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Pereira LM, Maciel GM, Siquieroli ACS, Luz JMQ, Ribeiro ALA, de Oliveira CS, Pinto FG, Ikehara BRM. Introgression of the Self-Pruning Gene into Dwarf Tomatoes to Obtain Salad-Type Determinate Growth Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1522. [PMID: 38891329 PMCID: PMC11174706 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The use of dwarf plants in tomato breeding has provided several advantages. However, there are no identified dwarf plants (dd) containing the self-pruning habit (spsp). The aim of this work was to obtain future generations, characterize the germplasm, and select potential dwarf plants with a determinate growth habit to obtain Salad-type lines. The work was started by carrying out hybridization, followed by the first, second, and third backcrosses. Once F2BC3 seeds became available, the introgression of the self-pruning gene (spsp) into dwarf plants (dd) began. Three strains of normal architecture and a determinate growth habit were hybridized with two strains of dwarf size and an indeterminate growth habit, thus yielding four hybrids. Additionally, donor genotype UFU MC TOM1, the commercial cultivar Santa Clara, and the wild accession Solanum pennellii were used in the experiment. Agronomic traits, fruit quality, metabolomics, and acylsugars content were evaluated, and dwarf plants with a determinate growth habit were selected. Hybrid 3 exhibited the highest yields. Visual differences between determinate and indeterminate dwarf plant seedlings were observed. It is suggested to carry out five self-pollinations of the best dwarf plant determined and subsequent hybridization with homozygous lines of normal plant architecture and determinate growth habit to obtain hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Medeiros Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38410-337, Brazil; (L.M.P.); (A.L.A.R.)
| | | | | | - José Magno Queiroz Luz
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38410-337, Brazil;
| | - Ana Luisa Alves Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38410-337, Brazil; (L.M.P.); (A.L.A.R.)
| | | | - Frederico Garcia Pinto
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba 38810-000, Brazil; (F.G.P.); (B.R.M.I.)
| | - Brena Rodrigues Mota Ikehara
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba 38810-000, Brazil; (F.G.P.); (B.R.M.I.)
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Ai W, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei J, Zhang X, Lu X. Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16405. [PMID: 38003597 PMCID: PMC10671120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, with functional BR receptors being crucial for BR recognition or signaling. Although functional BR receptors have been extensively studied in herbaceous plants, they remain largely under-studied in forest tree species. In this study, nine BR receptors were identified in three representative oak species, of which BRI1s and BRL1s were functional BR receptors. Dispersed duplications were a driving force for oak BR receptor expansion, among which the Brassinosteroid-Insensitive-1 (BRI1)-type genes diverged evolutionarily from most rosids. In oak BRI1s, we identified that methionine in the conserved Asn-Gly-Ser-Met (NGSM) motif was replaced by isoleucine and that the amino acid mutation occurred after the divergence of Quercus and Fagus. Compared with QmBRL1, QmBRI1 was relatively highly expressed during BR-induced xylem differentiation and in young leaves, shoots, and the phloem and xylem of young stems of Quercus mongolica. Based on Arabidopsis complementation experiments, we proved the important role of QmBRI1 in oak growth and development, especially in vascular patterning and xylem differentiation. These findings serve as an important supplement to the findings of the structural, functional and evolutionary studies on functional BR receptors in woody plants and provide the first example of natural mutation occurring in the conserved BR-binding region (NGSM motif) of angiosperm BRI1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfeng Ai
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hanzhang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Wei
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (W.A.)
