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Xie J, Zhang Z. Recent Advances and Therapeutic Implications of 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases in Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3949-3975. [PMID: 38041714 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common disease with a high disability rate and mortality, which brings heavy pressure on families and medical insurance. Nowadays, the golden treatments for ischemic stroke in the acute phase mainly include endovascular therapy and intravenous thrombolysis. Some drugs are used to alleviate brain injury in patients with ischemic stroke, such as edaravone and 3-n-butylphthalide. However, no effective neuroprotective drug for ischemic stroke has been acknowledged. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are conserved and common dioxygenases whose activities depend on O2, Fe2+, and 2OG. Most 2OGDDs are expressed in the brain and are essential for the development and functions of the brain. Therefore, 2OGDDs likely play essential roles in ischemic brain injury. In this review, we briefly elucidate the functions of most 2OGDDs, particularly the effects of regulations of 2OGDDs on various cells in different phases after ischemic stroke. It would also provide promising potential therapeutic targets and directions of drug development for protecting the brain against ischemic injury and improving outcomes of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Xia M, Yan R, Wang W, Zhang M, Miao Z, Wan B, Xu X. GID complex regulates the differentiation of neural stem cells by destabilizing TET2. Front Med 2023; 17:1204-1218. [PMID: 37707676 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain development requires a delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation in neural stem cells (NSC), which rely on the precise regulation of gene expression. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) modulates gene expression by the hydroxymethylation of 5-methylcytosine in DNA as an important epigenetic factor and participates in the neuronal differentiation. Yet, the regulation of TET2 in the process of neuronal differentiation remains unknown. Here, the protein level of TET2 was reduced by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during NSC differentiation, in contrast to mRNA level. We identified that TET2 physically interacts with the core subunits of the glucose-induced degradation-deficient (GID) ubiquitin ligase complex, an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase complex and is ubiquitinated by itself. The protein levels of GID complex subunits increased reciprocally with TET2 level upon NSC differentiation. The silencing of the core subunits of the GID complex, including WDR26 and ARMC8, attenuated the ubiquitination and degradation of TET2, increased the global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels, and promoted the differentiation of the NSC. TET2 level increased in the brain of the Wdr26+/- mice. Our results illustrated that the GID complex negatively regulates TET2 protein stability, further modulates NSC differentiation, and represents a novel regulatory mechanism involved in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Lv H, Gao Z, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu P, Xie Y, Guan M, Cong J, Xu Y. Metformin Improves Comorbid Depressive Symptoms in Mice with Allergic Rhinitis by Reducing Olfactory Bulb Damage. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3639-3651. [PMID: 37574530 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a widespread disease that is frequently comorbid with depression. However, the mechanisms and treatments for depression in AR remain underexplored. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has shown antidepressant effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of metformin on depression-like behaviors in an AR mouse model. In the present study, mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce AR. Results showed that mice with AR exhibited significant depression-like behavior which was attenuated by metformin. In addition, the levels of expression of synaptic plasticity markers (anti-microtubule-associated protein 2, synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95), neurogenesis markers (doublecortin and Ki-67), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were decreased in the olfactory bulb (OB) of mice with AR, while metformin ameliorated all these alterations and reduced apoptosis in the OB of these mice. Furthermore, it enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and the levels of ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the OB. In conclusion, our findings suggest that metformin might be a viable strategy for treating AR-related depression, possibly by modulating neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, apoptosis, and BDNF signaling in the OB via the AMPK/TET2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Ziang Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Peiqiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Yulie Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Mengting Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Jianchao Cong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China.
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China.
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China.
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Xu X, Zhou H, Wu H, Miao Z, Wan B, Ren H, Ge W, Wang G, Xu X. Tet2 acts in the lateral habenula to regulate social preference in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112695. [PMID: 37402169 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) has been considered a moderator of social behaviors. However, it remains unknown how LHb regulates social interaction. Here, we show that the hydroxymethylase Tet2 is highly expressed in the LHb. Tet2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice exhibit impaired social preference; however, replenishing Tet2 in the LHb rescues social preference impairment in Tet2 cKO mice. Tet2 cKO alters DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) modifications in genes that are related to neuronal functions, as is confirmed by miniature two-photon microscopy data. Further, Tet2 knockdown in the glutamatergic neurons of LHb causes impaired social behaviors, but the inhibition of glutamatergic excitability restores social preference. Mechanistically, we identify that Tet2 deficiency reduces 5hmC modifications on the Sh3rf2 promoter and Sh3rf2 mRNA expression. Interestingly, Sh3rf2 overexpression in the LHb rescues social preference in Tet2 cKO mice. Therefore, Tet2 in the LHb may be a potential therapeutic target for social behavior deficit-related disorders such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hainan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haigang Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221600, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Chen L, He X, Wang H, Fang J, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Qi Z, Guo Y, Liu R, Li D. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide prevents neuronal apoptosis via TET2-dependent DNA demethylation in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123288. [PMID: 36657536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DP) has the potential function to prevent diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis, whereas the mechanism is not completely clear. Ten eleven translocation dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is one of the most important therapeutic target for repairing neuronal damage in diabetic mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DP could prevent neuronal apoptosis by regulating TET2 in the brain of HFD-induced diabetic mice. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12), control group (CON), high-fat diet group (HFD, negative control), metformin group (MET, positive control), and DP group (DP). Compared with HFD group, the neuronal apoptosis of brain was significantly lower in the DP group. The levels of TET2 protein, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) were significantly lower in the HFD group than in both the DP and CON groups in the cerebral cortex of mice. The ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK and α-KG/(fumaric acid + succinic acid) were significantly lower in the HFD group than in the other groups. The present study suggests that DP has a preventive effect on diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis by regulating TET2 function through improving phosphorylate AMPK and mitochondrial function, thus remodeling DNA epigenetics profile of mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jiacheng Fang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhizhao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongshi Qi
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Run Liu
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Ma Q, Gao J, Fan Q, Yang T, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Hu R, Cui L, Liang B, Xie X, Liu J, Long J. Thinned young apple polyphenols may prevent neuronal apoptosis by up-regulating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the cerebral cortex of high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:3279-3289. [PMID: 36929718 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Apple polyphenols exert neuroprotective effects by improving the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function, but the details of their mechanisms are still not fully understood. TCA cycle metabolites regulate the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by affecting the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that thinned young apple polyphenols (TYAPs) inhibit neuronal apoptosis by up-regulating the level of 5hmC in the cerebral cortex of high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each group): the control (CON) group, the high-fat diet (HFD, negative control) group, the lovastatin (LOV, positive drug control) group, the resveratrol (RES, positive polyphenol control) group and the TYAP group during an eight-week intervention. The presented results verified that in the HFD group, the level of 5hmC and the expression of TET2 in the cerebral cortex were significantly lower, and the ratio of (succinic acid + fumaric acid)/α-ketoglutarate and the neuronal apoptosis rate were significantly higher than those in the CON group. However, TYAP intervention effectively restored the level of 5hmC through up-regulating the expression and activity of TET2, so as to improve diabetes symptoms and prevent diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ma
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China. .,Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qiang Fan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhuang Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ranrui Hu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Bing Liang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Xie
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China. .,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong, University, Xi'an, China.
