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Korsun N, Trifonova I, Voleva S, Grigorova I, Angelova S. Genetic characterisation of the influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2019-2020 winter season. Virus Genes 2021; 57:401-412. [PMID: 34156583 PMCID: PMC8217981 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have a high potential for genetic changes. The objectives of this study were to analyse influenza virus circulation in Bulgaria during the 2019/2020 season, to perform a phylogenetic and molecular analyses of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of representative influenza strains, and to identify amino acid substitutions compared to the current vaccine strains. Seasonal influenza viruses A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria-lineage were detected using a real-time RT-PCR in 323 (23.3%), 149 (10.7%) and 138 (9.9%) out of 1387 patient samples studied, respectively. The HA genes of A(H3N2) viruses analysed belonged to clades 3C.3a (21 strains) and 3C.2a (5 strains): subclades 3C.2a1b + T131K, 3C.2a1b + T135K-B and 3C.2a1b + T135K-A. The clade 3C.3a and subclade 3C.2a1b viruses carried 5 and 14-17 substitutions in HA, as well as 3 and 9 substitutions in NA, respectively, in comparison with the A/Kansas/14/2017 vaccine virus, including some substitutions in the HA antigenic sites A, B, C and E. All 21 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses sequenced fell into 6B.1A5A subclade. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed the presence of 7-11 substitutions in HA, compared to the A/Brisbane/02/2018 vaccine virus, three of which occurred in antigenic site Sb, along with 6-9 changes at positions in NA. All 10 B/Victoria-lineage viruses sequenced belonged to clade 1A with a triple deletion in HA1 (genetic group 1A(Δ3)B) and carried 7 and 3 substitutions in HA and NA, respectively, with respect to the B/Colorado/06/2017 vaccine virus. The results of this study confirm the rapid evolution of influenza viruses and the need for continuous antigenic and genetic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivelina Trifonova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Voleva
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyana Grigorova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Nyasimi FM, Owuor DC, Ngoi JM, Mwihuri AG, Otieno GP, Otieno JR, Githinji G, Nyiro JU, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza B virus in coastal Kenya as revealed by genomic analysis of strains sampled over a single season. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa045. [PMID: 33747542 PMCID: PMC7959010 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic epidemiology of influenza B virus (IBV) remains understudied in Africa despite significance to design of effective local and global control strategies. We undertook surveillance throughout 2016 in coastal Kenya, recruiting individuals presenting with acute respiratory illness at nine outpatient health facilities (any age) or admitted to the Kilifi County Hospital (<5 years old). Whole genomes were sequenced for a selected 111 positives; 94 (84.7%) of B/Victoria lineage and 17 (15.3%) of B/Yamagata lineage. Inter-lineage reassortment was detected in ten viruses; nine with B/Yamagata backbone but B/Victoria NA and NP segments and one with a B/Victoria backbone but B/Yamagata PB2, PB1, PA, and MP segments. Five phylogenomic clusters were identified among the sequenced viruses; (i), pure B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 93, 83.8%), (ii), reassortant B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 1, 0.9%), (iii), pure B/Yamagata clade 2 (n = 2, 1.8%), (iv), pure B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 6, 5.4%), and (v), reassortant B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 9, 8.1%). Using divergence dates and clustering patterns in the presence of global background sequences, we counted up to twenty-nine independent IBV strain introductions into the study area (∼900 km2) in 2016. Local viruses, including the reassortant B/Yamagata strains, clustered closely with viruses from neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda. Our study demonstrated that genomic analysis provides a clearer picture of locally circulating IBV diversity. The high number of IBV introductions highlights the challenge in controlling local influenza epidemics by targeted approaches, for example, sub-population vaccination or patient quarantine. The finding of divergent IBV strains co-circulating within a single season emphasises why broad immunity vaccines are the most ideal for influenza control in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festus M Nyasimi
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David Collins Owuor
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Joyce M Ngoi
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Alexander G Mwihuri
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - James R Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - George Githinji
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Joyce U Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL, UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
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3