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
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Chen X, Hu X, Wang H, Liu J, Peng Y, He C, He M, Wang X. GmBES1-1 dampens the activity of GmNSP1/2 to mediate brassinosteroid inhibition of nodulation in soybean. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100627. [PMID: 37208896 PMCID: PMC10721450 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) forms root nodules to house rhizobial bacteria for biological nitrogen fixation. The development of root nodules is intricately regulated by endogenous and exogenous cues. The phytohormones brassinosteroids (BRs) have been shown to negatively regulate nodulation in soybean, but the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we performed transcriptomic analyses and revealed that BR signaling negatively regulates nodulation factor (NF) signaling. We found that BR signaling inhibits nodulation through its signaling component GmBES1-1 by dampening NF signaling and nodule formation. In addition, GmBES1-1 can directly interact with both GmNSP1 and GmNSP2 to inhibit their interaction and the DNA-binding activity of GmNSP1. Furthermore, BR-induced nuclear accumulation of GmBES1-1 is essential for inhibiting nodulation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that regulation of GmBES1-1 subcellular localization by BRs plays a key role in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis and plant development, indicating a crosstalk mechanism between phytohormone and symbiosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chunmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Miao He
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Genes Related to Flowering Reversion in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168992. [PMID: 36012256 PMCID: PMC9409316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering reversion is a common phenomenon in plant development in which differentiated floral organs switch from reproductive growth to vegetative growth and ultimately form abnormal floral organs or vegetative organs. This greatly reduces tomato yield and quality. Research on this phenomenon has recently increased, but there is a lack of research at the molecular and gene expression levels. Here, transcriptomic analyses of the inflorescence meristem were performed in two kinds of materials at different developmental stages, and a total of 3223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened according to the different developmental stages and trajectories of the two materials. The analysis of database annotations showed that these DEGs were closely related to starch and sucrose metabolism, DNA replication and modification, plant hormone synthesis and signal transduction. It was further speculated that tomato flowering reversion may be related to various biological processes, such as cell signal transduction, energy metabolism and protein post-transcriptional regulation. Combined with the results of previous studies, our work showed that the gene expression levels of CLE9, FA, PUCHI, UF, CLV3, LOB30, SFT, S-WOX9 and SVP were significantly different in the two materials. Endogenous hormone analysis and exogenous hormone treatment revealed a variety of plant hormones involved in flowering reversion in tomato. Thus, tomato flowering reversion was studied comprehensively by transcriptome analysis for the first time, providing new insights for the study of flower development regulation in tomato and other plants.
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Zhao Z, Tang S, Zhang Y, Yue J, Xu J, Tang W, Sun Y, Wang R, Diao X, Zhang B. Evolutionary analysis and functional characterization of SiBRI1 as a Brassinosteroid receptor gene in foxtail millet. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:291. [PMID: 34167462 PMCID: PMC8223282 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Although BR receptors have been intensively studied in Arabidopsis, those in foxtail millet remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the BR signaling function of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) is conserved between Arabidopsis and foxtail millet, a new model species for C4 and Panicoideae grasses. We identified four putative BR receptor genes in the foxtail millet genome: SiBRI1, SiBRI1-LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (SiBRL1), SiBRL2 and SiBRL3. Phylogenetic analysis was used to classify the BR receptors in dicots and monocots into three branches. Analysis of their expression patterns by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that these receptors were ubiquitously expressed in leaves, stems, dark-grown seedlings, roots and non-flowering spikelets. GFP fusion experiments verified that SiBRI1 localized to the cell membrane. We also explored the SiBRI1 function in Arabidopsis through complementation experiments. Ectopic overexpression of SiBRI1 in an Arabidopsis BR receptor loss-of-function mutant, bri1-116, mostly reversed the developmental defects of the mutant. When SiBRI1 was overexpressed in foxtail millet, the plants showed a drooping leaf phenotype and root development inhibition, lateral root initiation inhibition, and the expression of BR synthesis genes was inhibited. We further identified BRI1-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation (IP)-mass spectrometry (MS). Our results not only demonstrate that SiBRI1 plays a conserved role in BR signaling in foxtail millet but also provide insight into the molecular mechanism of SiBRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Yanxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Ruiju Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Foxtail Millet Improvement Center of China, Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China.
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6
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Li R, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Xie J, Wang Q, Zheng H, Hou L, Xiong X, Xin D, Hu Z, Liu C, Wu X, Chen Q. Combined Linkage Mapping and BSA to Identify QTL and Candidate Genes for Plant Height and the Number of Nodes on the Main Stem in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E42. [PMID: 31861685 PMCID: PMC6981803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important food and oil crops in the world. Plant height (PH) and the number of nodes on the main stem (NNMS) are quantitative traits closely related to soybean yield. In this study, we used 208 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) populations constructed using "SN14" and "ZYD00006" for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of PH and NNMS. Combined with bulked segregant analysis (BSA) by extreme materials, 8 consistent QTLs were identified. According to the gene annotation of the QTL interval, a total of 335 genes were obtained. Five of which were associated with PH and NNMS, potentially representing candidate genes. RT-qPCR of these 5 candidate genes revealed two genes with differential relative expression levels in the stems of different materials. Haplotype analysis showed that different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the excellent haplotypes in Glyma.04G251900 and Glyma.16G156700 may be the cause of changes in these traits. These results provide the basis for research on candidate genes and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Soybean Research Institute, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Zhanguo Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Jianguo Xie
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Qiao Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Haiyang Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Lilong Hou
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Xin Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Dawei Xin
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhenbang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Qingshan Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (R.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (L.H.); (X.X.); (D.X.); (Z.H.); (C.L.)