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Xia M, Yan R, Kim MH, Xu X. Tet Enzyme-Mediated Response in Environmental Stress and Stress-Related Psychiatric Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1594-1608. [PMID: 36534335 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders caused by stress have become a worldwide public health problem. These mental disorders are often the results of a combination of genes and environment, in which epigenetic modifications play a crucial role. At present, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression caused by environmental stress are not entirely clear. Although many epigenetic modifications affect gene regulation, the most well-known modification in eukaryotic cells is the DNA methylation of CpG islands. Stress causes changes in DNA methylation in the brain to participate in the neuronal function or mood-modulating behaviors, and these epigenetic modifications can be passed on to offspring. Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes are the 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases of DNA, which recognize 5mC on the DNA sequence and oxidize it to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Tet regulates gene expression at the transcriptional level through the demethylation of DNA. This review will elaborate on the molecular mechanism and the functions of Tet enzymes in environmental stress-related disorders and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xia
- Departments of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, 215006, China.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul City, 03080, Korea
| | - Rui Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul City, 03080, Korea.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Departments of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, 215006, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.
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Jiang B, Ding T, Guo C, Bai X, Cao D, Wu X, Sha W, Jiang M, Wu L, Gao Y. NFAT1 Orchestrates Spinal Microglial Transcription and Promotes Microglial Proliferation via c-MYC Contributing to Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201300. [PMID: 35892263 PMCID: PMC9507349 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury-induced spinal microglial proliferation plays a pivotal role in neuropathic pain. So far, key intracellular druggable molecules involved in this process are not identified. The nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT1) is a master regulator of immune cell proliferation. Whether and how NFAT1 modulates spinal microglial proliferation during neuropathic pain remain unknown. Here it is reported that NFAT1 is persistently upregulated in microglia after spinal nerve ligation (SNL), which is regulated by TET2-mediated DNA demethylation. Global or microglia-specific deletion of Nfat1 attenuates SNL-induced pain and decreases excitatory synaptic transmission of lamina II neurons. Furthermore, deletion of Nfat1 decreases microglial proliferation and the expression of multiple microglia-related genes, such as cytokines, transmembrane signaling receptors, and transcription factors. Particularly, SNL increases the binding of NFAT1 with the promoter of Itgam, Tnf, Il-1b, and c-Myc in the spinal cord. Microglia-specific overexpression of c-MYC induces pain hypersensitivity and microglial proliferation. Finally, inhibiting NFAT1 and c-MYC by intrathecal injection of inhibitor or siRNA alleviates SNL-induced neuropathic pain. Collectively, NFAT1 is a hub transcription factor that regulates microglial proliferation via c-MYC and guides the expression of the activated microglia genome. Thus, NFAT1 may be an effective target for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Chun Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Ting‐Yu Ding
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Chang‐Yun Guo
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Xue‐Hui Bai
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - De‐Li Cao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Xiao‐Bo Wu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Wei‐Lin Sha
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
| | - Long‐Jun Wu
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN55905USA
| | - Yong‐Jing Gao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental MedicineCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsu226019China
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9
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Structure and Function of TET Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:239-267. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Reichard J, Zimmer-Bensch G. The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:776809. [PMID: 34803599 PMCID: PMC8595945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.776809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are characterized by diverse facets of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, differing in etiology, onset and severity. Such symptoms include mental delay, cognitive and language impairments, or restrictions to adaptive and social behavior. Nevertheless, all have in common that critical milestones of brain development are disrupted, leading to functional deficits of the central nervous system and clinical manifestation in child- or adulthood. To approach how the different development-associated neuropathologies can occur and which risk factors or critical processes are involved in provoking higher susceptibility for such diseases, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying proper brain formation is required. NDDs rely on deficits in neuronal identity, proportion or function, whereby a defective development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, is implicated in numerous disorders. Such deficits can be provoked by genetic and environmental factors during corticogenesis. Thereby, epigenetic mechanisms can act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome, since they are known to be responsive to external stimuli also in cortical neurons. In line with that, DNA methylation, histone modifications/variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuronal development, and alterations in epigenomic marks have been associated with NDDs of varying phenotypes. Here, we provide an overview of essential steps of mammalian corticogenesis, and discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms assumed to contribute to pathophysiological aspects of NDDs, when being disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichard
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Rui J, Deng S, Perdigoto AL, Ponath G, Kursawe R, Lawlor N, Sumida T, Levine-Ritterman M, Stitzel ML, Pitt D, Lu J, Herold KC. Tet2 Controls the Responses of β cells to Inflammation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5074. [PMID: 34417463 PMCID: PMC8379260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
β cells may participate and contribute to their own demise during Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here we report a role of their expression of Tet2 in regulating immune killing. Tet2 is induced in murine and human β cells with inflammation but its expression is reduced in surviving β cells. Tet2-KO mice that receive WT bone marrow transplants develop insulitis but not diabetes and islet infiltrates do not eliminate β cells even though immune cells from the mice can transfer diabetes to NOD/scid recipients. Tet2-KO recipients are protected from transfer of disease by diabetogenic immune cells.Tet2-KO β cells show reduced expression of IFNγ-induced inflammatory genes that are needed to activate diabetogenic T cells. Here we show that Tet2 regulates pathologic interactions between β cells and immune cells and controls damaging inflammatory pathways. Our data suggests that eliminating TET2 in β cells may reduce activating pathologic immune cells and killing of β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Rui
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songyan Deng
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald Ponath
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nathan Lawlor
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tomokazu Sumida
