values measured using acarbose. Hence, the structure can be applied as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.

Synthesis and Characterization of Green Zinc-Metal-Pillared Bentonite Mediated Curcumin Extract (Zn@CN/BE) as an Enhanced Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetes Agent

Green zinc-metal-pillared bentonite mediated curcumin extract (Zn@CN/BE) was synthesized and characterized as a low-cost and multifunctional (curcumin-based phytochemicals, zinc-capped curcumin, zinc/curcumin complexes, and zinc-pillared bentonite) antioxidant and antidiabetic agent with enhanced activity. The activities of the Zn@CN/BE structure were assessed in comparison with curcumin and ZnO as individual components and in the presence of miglitol and acarbose commercial drugs as controls. The structure validated remarkable antioxidant activities against the common oxidizing radicals (nitric oxide (94.7 ± 1.83%), DPPH (96.4 ± 1.63%), ABTS (92.8 ± 1.33%), and superoxide (62.3 ± 1.63 %)) and inhibition activities against the main oxidizing enzymes (porcine α-amylase (89.3 ± 1.13%), murine α-amylase (70.8 ± 1.54%), pancreatic α-Glucosidase (99.3 ± 1.23%), intestinal α-Glucosidase (97.7 ± 1.24%), and amyloglucosidase (98.4 ± 1.64%)). The reported activities are higher than the activities of individual components and the studied ascorbic acid as well as the commercial drugs. This enhancement effect was assigned to the impact of the zinc pillaring process within the curcumin/bentonite host, which induced the stability, dispersions, and interactive interface of the essential active compounds in addition to the solubility and release rate of the intercalated curcumin extract. This paper recommends the application of the Zn@CN/BE structure as an enhanced, low-cost, biocompatible, safe, and simply produced antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.

Antioxidant effects of silver nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis from the aqueous extract of Eryngium carlinae on the brain mitochondria of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that affects practically all tissues and organs, being the brain one of most susceptible, due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species induced by diabetes. Eryngium carlinae is a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat diabetes, which has already been experimentally shown have hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. The green synthesis of nanoparticles is a technique that combines plant extracts with metallic nanoparticles, so that the nanoparticles reduce the absorption and distribution time of drugs or compounds, increasing their effectiveness. In this work, the antioxidant effects and mitochondrial function in the brain were evaluated, as well as the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in serum of both the aqueous extract of the aerial part of E. carlinae, as well as its combination with silver nanoparticles of green synthesis. Administration with both, extract and the combination significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and restored the activity of superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase, and electron transport chain complexes in brain, while that the extract-nanoparticle combination decreased blood glucose and triglyceride levels. The results obtained suggest that both treatments have oxidative activity and restore mitochondrial function in the brain of diabetic rats.

The therapeutic prospect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal failure. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are promising antidiabetic agents. Our aim was to evaluate the prospective efficacy of ZnO-NPs in treating DN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were randomly dispersed into three sets: control group, DN group and DN + ZnO-NPs group. ZnO-NPs were given at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Urine and blood samples were processed for biochemical analyses. Kidney samples were managed for light and electron microscopy studies. Immune histochemical staining of P53, aquaporin11 (AQP11) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) were performed. Gene analyses of nephrin, podocin, beclin-1, LC3 and p62 were done. Administration of ZnO-NPs ameliorated the functional and histopathological alterations of the kidney in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. ZnO-NPs retained the constancy of the glomerular filtration barrier and restored almost normal renal structure. This was confirmed by upregulation of mRNA expression of podocyte markers (nephrin and podocin) and AQP11 immune histochemical expression in the renal tubules. The beneficial outcomes of ZnO-NPs might be attributed to activation of autophagy through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway. ZnO-NPs enhanced beclin-1 and LC3 mRNA expressions and reduced p62 mRNA expression. ZnO-NPs also exerted anti-apoptotic potential (evidenced by the decrease in p53 immune expression), anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect [endorsed by suppression of serum cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, tissue nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) level and blood hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α) level]. These results may point the way to an effective therapy of DN.Abbreviations: AQP11 Aquaporin11; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; DAB: 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DN: Diabetic nephropathy; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; H&E: Hematoxylin & eosin; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factors; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa beta; NPs: Nanoparticles; PAS: Periodic acid Schiff; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; STZ: Streptozotocin; X ± SEM: Mean ± standard error of means; Zn: Zinc; ZnO-NPs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Anti-diabetic efficacy and selective inhibition of methyl glyoxal, intervention with biogenic Zinc oxide nanoparticle