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Rivas MJ, Alegretti M, Cóppola L, Ramas V, Chiparelli H, Goñi N. Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of Circulating Influenza B Viruses in Uruguay, 2012-2019. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040591. [PMID: 32325860 PMCID: PMC7232498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality during interpandemic periods in the human population. Two phylogenetically distinct IBV lineages, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, co-circulate worldwide and they present challenges for vaccine strain selection. Until the present study, there was little information regarding the pattern of the circulating strains of IBV in Uruguay. A subset of positive influenza B samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) inpatients detected in sentinel hospitals in Uruguay during 2012–2019 were selected. The sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed substitutions at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the co-circulation of both lineages in almost all seasonal epidemics in Uruguay, and allows recognizing a lineage-level vaccine mismatch in approximately one-third of the seasons studied. The epidemiological results show that the proportion of IBV found in ILI was significantly higher than the observed in SARI cases across different groups of age (9.7% ILI, 3.2% SARI) and patients between 5–14 years constituted the majority (33%) of all influenza B infection (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we found that individuals >25 years were particularly vulnerable to Yamagata lineage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Rivas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Miguel Alegretti
- Departamento de Vigilancia en Salud, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay;
| | - Leticia Cóppola
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Viviana Ramas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Héctor Chiparelli
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Natalia Goñi
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +598-99191211
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2017/2018 season. The detection and typing/subtyping of influenza viruses were performed using real-time RT-PCR. Results of antigenic characterisation, phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analyses of representative influenza strains are presented. The season was characterised by the predominance of B/Yamagata viruses, accounting for 77% of detected influenza viruses, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 (17%), B/Victoria (3.7%) and A(H3N2) (2.4%). The sequenced B/Yamagata, B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses belonged to the genetic groups 3, 1A, 6B.1 and 3C.2a1, respectively. Amino acid analysis of B/Yamagata isolates revealed the presence of three changes in haemagglutinin (HA), eight changes in neuraminidase (NA) and a number of substitutions in internal proteins compared with the B/Phucket/3073/2013 vaccine virus. Despite the amino acid changes, B/Yamagata viruses remained antigenically related to the vaccine strain. B/Victoria isolates fell into a group of viruses with double deletion (Δ162–163) in HA1. Substitutions in HA and NA sequences of B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses were also identified compared with the vaccine strains, including in antigenic sites. The results of this study confirm the genetic variability of circulating influenza viruses and the need for continual antigenic and molecular surveillance.
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Puzelli S, Di Martino A, Facchini M, Fabiani C, Calzoletti L, Di Mario G, Palmieri A, Affanni P, Camilloni B, Chironna M, D'Agaro P, Giannecchini S, Pariani E, Serra C, Rizzo C, Bella A, Donatelli I, Castrucci MR. Co-circulation of the two influenza B lineages during 13 consecutive influenza surveillance seasons in Italy, 2004-2017. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:990. [PMID: 31752738 PMCID: PMC6873537 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1985, two antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses (Victoria-like and Yamagata-like) have circulated globally. Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines contain two circulating influenza A strains but a single B strain and thus provide limited immunity against circulating B strains of the lineage not included in the vaccine. In this study, we describe the characteristics of influenza B viruses that caused respiratory illness in the population in Italy over 13 consecutive seasons of virological surveillance, and the match between the predominant influenza B lineage and the vaccine B lineage, in each season. METHODS From 2004 to 2017, 26,886 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were registered in Italy, of which 18.7% were type B. Among them, the lineage of 2465 strains (49%) was retrieved or characterized in this study by a real-time RT-PCR assay and/or sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. RESULTS Co-circulation of both B lineages was observed each season, although in different proportions every year. Overall, viruses of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages caused 53.3 and 46.7% of influenza B infections, respectively. A higher proportion of infections with both lineages was detected in children, and there was a declining frequency of B/Victoria detections with age. A mismatch between the vaccine and the predominant influenza B lineage occurred in eight out of thirteen influenza seasons under study. Considering the seasons when B accounted for > 20% of all laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, a mismatch was observed in four out of six seasons. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 domain confirmed the co-circulation of both lineages and revealed a mixed circulation of distinct evolutionary viral variants, with different levels of match to the vaccine strains. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the understanding of the circulation of influenza B viruses in Italy. We found a continuous co-circulation of both B lineages in the period 2004-2017, and determined that children were particularly vulnerable to Victoria-lineage influenza B virus infections. An influenza B lineage mismatch with the trivalent vaccine occurred in about two-thirds of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Puzelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Di Martino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Facchini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Fabiani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Calzoletti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Mario
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Annapina Palmieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Donatelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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6
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Tramuto F, Restivo V, Costantino C, Colomba GME, Maida CM, Casuccio A, Vitale F. Surveillance Data for Eight Consecutive Influenza Seasons in Sicily, Italy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:1232-1239. [PMID: 31571567 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B outbreaks occur each year with different activity and molecular patterns. To date, knowledge of seasonal epidemiology remains a prerequisite not only to put in place the most effective immunization strategy against influenza but also to identify population groups at higher risk of developing serious complications. A retrospective analysis of influenza surveillance data from 2010 to 2018 aimed to explore the epidemiology of influenza in Sicily, at the primary care and hospital level. Overall, 6,740 patients with acute respiratory infection were tested, of which 3,032 (45.0%) were positive for influenza. The relative proportion of type A and B viruses markedly varied across seasons. Type A similarly spreads among children and adults, whereas type B was more commonly identified among pediatric population aged 5-9 years. The median age of confirmed influenza cases differed by health-care setting, increasing according to disease severity (range: 8-54 years). Among influenza-confirmed cases, more than 80% of hospitalized patients had an underlying medical condition. Cardiovascular disease, lung disease, diabetes, and obesity were some of the most frequent. Overall, patients admitted to an intensive care unit were more likely to have multiple comorbidities and being infected with influenza infection strongly increased the risk of severe clinical outcomes. Understanding of the epidemiology of influenza and the molecular features of circulating viruses is of paramount importance to optimize prevention and control strategies. Knowledge of predictors for the occurrence of severe forms of the disease may help to address adequate preventive measures to high-risk population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tramuto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maria Elena Colomba
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Costantino C, Vitale F. The relevance for Public Health of the mid-term and interim analyses of seasonal influenza vaccination effectiveness. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal & Infant Care, Internal Medicine & Excellence Specialties (PROMISE) “G D’Alessandro” – University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal & Infant Care, Internal Medicine & Excellence Specialties (PROMISE) “G D’Alessandro” – University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Affanni P, Colucci ME, Bracchi MT, Capobianco E, Zoni R, Caruso L, Castrucci MR, Puzelli S, Cantarelli A, Veronesi L. Virological Surveillance of Influenza in the eight epidemic seasons after the 2009 pandemic in Emilia-Romagna (Northern Italy). ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:35-44. [PMID: 31517888 PMCID: PMC7233653 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i9-s.8722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK Influenza virological surveillance is essential for monitoring the evolution of influenza viruses (IVs) as well as for annual updating of the vaccine composition. The aim of this study is to analyse IVs circulation in Emilia-Romagna during the eight epidemic seasons after the 2009 pandemic and to evaluate their match with seasonal vaccine strains. METHODS A total of 7882 respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI), were collected by regional sentinel practitioners and hospital physicians. Viral investigations were conducted by rRT-PCR assay. Genetic characterization was performed for a spatial-temporal representative number of influenza laboratory-confirmed specimens. RESULTS Influenza-positive samples per season ranged between 28.9% (2013-2014) and 66.8% (2012-2013). Co-circulation of IVs type A and type B was observed in all seasons, although with a different intensity. In all seasons, the highest number of positive samples was recorded in younger patients aged 5-14 years with relative frequencies ranging from 40% in the 2013-2014 season and 78% in the 2012-2013 season. Since the 2009 pandemic, A/H1N1pdm09 IVs circulating were closely related to the vaccine strain A/California/7/2009. Antigenic mismatch between vaccine strain and A/H3N2 IVs was observed in the 2011-2012 and 2014-2015 seasons. During 2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons a complete or nearly complete mismatch between the predominant influenza B lineage of IVs type B circulating and vaccine B lineage occurred. CONCLUSIONS This analysis confirms the importance of the virological surveillance and highlights the need of a continuous monitoring of IVs circulation, to improve the most appropriate vaccination strategies. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Affanni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