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Wu TT, Liu T, Li X, Chen YJ, Chen TJ, Zhu XY, Chen JL, Li Q, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wu YC. TET2-mediated Cdkn2A DNA hydroxymethylation in midbrain dopaminergic neuron injury of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1239-1252. [PMID: 32037456 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that abnormal epigenetic modification is associated with the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we found that a ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2), a staff of the DNA hydroxylases family, was increased in dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Genome-wide mapping of DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC)-sequencing has revealed an aberrant epigenome 5-hmC landscape in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+)-induced SH-SY5Y cells. The TET family of DNA hydroxylases could reverse DNA methylation by oxidization of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hmC. However, the relationship between modification of DNA hydroxymethylation and the pathogenesis of PD is not clear. According to the results of 5-hmC-sequencing studies, 5-hmC was associated with gene-rich regions in the genomes related to cell cycle, especially gene-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (Cdkn2A). Downregulation of TET2 expression could significantly rescue MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell damage and cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, knockdown of Tet2 expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta of MPTP-induced PD mice resulted in attenuated MPTP-induced motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal injury via p16 suppression. In this study, we demonstrated a critical function of TET2 in PD development via the CDKN2A activity-dependent epigenetic pathway, suggesting a potential new strategy for epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Lin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ya Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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13
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Xu Y, Sun X, Zhang R, Cao T, Cai SY, Boyer JL, Zhang X, Li D, Huang Y. A Positive Feedback Loop of TET3 and TGF-β1 Promotes Liver Fibrosis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1310-1318.e5. [PMID: 32023451 PMCID: PMC7063678 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological activation of TGF-β signaling is universal in fibrosis. Aberrant TGF-β signaling in conjunction with transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into fibrogenic myofibroblasts plays a central role in liver fibrosis. Here we report that the DNA demethylase TET3 is anomalously upregulated in fibrotic livers in both humans and mice. We demonstrate that in human HSCs, TET3 promotes profibrotic gene expression by upregulation of multiple key TGF-β pathway genes, including TGFB1. TET3 binds to target gene promoters, inducing demethylation, which in turn facilitates chromatin remodeling and transcription. We also reveal a positive feedback loop between TGF-β1 and TET3 in both HSCs and hepatocytes. Furthermore, TET3 knockdown ameliorates liver fibrosis in mice. Our results uncover a TET3/TGF-β1 positive feedback loop as a crucial determinant of liver fibrosis and suggest that inhibiting TET3 may represent a therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis and perhaps other fibrotic diseases. Xu et al. unmask a positive feedback loop between chromatin demethylase TET3 and TGF-β1 in stressed hepatocytes and stellate cells in humans and mice. Activation of this loop stimulates expression of fibrotic genes, whereas knockdown of TET3 reduces liver fibrosis in mice, suggesting a strategy for treating fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ruling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tiefeng Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James L Boyer
- Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Pathology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Da Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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14
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TETology: Epigenetic Mastermind in Action. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1701-1726. [PMID: 33694104 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is a well-explored epigenetic modification mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are considered "methylation writers"; cytosine methylation is a reversible process. The process of removal of methyl groups from DNA remained unelucidated until the discovery of ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins which are now considered "methylation editors." TET proteins are a family of Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent 5-methyl cytosine dioxygenases-they convert 5-methyl cytosine to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, and to further oxidized derivatives. In humans, there are three TET paralogs with tissue-specific expression, namely TET1, TET2, and TET3. Among the TETs, TET2 is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells where it plays a pleiotropic role. The paralogs also differ in their structure and DNA binding. TET2 lacks the CXXC domain which mediates DNA binding in the other paralogs; thus, TET2 requires interactions with other proteins containing DNA-binding domains for effectively binding to DNA to bring about the catalysis. In addition to its role as methylation editor of DNA, TET2 also serves as methylation editor of RNA. Thus, TET2 is involved in epigenetics as well as epitranscriptomics. TET2 mutations have been found in various malignant hematological disorders like acute myeloid leukemia, and non-malignant hematological disorders like myelodysplastic syndromes. Increasing evidence shows that TET2 plays an important role in the non-hematopoietic system as well. Hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma are some non-hematological malignancies in which a role of TET2 has been implicated. Loss of TET2 is also associated with atherosclerotic vascular lesions and endometriosis. The current review elaborates on the role of structure, catalysis, physiological functions, pathological alterations, and methods to study TET2, with specific emphasis on epigenomics and epitranscriptomics.
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15
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Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Bertogliat MJ, Vemuganti R. TET3 regulates DNA hydroxymethylation of neuroprotective genes following focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:590-603. [PMID: 32380888 PMCID: PMC7922754 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20912965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) epigenetic modification is highly enriched in the CNS and a critical modulator of neuronal function and development. We found that cortical 5hmC was enhanced from 5 min to three days of reperfusion following focal ischemia in adult mice. Blockade of the 5hmC-producing enzyme ten-eleven translocase 3 (TET3) increased edema, infarct volume, and motor function impairments. To determine the mechanism by which TET3 provides ischemic neuroprotection, we assessed the genomic regions where TET3 modulates 5hmC. Genome-wide sequencing analysis of differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) revealed that focal ischemia robustly increased 5hmC at the promoters of thousands of genes in a TET3-dependent manner. TET3 inhibition reduced 5hmC at the promoters of neuroprotective genes involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and metabolism demonstrating a role for TET3 in endogenous protection against stroke. The mRNA expression of several genes with known involvement in ischemic neuroprotection were also reduced with TET3 knockdown in both male and female mice, establishing a correlation between decreased promoter 5hmC levels and decreased gene expression. Collectively, our results indicate that TET3 globally increases 5hmC at regulatory regions and overwhelmingly modulates 5hmC in several neuroprotective pathways that may improve outcome after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Li L, Miao M, Chen J, Liu Z, Li W, Qiu Y, Xu S, Wang Q. Role of Ten eleven translocation-2 (Tet2) in modulating neuronal morphology and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 157:993-1012. [PMID: 33165916 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of Ten eleven translocation-2 (Tet2) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, to date, the role of Tet2 in modulating neuronal morphology upon amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity has not been shown in a mouse model of AD. Here, we have developed a model of injured mouse hippocampal neurons induced by Aβ42 oligomers in vitro. We also investigated the role of Tet2 in injured neurons using recombinant plasmids-induced Tet2 inhibition or over-expression. We found that the reduced expression of Tet2 exacerbated neuronal damage, whereas the increased expression of Tet2 was sufficient to protect neurons against Aβ42 toxicity. Our results indicate that the brains of aged APPswe/PSEN1 double-transgenic (2 × Tg-AD) mice exhibit an increase in Aβ plaque accumulation and a decrease in Tet2 expression. As a result, we have also explored the underlying mechanisms of Tet2 in cognition and amyloid load in 2 × Tg-AD mice via adeno-associated virus-mediated Tet2 knockdown or over-expression. Recombinant adeno-associated virus was microinjected into bilateral dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus of the mice. Knocking down Tet2 in young 2 × Tg-AD mice resulted in the same extent of cognitive dysfunction as aged 2 × Tg-AD mice. Importantly, in middle-aged 2 × Tg-AD mice, knocking down Tet2 accelerated the accumulation of Aβ plaques, whereas over-expressing Tet2 alleviated amyloid burden and memory loss. Furthermore, our hippocampal RNA-seq data, from young 2 × Tg-AD mice, were enriched with aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and miRNAs that are modulated by Tet2. Tet2-modulated lncRNAs (Malat1, Meg3, Sox2ot, Gm15477, Snhg1) and miRNAs (miR-764, miR-211, and miR-34a) may play a role in neuron formation. Overall, these results indicate that Tet2 may be a potential therapeutic target for repairing neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Miao Miao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Zhitao Liu
- Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wanyi Li
- Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yisha Qiu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
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17
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Wu J, Li X, Huang H, Xia X, Zhang M, Fang X. TET1 may contribute to hypoxia-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition of endometrial epithelial cells in endometriosis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9950. [PMID: 32983650 PMCID: PMC7500323 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis (EMs) is a non-malignant gynecological disease, whose pathogenesis remains to be clarified. Recent studies have found that hypoxia induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as epigenetic modification in EMs. However, the relationship between EMT and demethylation modification under hypoxia status in EMs remains unknown. Methods The expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TET1 in normal endometria, eutopic endometria and ovarian endometriomas was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining. 5-hmC was detected by fluorescence-based ELISA kit using a specific 5-hmC antibody. Overexpression and inhibition of TET1 or hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) were performed by plasmid and siRNA transfection. The expression of HIF-2α, TET1 and EMT markers in Ishikawa (ISK) cells (widely used as endometrial epithelial cells) was evaluated by western blotting. The interaction of HIF-2α and TET1 was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results Demethylation enzyme TET1 (ten-eleven translocation1) was elevated in glandular epithelium of ovarian endometrioma, along with the activation of EMT (increased expression of N-cadherin, and decreased expression of E-cadherin) and global increase of epigenetic modification marker 5-hmC(5-hydroxymethylcytosine). Besides, endometriosis lesions had more TET1 and N-cadherin co-localized cells. Further study showed that ISK cells exhibited enhanced EMT, and increased expression of TET1 and HIF-2α under hypoxic condition. Hypoxia-induced EMT was partly regulated by TET1 and HIF-2α. HIF-2α inhibition mitigated TET1 expression changes provoked by hypoxia. Conclusions Hypoxia induces the expression of TET1 regulated by HIF-2α, thus may promote EMT in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingni Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xidie Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Kyono Y, Raj S, Sifuentes CJ, Buisine N, Sachs L, Denver RJ. DNA methylation dynamics underlie metamorphic gene regulation programs in Xenopus tadpole brain. Dev Biol 2020; 462:180-196. [PMID: 32240642 PMCID: PMC7251973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA influences chromatin structure and gene transcription, and its regulation is crucial for brain development. There is mounting evidence that DNA methylation can be modulated by hormone signaling. We analyzed genome-wide changes in DNA methylation and their relationship to gene regulation in the brain of Xenopus tadpoles during metamorphosis, a thyroid hormone-dependent developmental process. We studied the region of the tadpole brain containing neurosecretory neurons that control pituitary hormone secretion, a region that is highly responsive to thyroid hormone action. Using Methylated DNA Capture sequencing (MethylCap-seq) we discovered a diverse landscape of DNA methylation across the tadpole neural cell genome, and pairwise stage comparisons identified several thousand differentially methylated regions (DMRs). During the pre-to pro-metamorphic period, the number of DMRs was lowest (1,163), with demethylation predominating. From pre-metamorphosis to metamorphic climax DMRs nearly doubled (2,204), with methylation predominating. The largest changes in DNA methylation were seen from metamorphic climax to the completion of metamorphosis (2960 DMRs), with 80% of the DMRs representing demethylation. Using RNA sequencing, we found negative correlations between differentially expressed genes and DMRs localized to gene bodies and regions upstream of transcription start sites. DNA demethylation at metamorphosis revealed by MethylCap-seq was corroborated by increased immunoreactivity for the DNA demethylation intermediates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-carboxymethylcytosine, and the methylcytosine dioxygenase ten eleven translocation 3 that catalyzes DNA demethylation. Our findings show that the genome of tadpole neural cells undergoes significant changes in DNA methylation during metamorphosis, and these changes likely influence chromatin architecture, and gene regulation programs occurring during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kyono
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samhitha Raj
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christopher J Sifuentes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicolas Buisine
- UMR-7221, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Sachs
- UMR-7221, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Robert J Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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19
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Hong JY, Davaa G, Yoo H, Hong K, Hyun JK. Ascorbic Acid Promotes Functional Restoration after Spinal Cord Injury Partly by Epigenetic Modulation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051310. [PMID: 32466098 PMCID: PMC7290865 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is difficult to achieve, and no fundamental treatment can be applied in clinical settings. DNA methylation has been suggested to play a role in regeneration capacity and neuronal growth after SCI by controlling the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs). The aim of this study was to examine changes in neuronal DNA methylation status after SCI and to determine whether modulation of DNA methylation with ascorbic acid can enhance neuronal regeneration or functional restoration after SCI. Changes in epigenetic marks (5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC)); the expression of Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family genes; and the expression of genes related to inflammation, regeneration, and degeneration in the brain motor cortex were determined following SCI. The 5hmC level within the brain was increased after SCI, especially in the acute and subacute stages, and the mRNA levels of Tet gene family members (Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3) were also increased. Administration of ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) to SCI rats enhanced 5hmC levels; increased the expression of the Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3 genes within the brain motor cortex; promoted axonal sprouting within the lesion cavity of the spinal cord; and enhanced recovery of locomotor function until 12 weeks. In conclusion, we found that epigenetic status in the brain motor cortex is changed after SCI and that epigenetic modulation using ascorbic acid may contribute to functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Hong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.H.); (G.D.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ganchimeg Davaa
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.H.); (G.D.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoo
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (J.K.H.); Tel.: +82-10-3678-7189 (K.H.); +81-10-2293-3415 (J.K.H.)