Non-enzymatic glycation of biomolecules results in advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are responsible for secondary complications in diabetes. Inhibiting methyl glyoxal (MGO) induced advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation is the only way to alleviate diabetic complications. This study aimed to look into the abilities of herbal extract Kigelia africana and K. africana synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to inhibit the emergence of MG-derived AGEs. The study intended to determine antioxidant and AGE inhibition of the plant extract and ZnONPs. ZnONPs were tested for the efficiency of anti-diabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wister rats. We discovered that the MGO-trapping effects on the prevention of AGE production were mediated by the downregulation of the amplification of MGO-trapping impacts on the hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of ZnONPs. According to histological findings, the treatment with ZnONPs also successfully lowers inflammation in the hepatic and renal tissues. Overall, future mechanistic research could establish ZnONPs potential anti-diabetic properties.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy-silver nanoparticle conjugate interacts with neuronal and glial cells and alleviates anxiety-like behaviour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The inception of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients, with an improvement in life expectancy. However, neurological complications associated with high dosage and chronic administration of HAART have not been fully addressed. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential benefits of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) conjugated-HAART (HAART-AgNPs) and its interaction with neuronal and glial cells in type-2 diabetic rats. Forty-two (n = 42) adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 ± 13 g) were divided into non-diabetic and diabetic groups. Each rat was administered with either distilled water, HAART, or HAART-AgNPs for eight weeks. After that, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was excised for immunohistochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. The formulated HAART-AgNPs were characterised by Ultraviolet-Visible, Transmission electron microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Of the various concentrations of HAART-AgNPs, 1.5 M exhibited 20.3 nm in size and a spherical shape was used for this study. Administration of HAART-AgNPs to diabetic rats significantly decreased (p < 0.05) blood glucose level, number of faecal pellets, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) compared with HAART-treated diabetic rats. Notably, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in antioxidant biomarkers (SOD and GSH), improvement in PFC-glial fibrillary acid protein (PFC-GFAP) positive cells and alleviation of anxiety-like behaviour in HAART-AgNPs treated diabetic rats. These results showed that HAART-AgNPs alleviates the anxiogenic effect and neuronal toxicity aggravated by HAART exposure via the reduction of oxidative and neuroinflammatory injury as well as preserving PFC GFAP-positive cells and neuronal cytoarchitecture.

Nanodelivery of antiretroviral drugs to nervous tissues

Despite the development of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain challenging. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCFB) impedes the adequate penetration of certain antiretroviral drugs into the brain. In addition, reports have shown that some antiretroviral drugs cause neurotoxicity resulting from their interaction with nervous tissues due to long-term systemic exposure. Therefore, the research into the effective therapeutic modality that would cater for the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and ART toxicity is now receiving broad research attention. Thus, this review explores the latest information in managing HAND using a nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS). We discussed the neurotoxicity profile of various approved ART. Also, we explained the applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in medicine, their different synthesis methods and their interaction with nervous tissues. Lastly, while proposing AgNPs as useful nanoparticles in properly delivering ART to enhance effectiveness and minimize neurocognitive disorders, we hypothesize that the perceived toxicity of AgNPs could be minimized by taking appropriate precautions. One such precaution is using appropriate reducing and stabilizing agents such as trisodium citrate to reduce silver ion Ag + to ground state Ag0 during the synthesis. Also, the usage of medium-sized, spherical-shaped AgNPs is encouraged in AgNPs-based drug delivery to the brain due to their ability to deliver therapeutic agents across BBB. In addition, characterization and functionalization of the synthesized AgNPs are required during the drug delivery approach. Putting all these factors in place would minimize toxicity and enhance the usage of AgNPs in delivering therapeutic agents across the BBB to the targeted brain tissue and could cater for the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and neurotoxic effects of antiretroviral drugs (ARDs).