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Song L, Chen W, Yao Q, Guo B, Valliyodan B, Wang Z, Nguyen HT. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling for elucidating the effects of brassinosteroids on Glycine max during early vegetative development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16085. [PMID: 31695113 PMCID: PMC6834599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a widely grown grain legume and one of the most important economic crop species. Brassinosteroids play a crucial role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. However, it remains unclear how BRs regulate the developmental processes in soybean, and the molecular mechanism underlying soybean early development is largely unexplored. In this study, we first characterized how soybean early vegetative growth was specifically regulated by the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole; this characterization included shortened root and shoot lengths, reduced leaf area, and decreased chlorophyll content. In addition, the growth inhibition induced by Pcz could be rescued by exogenous brassinolide application. The RNA-seq technique was employed to investigate the BR regulatory networks during soybean early vegetative development. Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that BRs orchestrate a wide range of cellular activities and biological processes in soybean under various BR concentrations. The regulatory networks between BRs and multiple hormones or stress-related pathways were investigated. The results provide a comprehensive view of the physiological functions of BRs and new insights into the molecular mechanisms at the transcriptional level of BR regulation of soybean early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Binhui Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Song L, Chen W, Wang B, Yao QM, Valliyodan B, Bai MY, Zhao MZ, Ye H, Wang ZY, Nguyen HT. GmBZL3 acts as a major BR signaling regulator through crosstalk with multiple pathways in Glycine max. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 30795735 PMCID: PMC6387493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. The transcription factors BZR1 and BES1/BZR2 are well characterized as downstream regulators of the BR signaling pathway in Arabidopsis and rice. Soybean contains four BZR1-like proteins (GmBZLs), and it was reported that GmBZL2 plays a conserved role in BR signaling regulation. However, the roles of other GmBZLs have not been thoroughly studied, and the targets of GmBZLs in soybean remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, we first characterized GmBZL3 in soybean from gene expression patterns, conserved domains in coding sequences, and genomic replication times of four GmBZL orthologous. The results indicated that GmBZL3 might play conserved roles during soybean development. The overexpression of GmBZL3P219L in the Arabidopsis BR-insensitive mutant bri1-5 partially rescued the phenotypic defects including BR-insensitivity, which provides further evidence that GmBZL3 functions are conserved between soybean and the homologous Arabidopsis genes. In addition, the identification of the GmBZL3 target genes through ChIP-seq technology revealed that BR has broad roles in soybean and regulates multiple pathways, including other hormone signaling, disease-related, and immunity response pathways. Moreover, the BR-regulated GmBZL3 target genes were further identified, and the results demonstrate that GmBZL3 is a major transcription factor responsible for BR-regulated gene expression and soybean growth. A comparison of GmBZL3 and AtBZR1/BES1 targets demonstrated that GmBZL3 might play conserved as well as specific roles in the soybean BR signaling network. Finally, the identification of two natural soybean varieties of the GmBZL3 mutantion by SNP analysis could facilitate the understanding of gene function during soybean development in the future. CONCLUSIONS We illustrate here that GmBZL3 orchestrates a genome-wide transcriptional response that underlies BR-mediated soybean early vegetative growth, and our results support that BRs play crucial regulatory roles in soybean morphology and gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Biao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Qiu-Ming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life, Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Present address: Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhao
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Present address: Agronomy College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Heng Ye
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Yin Z, Qi H, Mao X, Wang J, Hu Z, Wu X, Liu C, Xin D, Zuo X, Chen Q, Qi Z. QTL mapping of soybean node numbers on the main stem and meta-analysis for mining candidate genes. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1475253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
- Department of Soybean Research, Crop Breeding Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Huidong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xinrui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhenbang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Dawei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Department of Soybean Research, Rural Energy Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhaoming Qi
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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10