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.Y.H.); (G.D.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Wiregene, Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (J.K.H.); Tel.: +82-10-3678-7189 (K.H.); +81-10-2293-3415 (J.K.H.)
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20
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Cochran JN, Geier EG, Bonham LW, Newberry JS, Amaral MD, Thompson ML, Lasseigne BN, Karydas AM, Roberson ED, Cooper GM, Rabinovici GD, Miller BL, Myers RM, Yokoyama JS. Non-coding and Loss-of-Function Coding Variants in TET2 are Associated with Multiple Neurodegenerative Diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:632-645. [PMID: 32330418 PMCID: PMC7212268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted genome sequencing to search for rare variation contributing to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Discovery analysis was conducted on 435 cases and 671 controls of European ancestry. Burden testing for rare variation associated with disease was conducted using filters based on variant rarity (less than one in 10,000 or private), computational prediction of deleteriousness (CADD) (10 or 15 thresholds), and molecular function (protein loss-of-function [LoF] only, coding alteration only, or coding plus non-coding variants in experimentally predicted regulatory regions). Replication analysis was conducted on 16,434 independent cases and 15,587 independent controls. Rare variants in TET2 were enriched in the discovery combined EOAD and FTD cohort (p = 4.6 × 10-8, genome-wide corrected p = 0.0026). Most of these variants were canonical LoF or non-coding in predicted regulatory regions. This enrichment replicated across several cohorts of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and FTD (replication only p = 0.0029). The combined analysis odds ratio was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-3.4) for AD and FTD. The odds ratio for qualifying non-coding variants considered independently from coding variants was 3.7 (95% CI 1.7-9.4). For LoF variants, the combined odds ratio (for AD, FTD, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which shares clinicopathological overlap with FTD) was 3.1 (95% CI 1.9-5.2). TET2 catalyzes DNA demethylation. Given well-defined changes in DNA methylation that occur during aging, rare variation in TET2 may confer risk for neurodegeneration by altering the homeostasis of key aging-related processes. Additionally, our study emphasizes the relevance of non-coding variation in genetic studies of complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicholas Cochran
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - J Scott Newberry
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Michelle D Amaral
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Michelle L Thompson
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Brittany N Lasseigne
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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21
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Feng L, Zhou J, Xia B, Tian BF. The Positive Effect of TET2 on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:3-13. [PMID: 31829736 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Bao-Fang Tian
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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22
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Carrillo-Jimenez A, Deniz Ö, Niklison-Chirou MV, Ruiz R, Bezerra-Salomão K, Stratoulias V, Amouroux R, Yip PK, Vilalta A, Cheray M, Scott-Egerton AM, Rivas E, Tayara K, García-Domínguez I, Garcia-Revilla J, Fernandez-Martin JC, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Shen X, St George-Hyslop P, Brown GC, Hajkova P, Joseph B, Venero JL, Branco MR, Burguillos MA. TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia. Cell Rep 2019; 29:697-713.e8. [PMID: 31618637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic mechanisms regulate distinct aspects of the inflammatory response in immune cells. Despite the central role for microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, little is known about their epigenomic regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we show that Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) methylcytosine dioxygenase expression is increased in microglia upon stimulation with various inflammogens through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. We found that TET2 regulates early gene transcriptional changes, leading to early metabolic alterations, as well as a later inflammatory response independently of its enzymatic activity. We further show that TET2 regulates the proinflammatory response in microglia of mice intraperitoneally injected with LPS. We observed that microglia associated with amyloid β plaques expressed TET2 in brain tissue from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in 5xFAD mice. Collectively, our findings show that TET2 plays an important role in the microglial inflammatory response and suggest TET2 as a potential target to combat neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carrillo-Jimenez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Özgen Deniz
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Rocio Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Karina Bezerra-Salomão
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel Amouroux
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences/Institute of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ping Kei Yip
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathilde Cheray
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eloy Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Khadija Tayara
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Garcia-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Fernandez-Martin
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Xianli Shen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Guy Charles Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Petra Hajkova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences/Institute of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramos Branco
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Miguel Angel Burguillos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
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23
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Malloy MA, Kochmanski JJ, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, Svoboda LK. Perinatal Bisphenol A Exposure and Reprogramming of Imprinted Gene Expression in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Genet 2019; 10:951. [PMID: 31649729 PMCID: PMC6796247 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, a phenomenon by which genes are expressed in a monoallelic, parent-of-origin-dependent fashion, is critical for normal brain development. Expression of imprinted genes is regulated via epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC), and disruptions in imprinting can lead to disease. Early-life exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with abnormalities in brain development and behavior, as well as with disruptions in epigenetic patterning, including 5mC and DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5hmC). Using an established mouse model of perinatal environmental exposure, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of perinatal BPA exposure on epigenetic regulation of imprinted gene expression in adult mice. Two weeks prior to mating, dams were assigned to control chow or chow containing an environmentally relevant dose (50 µg/kg) of BPA. Exposure continued until offspring were weaned at post-natal day 21, and animals were followed until 10 months of age. Expression of three imprinted genes—Pde10a, Ppp1r9a, and Kcnq1, as well as three genes encoding proteins critical for regulation of 5mC and 5hmC—Dnmt1, Tet1, and Tet2, were evaluated in the right cortex and midbrain using qRT-PCR. Perinatal BPA exposure was associated with a significant increase in adult Kcnq1 (p = 0.04) and Dnmt1 (p = 0.02) expression in the right cortex, as well as increased expression of Tet2 in the midbrain (p = 0.03). Expression of Tet2 and Kcnq1 were positively correlated in the midbrain. Analysis of 5mC and 5hmC at the Kcnq1 locus was conducted in parallel samples using standard and oxidative bisulfite conversion followed by pyrosequencing. This analysis revealed enrichment of both 5mC and 5hmC at this locus in both brain regions. No significant changes in 5mC and 5hmC at Kcnq1 were observed with perinatal BPA exposure. Together, these data suggest that perinatal BPA exposure results in altered expression of Kcnq1, Dnmt1, and Tet2 in the adult mouse brain. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to understand the mechanistic basis for these changes, as well as to determine the implications they have for brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Malloy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joseph J Kochmanski
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Tamara R Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jaclyn M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laurie K Svoboda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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24
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Morris-Blanco KC, Kim T, Lopez MS, Bertogliat MJ, Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Induction of DNA Hydroxymethylation Protects the Brain After Stroke. Stroke 2019; 50:2513-2521. [PMID: 31327315 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Epigenetics play a significant role in brain pathologies. We currently evaluated the role of a recently discovered brain-enriched epigenetic modification known as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in regulating transcriptomic and pathogenic mechanisms after focal ischemic injury. Methods- Young and aged male and female mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the peri-infarct region was analyzed at various times of reperfusion. Two days before middle cerebral artery occlusion, short-interfering RNA against an isoform of the 5hmC producing enzyme TET (ten-eleven translocase) was injected intracerebrally. Ascorbate was injected intraperitoneally at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, or 2 hours of reperfusion. Motor function was tested with rotarod and beam-walk test. Results- Focal ischemia rapidly induced the activity of TET, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 5hmC and preferentially increased expression of the TET3 isoform in the peri-infarct region of the ischemic cortex. Levels of 5hmC were increased in a TET3-dependent manner, and inhibition of TET3 led to wide-scale reductions in the postischemic expression of neuroprotective genes involved in antioxidant defense and DNA repair. TET3 knockdown in adult male and female mice further increased brain degeneration after focal ischemia, demonstrating a role for TET3 and 5hmC in endogenous protection against stroke. Ascorbate treatment after focal ischemia enhanced TET3 activity and 5hmC enrichment in the peri-infarct region. TET3 activation by ascorbate provided robust protection against ischemic injury in young and aged mice of both sexes. Moreover, ascorbate treatment improved motor function recovery in both male and female mice. Conclusions- Collectively, these results indicate the potential of TET3 and 5hmC as novel stroke therapeutic targets. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, (K.C.M.-B., T.K., R.V.)