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Synthesized Pyrazolopyrimidine Alleviate Diabetic Effects in Rats Induced by Type II Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic illness characterized by high blood sugar levels and insufficient pancreatic insulin production or activity within the body. The most common type of diabetes is type II diabetes, which is a metabolic condition characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic islet β-cell failure, resulting in hyperglycemia. The goal of this study was to examine the anti-diabetic implications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and/or pyrazolopyrimidine in type II diabetic rats. Rats with a weight of 150 ± 20 g were used. Animals were divided into five groups as follows: group 1: control, group 2: type II diabetic rats, group 3: diabetic rats received ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg/orally/day), group 4: diabetic rats received pyrazolopyrimidine (5 mg/kg/orally/day), and group 5: diabetic rats received ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg/orally/day) + pyrazolopyrimidine (5 mg/kg/orally/day), respectively, for 30 days. The results indicated that serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c), malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PGC-1α mRNA expressions were increased in the diabetic group versus the control group, while serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) mRNA expression levels were decreased. These parameters were reserved in the treated groups (ZnO NPs, pyrazolopyrimidine, and ZnO NPs + pyrazolopyrimidine). This study proved that ZnO NPs and pyrazolopyrimidine had an ameliorative effect on blood glucose levels, antioxidant status, lipid profile, liver function enzymes, and mRNA expression of hepatic genes.

An Overview of Herbal-Based Antidiabetic Drug Delivery Systems: Focus on Lipid- and Inorganic-Based Nanoformulations

Diabetes is a metabolic pathology with chronic high blood glucose levels that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use the insulin it produces. Diabetes management is a puzzle and focuses on a healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, and medication. Thus far, the condition remains incurable; management just helps to control it. Its medical treatment is expensive and is to be followed for the long term, which is why people, especially from low-income countries, resort to herbal medicines. However, many active compounds isolated from plants (phytocompounds) are poorly bioavailable due to their low solubility, low permeability, or rapid elimination. To overcome these impediments and to alleviate the cost burden on disadvantaged populations, plant nanomedicines are being studied. Nanoparticulate formulations containing antidiabetic plant extracts or phytocompounds have shown promising results. We herein aimed to provide an overview of the use of lipid- and inorganic-based nanoparticulate delivery systems with plant extracts or phytocompounds for the treatment of diabetes while highlighting their advantages and limitations for clinical application. The findings from the reviewed works showed that these nanoparticulate formulations resulted in high antidiabetic activity at low doses compared to the corresponding plant extracts or phytocompounds alone. Moreover, it was shown that nanoparticulate systems address the poor bioavailability of herbal medicines, but the lack of enough preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic trials still delays their use in diabetic patients.

Exploring in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles and Holothuria parva extracts on kinetic and stability of α- amylase

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Major limitations of synthetic drugs, including high cost, efficacy, and adverse side effects, have prompted researchers to seek more effective and low-cost alternative therapies with fewer adverse effects. Marine life forms are considered the most important sources of biologically active natural products due to their secondary metabolites. In this research, sea cucumber Holothuria parva was collected from coastal areas of Bandar Lengeh, Hormozgan, Iran, and was then subjected to extraction. The results showed that compounds extracted from Holothuria parva had a stimulatory effect on enzyme activity, and in the presence of these compounds, the V_max value of the enzyme was increased about two times, while the K_m value was reduced. The phosphate buffer form of extracts had the greatest impact on enzyme activity. Upon an increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the α-amylase activity was inhibited in parallel. Silver nanoparticles exhibited the highest enzyme inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 0.86 mg/mL. Silver nanoparticles showed anti-α-amylase activity and had the ability to decrease intestinal glucose uptake in diabetic individuals when prescribed as a novel supplementary medicine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Swift synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using unripe fruit extract of Pergularia daemia: An enhanced and eco-friendly control agent against Zika virus vector Aedes aegypti