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Huo W, Li B, Kuang J, He P, Xu Z, Wang J. Functional Characterization of the Steroid Reductase Genes GmDET2a and GmDET2b form Glycine max. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E726. [PMID: 29510512 PMCID: PMC5877587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are important phytohormones for plant growth and development. In soybean (Glycine max), BR receptors have been identified, but the genes encoding BR biosynthesis-related enzymes remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the soybean genome encodes eight steroid reductases (GmDET2a to GmDET2h). Phylogenetic analysis grouped 105 steroid reductases from moss, fern and higher plants into five subgroups and indicated that the steroid reductase family has experienced purifying selection. GmDET2a and GmDET2b, homologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana steroid 5 α -reductase AtDET2, are proteins of 263 amino acids. Ectopic expression of GmDET2a and GmDET2b rescued the defects of the Atdet2-1 mutant in both darkness and light. Compared to the mutant, the hypocotyl length and plant height of the transgenic lines GmDET2a and GmDET2b increased significantly, in both darkness and light, and the transcript levels of the BR biosynthesis-related genes CPD, DWF4, BR6ox-1 and BR6ox-2 were downregulated in GmDET2aOX-23 and GmDET2bOX-16 lines compared to that in Atdet2-1. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that GmDET2a and GmDET2b are ubiquitously expressed in all tested soybean organs, including roots, leaves and hypocotyls. Moreover, epibrassinosteroid negatively regulated GmDET2a and GmDET2b expression. Sulfate deficiency downregulated GmDET2a in leaves and GmDET2b in leaves and roots; by contrast, phosphate deficiency upregulated GmDET2b in roots and leaves. Taken together, our results revealed that GmDET2a and GmDET2b function as steroid reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weige Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bodi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiebing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pingan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhihao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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11
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Huang S, Nie S, Wang S, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang X. SlBIR3 Negatively Regulates PAMP Responses and Cell Death in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091966. [PMID: 28902164 PMCID: PMC5618615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bri1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1)-interacting receptor-like kinase (BIR) proteins have been shown to play important roles in regulating growth and development, pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, and cell death in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified four BIR family members in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), including SlBIR3, an ortholog of AtBIR3 from A. thaliana. SlBIR3 is predicted to encode a membrane localized non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) kinase that, based on protein sequence, does not have autophosphorylation activity but that can be phosphorylated in vivo. We established that SlBIR3 interacts with SlBAK1 and AtBAK1 using yeast two-hybrid assays and co-immunoprecipitation and maltose-binding protein pull down assays. We observed that SlBIR3 overexpression in tomato (cv. micro-tom) and A. thaliana has weak effect on growth and development through brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. SlBIR3 overexpression in A. thaliana suppressed flg22-induced defense responses, but did not affect infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PstDC3000). This result was confirmed using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in tomato in conjunction with PstDC3000 infection. Overexpression of SlBIR3 in tomato (cv. micro-tom) and A. thaliana resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition, co-silencing SlBIR3 with SlSERK3A or SlSERK3B using VIGS and the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-RNA2 vector containing fragments of both the SlSERK3 and SlBIR3 genes induced spontaneous cell death, indicating a cooperation between the two proteins in this process. In conclusion, our study revealed that SlBIR3 is the ortholog of AtBIR3 and that it participates in BR, PTI, and cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shuming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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12
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Bellieny-Rabelo D, Alves Gamosa de Oliveira E, da Silva Ribeiro E, Pessoa Costa E, Elenir Amâncio Oliveira A, Motta Venancio T. Transcriptome analysis uncovers key regulatory and metabolic aspects of soybean embryonic axes during germination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36009. [PMID: 27824062 PMCID: PMC5099898 DOI: 10.1038/srep36009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major legume crop worldwide, providing a critical source of protein and oil. The release of the soybean genome fuelled several transcriptome projects comprising multiple developmental stages and environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the global transcriptional patterns of embryonic axes during germination remain unknown. Here we report the analysis of ~1.58 billion RNA-Seq reads from soybean embryonic axes at five germination stages. Our results support the early activation of processes that are critical for germination, such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle and cell wall remodelling. Strikingly, only 3 hours after imbibition there is a preferential up-regulation of protein kinases and transcription factors, particularly from the LOB domain family, implying that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation play major roles early after imbibition. Lipid mobilization and glyoxylate pathways are also transcriptionally active in the embryonic axes, indicating that the local catabolism of oil reserves in the embryonic axes contributes to energy production during germination. We also present evidence supporting abscisic acid inactivation and the up-regulation of gibberellin, ethylene and brassinosteroid pathways. Further, there is a remarkable differential activation of paralogous genes in these hormone signalling pathways. Taken together, our results provide insights on the regulation and biochemistry of soybean germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves Gamosa de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Elane da Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Evenilton Pessoa Costa