| | - TaeHee Kim
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, (K.C.M.-B., T.K., R.V.)
| | - Mary S Lopez
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program (M.S.L., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (K.C.M.-B., T.K., M.S.L., M.J.B., B.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program (M.S.L., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, (K.C.M.-B., T.K., R.V.)
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25
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Antunes C, Sousa N, Pinto L, Marques CJ. TET enzymes in neurophysiology and brain function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:337-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Ismail JN, Badini S, Frey F, Abou-Kheir W, Shirinian M. Drosophila Tet Is Expressed in Midline Glia and Is Required for Proper Axonal Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:252. [PMID: 31213988 PMCID: PMC6558204 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins are important epigenetic regulators that play a key role in development and are frequently deregulated in cancer. Drosophila melanogaster has a single homologous Tet gene (dTet) that is highly expressed in the central nervous system during development. Here, we examined the expression pattern of dTet in the third instar larval CNS and discovered its presence in a specific set of glia cells: midline glia (MG). Moreover, dTet knockdown resulted in significant lethality, locomotor dysfunction, and alterations in axon patterning in the larval ventral nerve cord. Molecular analyses on dTet knockdown larvae showed a downregulation in genes involved in axon guidance and reduced expression of the axon guidance cue Slit. Our findings point toward a potential role for dTet in midline glial function, specifically the regulation of axon patterning during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N Ismail
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shireen Badini
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Felice Frey
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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27
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Wu X, Li G, Xie R. Decoding the role of TET family dioxygenases in lineage specification. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:58. [PMID: 30290828 PMCID: PMC6172806 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of methylcytosine oxidase ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins, we have witnessed an exponential increase in studies examining their roles in epigenetic regulation. TET family proteins catalyze the sequential oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to oxidized methylcytosines including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine. TETs contribute to the regulation of lineage-specific gene expression via modulating DNA 5mC/5hmC balances at the proximal and distal regulatory elements of cell identity genes, and therefore enhance chromatin accessibility and gene transcription. Emerging evidence suggests that TET dioxygenases participate in the establishment and/or maintenance of hypomethylated bivalent domains at multiple differentiation-associated genes, and thus ensure developmental plasticity. Here, we review the current state of knowledge concerning TET family proteins, DNA hydroxymethylation, their distribution, and function in endoderm, mesoderm, and neuroectoderm specification. We will summarize the evidence pertaining to their crucial regulatory roles in lineage commitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Gang Li
- Centre of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ruiyu Xie
- Centre of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
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28
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García MG, Carella A, Urdinguio RG, Bayón GF, Lopez V, Tejedor JR, Sierra MI, García-Toraño E, Santamarina P, Perez RF, Mangas C, Astudillo A, Corte-Torres MD, Sáenz-de-Santa-María I, Chiara MD, Fernández AF, Fraga MF. Epigenetic dysregulation of TET2 in human glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25922-25934. [PMID: 29899831 PMCID: PMC5995234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes are frequently deregulated in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we report that TET2 shows frequent epigenetic alterations in human glioblastoma including DNA hypermethylation and hypo-hydroxymethylation, as well as loss of histone acetylation. Ectopic overexpression of TET2 regulated neural differentiation in glioblastoma cell lines and impaired tumor growth. Our results suggest that epigenetic dysregulation of TET2 plays a role in human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G García
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rocío G Urdinguio
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Gustavo F Bayón
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Virginia Lopez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Tejedor
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta I Sierra
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estela García-Toraño
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Santamarina
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raúl F Perez
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Mangas
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Daniela Corte-Torres
- Biobanco del Principado de Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inés Sáenz-de-Santa-María
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chiara
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustín F Fernández
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
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Impey S, Jopson T, Pelz C, Tafessu A, Fareh F, Zuloaga D, Marzulla T, Riparip LK, Stewart B, Rosi S, Turker MS, Raber J. Bi-directional and shared epigenomic signatures following proton and 56Fe irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10227. [PMID: 28860502 PMCID: PMC5579159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s response to radiation exposure is an important concern for patients undergoing cancer therapy and astronauts on long missions in deep space. We assessed whether this response is specific and prolonged and is linked to epigenetic mechanisms. We focused on the response of the hippocampus at early (2-weeks) and late (20-week) time points following whole body proton irradiation. We examined two forms of DNA methylation, cytosine methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC). Impairments in object recognition, spatial memory retention, and network stability following proton irradiation were observed at the two-week time point and correlated with altered gene expression and 5hmC profiles that mapped to specific gene ontology pathways. Significant overlap was observed between DNA methylation changes at the 2 and 20-week time points demonstrating specificity and retention of changes in response to radiation. Moreover, a novel class of DNA methylation change was observed following an environmental challenge (i.e. space irradiation), characterized by both increased and decreased 5hmC levels along the entire gene body. These changes were mapped to genes encoding neuronal functions including postsynaptic gene ontology categories. Thus, the brain’s response to proton irradiation is both specific and prolonged and involves novel remodeling of non-random regions of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Timothy Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amanuel Tafessu
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fatema Fareh
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Damian Zuloaga
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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30