In this study Pergularia daemia unripe fruits were used to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (Pd-ZnONPs). UV-vis Spectroscopy detected the production of ZnONPs. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM studies were used to characterize the synthesized Pd-ZnONPs. Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) third instar larvae were analyzed to diverse concentrations of Pd-unripe fruit extract and Pd-ZnONPs for 24 hours to assess the larvicidal effect. Mortality was also detected in Ae. aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions, with corresponding LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 11.11 and 21.20 µg/ml respectively. As a result of this study, the levels of total proteins, esterases, acetylcholine esterase, and phosphatase enzymes in the third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were significantly lower than the control. These findings suggest that Pd-ZnONPs could be used to suppress mosquito larval populations.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Using Thymus serpyllum on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic BALB/c Mice

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders, and is characterized by abnormal blood sugar level due to impaired insulin secretion or impaired insulin action—or both. Metformin is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, but due to its slow mode of action and various side effects it shows poor and slow therapeutic response in patients. Currently, scientists are trying to tackle these limitations by developing nanomedicine. This research reports novel synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum and aims to elucidate its therapeutic potential as an antidiabetic agent on streptozotocin induced diabetic BALB/c mice. Thymus serpyllum mediated silver nanoparticles were characterized through UV, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The alpha amylase inhibition and antioxidant activity were checked through α amylase and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. To check the effect of silver nanoparticles on blood glucose levels FBG, IPGTT, ITT tests were employed on STZ induced BALB/c mice. To assess the morphological changes in the anatomy of liver, pancreas, and kidney of BALB/c mice due to silver nanoparticles, histological analysis was done through H&E staining system. Finally, AMPK and IRS1 genes expression analysis was carried out via real time PCR. Silver nanoparticles were found to be spherical in shape with an average size of 42 nm. They showed an IC50 of 8 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL for α amylase and DPPH assay, respectively. Our study suggests that silver nanoparticles—specifically 10 mg/kg—cause a significant increase in the expression of AMPK and IRS1, which ultimately increase the glucose uptake in cells. Thymus serpyllum mediated silver nanoparticles possess strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential and can further be explored as an effective and cheaper alternative option for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Tenofovir-silver nanoparticles conjugate ameliorates neurocognitive disorders and protects ultrastructural and cytoarchitectonic properties of the prefrontal cortex in diabetic rats

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the highly recommended antiretroviral drug in human immunodeficiency virus management. Although research has shown the neurological and metabolic disorders associated with TDF administration, the effect of TDF-silver nanoparticles conjugate (TDF-AgNPs) on the disorders has not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TDF-AgNPs on ultrastructural and cytoarchitectonic properties of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in diabetic rats. Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 ± 13 g) were randomly divided into non-diabetic groups (1-3) and diabetic groups (4-6), each administered distilled water (0.5 ml/100g, p.o), TDF (26.8 mg/kg/bw, p.o) or TDF-AgNPs (6.7 mg/kg, i.p). After eight weeks of administration, cognitive function, oxidative injury and tissue inflammation were evaluated. Also, PFC ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy, Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry. Diabetic rats administered TDF exhibited cognitive deficits; and increases in blood glucose, malondialdehyde and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels, which correlate with decreases in glutathione level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Furthermore, loss of PFC astrocytes and neuronal organelles was observed. Conversely, TDF-AgNPs administration to diabetic rats improved cognitive deficits; and increased glutathione, SOD, and catalase, but reduced PFC malondialdehyde and IL-1β concentrations. Notably, TDF-AgNPs prevented loss of PFC neurons and astrocytic cells, and morphology aberration of neuronal organelles. This study suggests that TDF-AgNPs attenuated cognitive deficits via silver nanoparticles' antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, preventing the loss of PFC astrocytes and neurons. The TDF-AgNPs may be utilized to ameliorate the neurological dysfunction caused by prolonged TDF administration.

Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.

Nanoparticles application as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus management

The prevalence of diabetes, as reported by the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation, has raised many eyebrows about the dangers of diabetes mellitus to society, leading to the development of various therapeutic techniques, including nanotechnological, in the management of this disease. This review discusses silver, gold, ceramic, alloy, magnetic, silica, polymeric nanoparticles and their various applications in diabetes management which may help to reduce the incidence of diabetes and its complication.

Insulin and Zinc Co-Administration Ameliorate Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Rats

Impaired male reproductive function is a major complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether or not insulin, when co-administered with zinc will reverse or ameliorate reproductive dysfunction in male diabetics is not known. This study thus sought to establish if co-administration of insulin and zinc reverses or ameliorates male reproductive dysfunction in DM better than either insulin or zinc. Five (5) normal and twenty (20) diabetic sexually mature rats were assigned into five groups of five animals each. Group A consisted of normal rats and had access to only food and water. Group B consisted of diabetic animals with no treatment and served as DM control. Groups C and D consisted of diabetic animals and received insulin and zinc respectively. Group E consisted of diabetic animals and received both insulin and zinc. All diabetic animals had free access to food and water. Insulin in all cases was given subcutaneously twice daily in the morning and evening at 1 unit and 4 units respectively. Zinc (10mg/kg) was given orally once daily. Treatments in all cases commenced two weeks after DM was confirmed. The treatment lasted ten days. Samples were thereafter collected for analyses. DM decreased sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, normal sperm cells, semen pH, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, while increasing sperm cells with defective tails. DM also impaired testicular morphology. Insulin and zinc co-administration improved sperm viability, sertoli cell count, Johnsen's score, serum FSH, LH and testosterone. Co-administration also improved semen pH towards normal. Insulin or zinc ameliorated several aspects of DM-induced male sexual dysfunction. However, the co-administration of insulin and zinc provided better results.

Testicular ultrastructure and hormonal changes following administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-loaded silver nanoparticle in type-2 diabetic rats

Reproductive dysfunctions (RDs) characterized by impairment in testicular parameters, and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are on the rise among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients under tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These adverse effects require a nanoparticle delivery system to circumvent biological barriers and ensure adequate ARVDs to viral reservoir sites like testis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TDF-loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), TDF-AgNPs on sperm quality, hormonal profile, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and testicular ultrastructure in diabetic rats, a result of which could cater for the neglected reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions in HIV therapeutic modality. Thirty-six adult Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to diabetic and non-diabetic (n = 18). T2DM was induced by fructose-streptozotocin (Frt-STZ) rat model. Subsequently, the rats in both groups were subdivided into three groups each (n = 6) and administered distilled water, TDF, and TDF-AgNP. In this study, administration of TDF-AgNP to diabetic rats significantly reduced (p < 0.05) blood glucose level (268.7 ± 10.8 mg/dL) from 429 ± 16.9 mg/dL in diabetic control and prevented a drastic reduction in sperm count and viability. More so, TDF-AgNP significantly increased (p < 0.05) Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (1114.3 ± 112.6 µg), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (13.2 ± 1.5 IU/L), Luteinizing Hormone (140.7 ± 15.2 IU/L), testosterone (0.2 ± 0.02 ng/L), and IGF-1 (1564.0 ± 81.6 ng/mL) compared to their respective diabetic controls (383.4 ± 63.3, 6.1 ± 1.2, 76.1 ± 9.1, 0.1 ± 0.01, 769.4 ± 83.7). Also, TDF-AgNP treated diabetic rats presented an improved testicular architecture marked with the thickened basement membrane, degenerated Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells, and axoneme. This study has demonstrated that administration of TDF-AgNPs restored the function of hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, normalized the hormonal profile, enhanced testicular function and structure to alleviate reproductive dysfunctions in diabetic rats. This is the first study to conjugate TDF with AgNPs and examined its effects on reproductive indices, local gonadal factor and testicular ultrastructure in male diabetic rats with the potential to cater for neglected reproductive dysfunction in HIV therapeutic modality.