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9
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A mid-term estimate of 2018/2019 vaccine effectiveness to prevent laboratory confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) influenza cases in Sicily (Italy). Vaccine 2019; 37:5812-5816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Lei N, Wang HB, Zhang YS, Zhao JH, Zhong Y, Wang YJ, Huang LY, Ma JX, Sun Q, Yang L, Shu YL, Li SM, Sun LL. Molecular evolution of influenza B virus during 2011-2017 in Chaoyang, Beijing, suggesting the free influenza vaccine policy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2432. [PMID: 30792414 PMCID: PMC6384887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two influenza B virus lineages, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, are co-circulating in human population. While the two lineages are serologically distinct and TIV only contain one lineage. It is important to investigate the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of two influenza B virus lineages in Beijing after the free influenza vaccine policy from 2007. Here, we collected the nasopharyngeal swabs of 12657 outpatients of influenza-like illness and subtyped by real-time RT-PCR during 2011–2017. The HA and NA genes of influenza B were fully sequenced. The prevalence is the highest in the 6–17 years old group among people infected with influenza B. Yamagata-lineage virus evolved to two inter-clade from 2011–2014 to 2014–2017. The amino acids substitutions of HA1 region were R279K in strains of 2011–2014 and L173Q, M252V in strains of 2014–2017. Substitutions L58P, I146V were observed in HA1 region of Victoria-lineage virus in 2011–2012 and I117V, N129D were showed in 2015–2017. Phylogenetic analysis of NA showed Yamagata-Victoria inter-lineage reassortant occurred in 2013–2014. Influenza B mainly infect the school-aged children in Beijing and the free influenza vaccine inoculation does not seem to block school-age children from infection with influenza B. The antigen characteristics of circulating influenza B were different to the recommended vaccine strains. We concluded that the Victoria-lineage vaccine strain should been changed and the free influenza vaccine should be revalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lei
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu-Song Zhang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhao
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Wang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li-Yong Huang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Xin Ma
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue-Long Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Ling-Li Sun
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100021, China.
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11
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Etiology of Coinfections in Children with Influenza during 2015/16 Winter Season in Nepal. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:8945142. [PMID: 30510579 PMCID: PMC6230385 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8945142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Nepal. Besides the influenza, several other pathogens are responsible for acute respiratory infection in children. Etiology of infections is poorly characterized at the course of clinical management, and hence empirical antimicrobial agents are used. The objective of this study was to characterize the influenza and other respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR assay. A total of 175 throat swab specimens of influenza-positive cases collected at National Influenza Center, Nepal, during the 2015/16 winter season were selected for detecting other respiratory copathogens. Total nucleic acid was extracted using Pure Link viral RNA/DNA mini kit (Invitrogen), and multiplex RT-PCR assays were performed. Influenza A and B viruses were found in 120 (68.6%) and 55 (31.4%) specimens, respectively, among which coinfections were found in 106 (60.6%) specimens. Among the influenza A-positive cases, 25 (20.8%) were A/H1N1 pdm09 and 95 (79.2%) were A/H3 subtypes. Viruses coinfected frequently with influenza virus in children were rhinovirus (26; 14.8%), respiratory syncytial virus A/B (19; 10.8%), adenovirus (14; 8.0%), coronavirus (CoV)-HKU1 (14; 8.0%), CoV-OC43 (5; 2.9%), CoV-229E (2; 1.1%), metapneumovirus A/B (5; 2.9%), bocavirus (6; 3.4%), enterovirus (5; 2.9%), parainfluenza virus-1 (3; 1.7%), and parainfluenza virus-3 (2; 1.1%). Coinfection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with influenza virus was found in children (5; 2.8%). Most of the viral infection occurred in young children below 5 years of age. In addition to influenza virus, nine different respiratory pathogens were detected, of which coinfections of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus A/B were predominantly found in children. This study gives us better information on the respiratory pathogen profile and coinfection combinations which are important for diagnosis and treatment of ARIs.