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Zhao J, Ma XL, Ma JX, Sun L, Lu B, Wang Y, Xing GS, Wang Y, Dong BC, Xu LY, Kuang MJ, Fu L, Bai HH, Ma Y, Jin WL. TET3 Mediates Alterations in the Epigenetic Marker 5hmC and Akt pathway in Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:319-332. [PMID: 27627619 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) is one of the common complications of clinical glucocorticoid (GC) administration, with osteocyte apoptosis appearing as the primary histopathological lesion. However, the precise mechanism underlying SAON remains unknown. Epigenetic modification may be a major cause of SAON. Recently, cumulative research revealed that Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins can catalyze the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and then alter the epigenetic state of DNA. Here, we report that TET3-5hmC was upregulated in the femoral head tissues of SAON patients and MLO-Y4 cells with dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Knockdown of TET3 in MLO-Y4 cells decreased 5hmC enrichment and rescued Dex-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, the local intramedullary injection of TET3 siRNA in Sprague-Dawley rats abrogated GC-induced osteocyte apoptosis, histopathological changes, abnormal MRI signals, and bone microstructure declines in the femoral head in vivo. Moreover, a hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP)-chip analysis of Dex-treated osteocytes revealed 456 different 5hmC-enriched genes. The Akt pathway was found to mediate the functional effect of Dex-induced dynamic 5hmC change; this was further verified in clinical samples. The loss of TET3 in MLO-Y4 cells abrogated Dex-induced Akt signaling pathway inhibition. Therefore, our data for the first time identify the effect of TET3-5hmC on the Akt pathway and the necessity of this signaling cascade in SAON, identifying a new potential therapeutic target. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xing
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben-Chao Dong
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Jie Kuang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao-Hao Bai
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Impey S, Jopson T, Pelz C, Tafessu A, Fareh F, Zuloaga D, Marzulla T, Riparip LK, Stewart B, Rosi S, Turker MS, Raber J. Short- and long-term effects of 56Fe irradiation on cognition and hippocampal DNA methylation and gene expression. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:825. [PMID: 27776477 PMCID: PMC5078898 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astronauts are exposed to 56Fe ions that may pose a significant health hazard during and following prolonged missions in deep space. We showed previously that object recognition requiring the hippocampus, a structure critical for cognitive function, is affected in 2-month-old mice irradiated with 56Fe ions. Here we examined object recognition in 6-month-old mice irradiated with 56Fe ions, a biological age more relevant to the typical ages of astronauts. Moreover, because the mechanisms mediating the detrimental effects of 56Fe ions on hippocampal function are unclear, we examined changes in hippocampal networks involved in synaptic plasticity and memory, gene expression, and epigenetic changes in cytosine methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) that could accompany changes in gene expression. We assessed the effects of whole body 56Fe ion irradiation at early (2 weeks) and late (20 weeks) time points on hippocampus-dependent memory and hippocampal network stability, and whether these effects are associated with epigenetic changes in hippocampal DNA methylation (both 5mC and 5hmC) and gene expression. Results At the two-week time point, object recognition and network stability were impaired following irradiation at the 0.1 and 0.4 Gy dose, but not following irradiation at the 0.2 Gy dose. No impairments in object recognition or network stability were seen at the 20-week time point at any irradiation dose used. Consistent with this pattern, the significance of pathways for gene categories for 5hmC was lower, though not eliminated, at the 20-week time point compared to the 2-week time point. Similarly, significant changes were observed for 5mC gene pathways at the 2-week time point, but no significant gene categories were observed at the 20-week time point. Only the 5hmC changes tracked with gene expression changes. Conclusions Dose- and time-dependent epigenomic remodeling in the hippocampus following 56Fe ion exposure correlates with behavioral changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3110-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental Biology, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Timothy Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amanuel Tafessu
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fatema Fareh
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Damian Zuloaga
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Shimozaki K. Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 and 2 Confer Overlapping Transcriptional Programs for the Proliferation of Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:995-1008. [PMID: 27778125 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis originates from neural stem cells (NSCs) in specific regions of the adult brain. The molecular mechanisms that control the self-renewal and multipotency of NSCs have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, emerging evidence has revealed that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family DNA dioxygenases TET1 and TET2 play important roles in the central nervous system. Here, I present evidence that Tet1 and Tet2 are expressed in cultured NSCs derived from adult mouse brain and play an important role in the proliferative self-renewal of NSCs in an undifferentiated state. The investigation of intracellular molecular networks involving both Tet1 and Tet2 by gene knockdown and comprehensive genetic analyses showed that overlapping molecular mechanisms involving TET1 and TET2 regulate the expression of at least 16 genes required for DNA replication and cell cycle control. Interestingly, transcriptional regulation of the selected gene through TET1 and TET2 did not correlate with direct CpG demethylation of the gene promoter. These findings suggest that TET1 and TET2 play an important role in the proliferation of NSCs in the adult mouse brain by specifically regulating common genes for DNA replication and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shimozaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Life Science Support Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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33
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Pusalkar M, Ghosh S, Jaggar M, Husain BFA, Galande S, Vaidya VA. Acute and Chronic Electroconvulsive Seizures (ECS) Differentially Regulate the Expression of Epigenetic Machinery in the Adult Rat Hippocampus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw040. [PMID: 27207907 PMCID: PMC5043647 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive seizure treatment is a fast-acting antidepressant therapy that evokes rapid transcriptional, neurogenic, and behavioral changes. Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to altered gene regulation, which underlies the neurogenic and behavioral effects of electroconvulsive seizure. We hypothesized that electroconvulsive seizure may modulate the expression of epigenetic machinery, thus establishing potential alterations in the epigenetic landscape. METHODS We examined the influence of acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizure on the gene expression of histone modifiers, namely histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases, and histone (lysine) demethylases as well as DNA modifying enzymes, including DNA methyltransferases, DNA demethylases, and methyl-CpG-binding proteins in the hippocampi of adult male Wistar rats using quantitative real time-PCR analysis. Further, we examined the influence of acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizure on global and residue-specific histone acetylation and methylation levels within the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in the cellular and behavioral effects of electroconvulsive seizure. RESULTS Acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizure induced a primarily unique, and in certain cases bidirectional, regulation of histone and DNA modifiers, and methyl-CpG-binding proteins, with an overlapping pattern of gene regulation restricted to Sirt4, Mll3, Jmjd3, Gadd45b, Tet2, and Tet3. Global histone acetylation and methylation levels were predominantly unchanged, with the exception of a significant decline in H3K9 acetylation in the hippocampus following chronic electroconvulsive seizure. CONCLUSIONS Electroconvulsive seizure treatment evokes the transcriptional regulation of several histone and DNA modifiers, and methyl-CpG-binding proteins within the hippocampus, with a predominantly distinct pattern of regulation induced by acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Pusalkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande)
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande)
| | - Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande)
| | - Basma Fatima Anwar Husain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande)
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande)
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Pusalkar, Ms Ghosh, Ms Jaggar, Ms Husain, and Dr Vaidya); Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Galande).