Beneficial and toxicological aspects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in animals

Nanotechnology is a far‐reaching technology with tremendous applications in various aspects, including general medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, and food production. Nanomaterials have exceptional physicochemical characteristics, including increased intestinal absorption, biodistribution, bioavailability, and improved antimicrobial and catalytic properties. Although nanotechnology is gaining ground in animal management, husbandry, and production, its wide use is still hampered by occasional toxicity and side effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) have long been utilized in animal production, aquaculture, and pet animal medicine. However, the use ZnO‐NPs in animals has been associated with reports of toxicity and side effects. ZnO‐NPs may have shown numerous beneficial effects in animals; its use must be regulated with care to avoid unwanted consequences. Thus, this review emphasizes the usage of ZnO‐NPs in animal production and laboratory animals and the potential side effects associated with the use of nanoparticles as a feed supplement and therapeutic compound.

Paraclostridium benzoelyticum Bacterium-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their In Vivo Multiple Biological Applications

We presented a low-cost, eco-friendly, and efficient bacterium-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) utilizing Paraclostridium benzoelyticum strain 5610 as a capping and reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to physiochemically characterize the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs. A major narrow peak at 441 nm was observed using UV-visible spectroscopy, verifying the presence of nanoparticles. According to SEM and TEM studies, the average dimensions of ZnO-NPs was 50 nm. The crystal size of 48.22 nm was determined by XRD analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of various reducing metabolites on the surface of ZnO-NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were investigated for biological activity against Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter salomonis. Helicobacter suis was the most vulnerable strain, with an inhibitory zone of $19.53\pm 0.62$  mm at 5 mg/mL dosage. The anti-inflammatory and the findings of the rat paw edema experiments revealed that the bacterium-mediated ZnO-NPs had a strong inhibitory action. In the arthritis model, the solution of ZnO-NPs showed $87.62\pm 0.12$ % inhibitory effect of edema after 21 days when linked with that of the standard drug. In the antidiabetic assay, ZnO-NPs sharply reduced glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In this study, the particle biocompatibility by human red blood cells was also determined. Keeping in view the biological importance of ZnO-NPs, we may readily get the conclusion that Paraclostridium benzoelyticum strain 5610-mediated ZnO-NPs will be a prospective antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory agent in vivo experimental models and can be used as a potent antidiabetic drug.

ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives

Extensive research in nanotechnology has been conducted to investigate new behaviours and properties of materials with nanoscale dimensions. ZnO NPs owing to their distinct physical and chemical properties have gained considerable importance and are hence investigated to a detailed degree for exploitation of these properties. This communication, at the outset, elaborates the various chemical methods of preparation of ZnO NPs, viz., the mechanochemical process, controlled precipitation, sol-gel method, vapour transport method, solvothermal and hydrothermal methods, and methods using emulsion and micro-emulsion environments. The paper further describes the green methods employing the use of plant extracts, in particular, for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The modifications of ZnO with organic (carboxylic acid, silanes) and inorganic (metal oxides) compounds and polymer matrices have then been described. The multitudinous applications of ZnO NPs across a variety of fields such as the rubber industry, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, textile industry, opto-electronics and agriculture have been presented. Elaborative narratives on the photocatalytic and a variety of biomedical applications of ZnO have also been included. The ecotoxic impacts of ZnO NPs have additionally been briefly highlighted. Finally, efforts have been made to examine the current challenges and future scope of the synthetic modes and applications of ZnO NPs.