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12
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Tsai CP, Tsai HJ. Influenza B viruses in pigs, Taiwan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 13:91-105. [PMID: 29996007 PMCID: PMC6304316 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza B viruses (IBVs) have never been isolated from natural‐infected pigs in clinical cases, although the susceptibility of domestic pigs to experimental IBV infections had been confirmed as well as IBV‐specific antibodies were detected from pigs under natural and experimental conditions. Objectives We aimed to assess and investigate the activities for infection and circulation of IBVs in pigs. Methods Annual active surveys for influenza have been implemented on swine populations in Taiwan since July 1998. Nasal swabs, trachea, lungs, and blood from pigs were tested using virological and serological assays for influenza. Gene sequences of influenza viral isolates were determined and characterized. Preliminary sero‐epidemiological data for influenza virus were investigated. Results Three strains of IBV were isolated and identified from natural‐infected pigs in 2014. Genetic characterization revealed the highest identities (>99%) of molecular sequence with the contemporary IBVs belonged to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 genetic clade of Victoria lineage in the phylogenetic trees for all 8 genes. IBV‐specific antibodies were detected in 31 (0.2%; 95%CI: 0.1%‐0.2%) of 15 983 swine serum samples from 29 (2.8%; 95%CI: 1.9%‐3.9%) of 1039 farm visits under annual active surveys from 2007 through 2017. Seropositive cases have been found sparsely in 1‐5 of test prefectures every year except 2015 and 2017 as well as scattered loosely over 26 townships/districts of 11 prefectures in Taiwan cumulatively in 11 years. Conclusions Influenza B viruse infections from humans to pigs remained sporadic and accidental currently in Taiwan but might have paved potential avenues for newly emerging zoonotic influenza in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Tsai
- Division of Animal Resources, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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13
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Hibino A, Massaad E, Kondo H, Saito R, Odagiri T, Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Saito T, Kyaw Y, Lin N, Myint YY, Tin HH, Le Khanh Hang N, Mai LQ, Yagami R, Shobugawa Y, Lam T, Zaraket H. Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility and evolutionary analysis of human influenza B isolates from three Asian countries during 2012-2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:27-33. [PMID: 29665435 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B viruses of both the Yamagata and the Victoria lineages are implicated in a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza outbreaks. In this study, we characterized the full genomes of 53 influenza B viruses isolated during 2012-2015 in three Asian countries: Japan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes revealed co-circulation of both the Yamagata and Victoria lineages within the same season in these countries. Our analysis revealed, that a large proportion of viruses circulating during 2013-2014 in Japan and Vietnam were mismatched to the vaccine supporting the rationale for using quadrivalent vaccines. Molecular analysis of the neuraminidase (NA) genes did not reveal any of the previously reported substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). However, one isolate from Nagasaki displayed reduced inhibition by NAIs, associated with an NA-M426I substitution (N2-numbering). Phylogenetic analysis of the eight genome segments identified a 6 + 2 reassortant strain belonging to the Victoria lineage that circulated in Japan during the 2013-2014 season. This strain appears to have evolved from a descendent of a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like strain in an intra-lineage reassortment event involving the nucleoprotein (NP) and nonstructural (NS) genes. Therefore, influenza B strains circulating worldwide continue to evolve via complex reassortment events, which contribute to their survival and the emergence of new strains. These findings highlight the need for ongoing genome-wide studies of circulating viruses and assessing the implications of these evolutionary events on the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Hibino
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie Massaad
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiroki Kondo
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan.