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Antônia Elenir Amâncio Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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13
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Singh A, Breja P, Khurana JP, Khurana P. Wheat Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (TaBRI1) Interacts with Members of TaSERK Gene Family and Cause Early Flowering and Seed Yield Enhancement in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153273. [PMID: 27322749 PMCID: PMC4913921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) hormones are important for plant growth, development and immune responses. They are sensed by the transmembrane receptor kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1 (BRI1) when they bind to its extracellular Leu-rich repeat (LRR) domain. We cloned and characterized the TaBRI1 from T. aestivum and raised overexpression transgenics in Arabidopsis to decipher its functional role. TaBRI1 protein consists of a putative signal peptide followed by 25 leucine rich repeats (LRR), a transmembrane domain and a C-terminal kinase domain. The analysis determined the interaction of TaBRI1 with five members of the wheat Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase (TaSERKs) gene family (TaSERK1, TaSERK2, TaSERK3, TaSERK4 and TaSERK5), at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpression of TaBRI1 in Arabidopsis leads to the early flowering, increased silique size and seed yield. Root growth analysis of TaBRI1 overexpressing transgenic plants showed hypersensitivity to epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) hormone in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants show thermotolerance phenotype at the seedling stages as revealed by chlorophyll content, photosystem II activity and membrane stability. The transcriptome profiling on the basis of microarray analysis indicates up-regulation of several genes related to brassinosteroid signaling pathway, abiotic stress response, defense response and transcription factors. These studies predict the possible role of TaBRI1 gene in plant growth and development imparting tolerance to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - Priyanka Breja
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - Jitendra P. Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110 021, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Peng S, Tao P, Xu F, Wu A, Huo W, Wang J. Functional Characterization of Soybean Glyma04g39610 as a Brassinosteroid Receptor Gene and Evolutionary Analysis of Soybean Brassinosteroid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E897. [PMID: 27338344 PMCID: PMC4926431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) play important roles in plant growth and development. Although BR receptors have been intensively studied in Arabidopsis, the BR receptors in soybean remain largely unknown. Here, in addition to the known receptor gene Glyma06g15270 (GmBRI1a), we identified five putative BR receptor genes in the soybean genome: GmBRI1b, GmBRL1a, GmBRL1b, GmBRL2a, and GmBRL2b. Analysis of their expression patterns by quantitative real-time PCR showed that they are ubiquitously expressed in primary roots, lateral roots, stems, leaves, and hypocotyls. We used rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to clone GmBRI1b (Glyma04g39160), and found that the predicted amino acid sequence of GmBRI1b showed high similarity to those of AtBRI1 and pea PsBRI1. Structural modeling of the ectodomain also demonstrated similarities between the BR receptors of soybean and Arabidopsis. GFP-fusion experiments verified that GmBRI1b localizes to the cell membrane. We also explored GmBRI1b function in Arabidopsis through complementation experiments. Ectopic over-expression of GmBRI1b in Arabidopsis BR receptor loss-of-function mutant (bri1-5 bak1-1D) restored hypocotyl growth in etiolated seedlings; increased the growth of stems, leaves, and siliques in light; and rescued the developmental defects in leaves of the bri1-6 mutant, and complemented the responses of BR biosynthesis-related genes in the bri1-5 bak1-D mutant grown in light. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the six BR receptor genes in soybean resulted from three gene duplication events during evolution. Phylogenetic analysis classified the BR receptors in dicots and monocots into three subclades. Estimation of the synonymous (Ks) and the nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) and selection pressure (Ka/Ks) revealed that the Ka/Ks of BR receptor genes from dicots and monocots were less than 1.0, indicating that BR receptor genes in plants experienced purifying selection during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Peng
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ping Tao
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Aiping Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weige Huo
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Agriculture & Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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