Administration of Silver Nanoparticles in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Animal Studies

Biological features of silver nanoparticles in rising the insulin level of diabetic animal models were considered in recent years, which resulted in decreasing hyperglycemia condition. We reviewed the published literature to investigate the possible role of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) throughout the treatment of diabetes mellitus in animal studies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we performed a search throughout the English literature of electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and ISI Web of Science, up to the date of May 22, 2020. Primary outcomes and data regarding fast blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and liver enzyme were collected from the available articles, while the studies that did not provide sufficient information on the effects of silver nanoparticles through the course of diabetes mellitus were excluded. Our search yielded 1283 results that included five animal studies in the meta-analysis. The comparison between the plasma insulin level of the diabetic group treated by Ag-NPs with the diabetic control group displayed no significant differences with the P values = 0.299. In addition, significant differences were revealed by comparing the FBS level of the diabetic group treated by Ag-NPs with the diabetic control group (P value < 0.001). According to the present meta-analysis, the application of Ag-NPs in animal models resulted in displaying the anti-diabetic effects, which can be applied in future treatments. Furthermore, a correlation was noticed between these nanoparticles and the reduction of serum FBS among diabetic cases.

Studies on testicular ultrastructural and hormonal changes in type-2 diabetic rats treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy conjugated silver nanoparticles

AIM

This study investigated the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as HAART-AgNPs on the sperm count, viability, serum hormonal profile, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), and testicular ultrastructure.

METHODS

Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into diabetic and non-diabetic groups (n = 18). The rats in the diabetic group were induced experimental type 2 diabetes using fructose and streptozotocin (frt-STZ). Animals in both groups were subdivided into three groups each, A-C and DF (n = 6), and received distilled water, HAART, and HAART-AgNP, respectively.

FINDINGS

Treatment with HAART-AgNP displayed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testicular IGF-1 in diabetic rats. Also, electron microscopy revealed ameliorated testicular ultrastructure upon administration of HAART-AgNP in diabetic rats that were previously marked with architectural and cellular alterations. In addition, treatment with HAART-AgNP significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. In contrast, the treatment of non-diabetic rats with HAART caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the sperm count, serum GnRH, and testicular IGF-1, however, this treatment induced ultrastructural changes and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum testosterone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study has demonstrated the beneficial impact of HAART-AgNP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, IGF-1, and testicular architecture in male frt-STZ induced diabetic rats. This nanoconjugate could be a potential nano-drug candidate to cater for testicular dysfunction and metabolic derangements while managing HIV-infected male individuals.

Nanobased Antibacterial Drug Discovery to Treat Skin Infections of Staphylococcus aureus Using Moringa oleifera-Assisted Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle and Molecular Simulation Study

In addition to the physical barrier, the epidermis acts as a natural barrier against microbial proliferation. It is prone to bacterial infections on the skin and in the nose, such as Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a variety of other skin illnesses. Green nanomaterial production, which eliminates the use of harmful chemicals while simultaneously reducing time, is gaining popularity in the nanotechnology area. Using the leaf extract of the pharmacologically valuable plant Moringa oleifera, we described a green synthesis of ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles). ZnO NPs had a particle size of 201.6 nm and a zeta potential of -56.80 mV, respectively. A novel aminoketone antibacterial medication was synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity using ZnO NPs as a phytocatalyst in this work. This method produces high yields while maintaining efficient and gentle reaction conditions. Moringa oleifera extract can reduce ZnO to ZnO NPs in a straightforward manner. FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectra, elemental analysis, and morphological analysis were used to synthesize and describe the antibacterial medicines (1a-1g) and (2a-2g). In addition, antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, and compound 1c (63 μg/mL, E. faecalis) and compound 2e (0.12 μg/mL, S. aureus) were found to be very active when compared to other medications. mupirocin is used as a reference. In addition, studies of in silico molecular docking for the bacterial DsbA protein were conducted. The strong molecules 1c (-4.3 kcal/mol) and 2e (-5.1 kcal/mol) exhibit a high binding affinity through hydrogen bonding, according to docking tests.