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Ni K, Dansranjavin T, Rogenhofer N, Oeztuerk N, Deuker J, Bergmann M, Schuppe HC, Wagenlehner F, Weidner W, Steger K, Schagdarsurengin U. TET enzymes are successively expressed during human spermatogenesis and their expression level is pivotal for male fertility. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1411-24. [PMID: 27141042 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are ten-eleven-translocation (TET) 1-3 family enzymes involved in human spermatogenesis and do they impact male fertility? SUMMARY ANSWER TET1, TET2 and TET3 are successively expressed at different stages of human spermatogenesis, and their expression levels associate with male fertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Spermatogenesis is a complex cell differentiation process accompanied by a drastic epigenetic remodeling. TET1-3 dioxygenases are essential for active DNA demethylation in the paternal pronucleus and in embryonic stem cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Expression of TET1-3 mRNAs and proteinss and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) proteins were analyzed in human testis tissues from men with obstructive azoospermia and exhibiting histologically normal spermatogenesis. Ejaculated spermatozoa from normozoospermic healthy volunteers, the 'controls' (TET1: n = 58; TET2-3: n = 63), and subfertile men who participated with their female partners in an ICSI-program, the 'patients' (TET1: n = 66; TET2-3: n = 64), were analyzed concerning the stored TET1-3 mRNAs, and the values were correlated to semen parameters and ICSI-outcomes. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Testis sections were used for in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies to determine TET1-3 mRNA and protein expression, and for immunofluorescence (IF) detection of 5-hmC. Sperm samples from controls were analyzed by western blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and RT-PCR concerning the presence of non-degraded TET1-3 protein and mRNA. Sperm samples from controls and patients were used for quantitative TET1-3 mRNA analyses (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and for comparative statistical evaluations under consideration of semen parameters and ICSI-outcome (pregnancy). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During human spermatogenesis TET1-3 proteins are successively expressed: TET2 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late pachytene spermatocytes of Stage V, TET1 starts to be expressed in the nuclei of Step 1 round spermatids at Stage I, and TET3 starts to be expressed in the nuclei of Step 3 round spermatids at Stage III. Five-hmC appears only in Step 5 elongated spermatids. All three TETs are still detectable at the mRNA and protein level in sperm cells in considerable amounts. Control men generally exhibited higher levels of TET1-3 in sperm. TET1- and TET3-mRNA levels in sperm were significantly negatively correlated with age (P = 0.0025 and P = 0.0343) and positively correlated with progressive sperm motility (P = 0.0007 and P = 0.018). All TETs showed a significant association with sperm concentration (P < 0.03). Patients diagnosed with oligozoospermia and/or asthenozoospermia (TET1: n = 35; TET2-3: n = 32) showed significantly reduced TET1-3 in sperm in comparison to controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.041 and P = 0.028), but not compared with normozoospermic patients. Levels of TET3 in sperm was significantly associated with high-fertilization rates (P = 0.009). Concerning ICSI-outcome, the lowest levels of TET1-3 mRNAs in sperm were found in the non-pregnant group. Increased TET2 in sperm was significantly associated with pregnancy (P = 0.006). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our results concerning the association of the mRNA level of TETs in ejaculated sperm cells to different fertility parameters are descriptive. Further studies clarifying the reasons for decreased TET1-3 levels in subfertile men and their effect on their sperm methylome are essential. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The study gives a substantial indication that in human spermiogenesis, an active DNA demethylation process occurs with an involvement of TET enzymes, and that the level of TET1-3 expression is pivotal for male fertility. STUDY FUNDING Research grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) to U.S. (SCHA1531/1-1 and SCHA1531/2-1). COMPETING INTERESTS None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ni
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Temuujin Dansranjavin
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Rogenhofer
- Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre of Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nihan Oeztuerk
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Johanna Deuker
- Division of Pulmonary Pharmacotherapy, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 94, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Wagenlehner
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weidner
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Steger
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Undraga Schagdarsurengin
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Gao J, Ma Y, Fu HL, Luo Q, Wang Z, Xiao YH, Yang H, Cui DX, Jin WL. Non-catalytic roles for TET1 protein negatively regulating neuronal differentiation through srGAP3 in neuroblastoma cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:351-61. [PMID: 27113584 PMCID: PMC4853314 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylcytosine dioxygenases TET proteins (TET1, TET2, and TET3) play important regulatory roles in neural function. In this study, we investigated the role of TET proteins in neuronal differentiation using Neuro2a cells as a model. We observed that knockdown of TET1, TET2 or TET3 promoted neuronal differentiation of Neuro2a cells, and their overexpression inhibited VPA (valproic acid)-induced neuronal differentiation, suggesting all three TET proteins negatively regulate neuronal differentiation of Neuro2a cells. Interestingly, the inducing activity of TET protein is independent of its enzymatic activity. Our previous studies have demonstrated that srGAP3 can negatively regulate neuronal differentiation of Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, we revealed that TET1 could positively regulate srGAP3 expression independent of its catalytic activity, and srGAP3 is required for TET-mediated neuronal differentiation of Neuro2a cells. The results presented here may facilitate better understanding of the role of TET proteins in neuronal differentiation, and provide a possible therapy target for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua-Lin Fu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yu-Huan Xiao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Da-Xiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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