In Vivo Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Diabetic Screening of Bacopa monnieri-Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

In this work, an ecofriendly approach for biogenic production of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) was proposed by utilizing the Bacopa monnieri leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis of CuO-NPs was instantly confirmed by a shift in the color of the copper solution from blue to dark gray. The use of UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a strong narrow peak at 535 nm, confirming the existence of monoclinic-shaped nanoparticles. The average size of CuO-NPs was 34.4 nm, according to scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. The pristine crystalline nature of CuO-NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The monoclinic form of CuO-NPs with a crystallite size of 22 nm was determined by the sharp narrow peaks corresponding to 273, 541, 698, 684, and 366 Bragg's planes at different 2θ values. The presence of different reducing metabolites on the surface of CuO was shown by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The biological efficacy of CuO-NPs was tested against Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter salomonis. and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. H. suis was the most susceptible strain with an inhibition zone of 15.84 ± 0.89 mm at 5 mg/mL of NPs, while the most tolerant strain was H. bizzozeronii with a 13.11 ± 0.83 mm of inhibition zone. In in vivo analgesic activity, CuO-NPs showed superior efficiency compared to controls. The maximum latency time observed was 7.14 ± 0.12 s at a dose level of 400 mg/kg after 90 min, followed by 5.21 ± 0.29 s at 400 mg/kg after 60 min, demonstrating 65 and 61% of analgesia, respectively. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard with a latency time of 8.6 ± 0.23 s. The results observed in the rat paw edema assays showed a significant inhibitory activity of the plant-mediated CuO-NPs. The percentage inhibition of edema was 74% after 48 h for the group treated with CuO-NPs compared to the control group treated with diclofenac (100 mg/kg) with 24% edema inhibition. The solution of CuO-NPs produced 82% inhibition of edema after 21 days when compared with that of the standard drug diclofenac (73%). CuO-NPs vividly lowered glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice, according to our findings. Blood glucose levels were reduced by about 33.66 and 32.19% in CuO-NP and (CuO-NP + insulin) groups of mice, respectively. From the abovementioned calculations, we can easily conclude that B. monnieri-synthesized CuO-NPs will be a potential antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent on in vivo and in vitro basis.

Shape-controlled synthesis of zinc nanostructures mediating macromolecules for biomedical applications

Zinc nanostructures (ZnONSs) have attracted much attention due to their morphological, physicochemical, and electrical properties, which were entailed for various biomedical applications such as cancer and diabetes treatment, anti-inflammatory activity, drug delivery. ZnONS play an important role in inducing cellular apoptosis, triggering excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and releasing zinc ions due to their inherent nature and specific shape. Therefore, several new synthetic organometallic method has been developed to prepare ZnO crystalline nanostructures with controlled size and shape. Zinc oxide nanostructures' crystal size and shape can be controlled by simply changing the physical synthesis condition such as microwave irradiation time, reaction temperature, and TEA concentration at reflux. Physicochemical properties which are determined by the shape and size of ZnO nanostructures, directly affect their biological applications. These nanostructures can decompose the cell membrane and accumulate in the cytoplasm, which leads to apoptosis or cell death. In this study, we reviewed the various synthesis methods which affect the nano shapes of zinc particles, and physicochemical properties of zinc nanostructures that determined the shape of zinc nanomaterials. Also, we mentioned some macromolecules that controlled their physicochemical properties in a green and biological approaches. In addition, we present the recent progress of ZnONSs in the biomedical fields, which will help centralize biomedical fields and assist their future research development.