| | - Takashi Odagiri
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yadanar Kyaw
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Sanpya Hospital, Kyaikkasan Pagoda Road, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nay Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Pyinmana Township Hospital, Naw Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Yi Yi Myint
- Ministry of Health and Sports, Department traditional Medicine, Naw Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Tin
- Ministry of Health and Sports, Department traditional Medicine, Naw Pyi Taw, Myanmar; National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Le Quynh Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ren Yagami
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tommy Lam
- School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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14
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Orsi A, Colomba GME, Pojero F, Calamusa G, Alicino C, Trucchi C, Canepa P, Ansaldi F, Vitale F, Tramuto F. Trends of influenza B during the 2010-2016 seasons in 2 regions of north and south Italy: The impact of the vaccine mismatch on influenza immunisation strategy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:523-531. [PMID: 28708953 PMCID: PMC5861802 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1342907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for respiratory infections, representing globally seasonal threats to human health. The 2 viral types often co-circulate and influenza B plays an important role in the spread of infection. A 6-year retrospective surveillance study was conducted between 2010 and 2016 in 2 large administrative regions of Italy, located in the north (Liguria) and in the south (Sicily) of the country, to describe the burden and epidemiology of both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in different healthcare settings. Influenza B viruses were detected in 5 of 6 seasonal outbreaks, exceeding influenza A during the season 2012-2013. Most of influenza B infections were found in children aged ≤ 14 y and significant differences were observed in the age-groups infected by the different lineages. B/Victoria strains prevailed in younger population than B/Yamagata, but also were more frequently found in the community setting. Conversely, B/Yamagata viruses were prevalent among hospitalized cases suggesting their potential role in the development of more severe disease. The relative proportions of viral lineages varied from year to year, resulting in different lineage-level mismatch for the B component of trivalent influenza vaccine. Our findings confirmed the need for continuous virological surveillance of seasonal epidemics and bring attention to the adoption of universal influenza immunization program in the childhood. The use of tetravalent vaccine formulations may be useful to improve the prevention and control of the influenza burden in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Hygiene Unit, IRCCS University Hospital “San Martino” - IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maria Elena Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother-Child Care “G. D'Alessandro” – Hygiene section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fanny Pojero
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother-Child Care “G. D'Alessandro” – Hygiene section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamusa
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother-Child Care “G. D'Alessandro” – Hygiene section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Trucchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Canepa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Hygiene Unit, IRCCS University Hospital “San Martino” - IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother-Child Care “G. D'Alessandro” – Hygiene section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Tramuto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother-Child Care “G. D'Alessandro” – Hygiene section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Korsun N, Angelova S, Trifonova I, Tzotcheva I, Mileva S, Voleva S, Georgieva I, Perenovska P. Predominance of influenza A(H3N2) viruses during the 2016/2017 season in Bulgaria. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:228-239. [PMID: 29297852 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Influenza viruses are characterised by high variability, which makes them able to cause annual epidemics. The aim of this study is to determine the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2016/2017 season. METHODOLOGY The detection and typing/subtyping of influenza viruses were performed using real time RT-PCR. Results of antigenic characterisation, phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analyses of representative influenza strains are presented herein. RESULTS The 2016/2017 season was characterised by an early start, an exclusive dominance of A(H3N2) viruses accounting for 93 % of total influenza virus detections, and a low circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 (4.2 %) and type B (2.5 %) viruses. The analysed A(H3N2) viruses belonged to subclades 3C.2a (52 %) and 3C.2a1 (48 %); all studied A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria-lineage viruses belonged to subclades 6B.1 and 1A, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis of 56 A(H3N2) isolates revealed the presence of substitutions in 18 positions in haemagglutinin (HA) as compared to the A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 vaccine virus, seven of which occurred in four antigenic sites, together with changes in 23 positions in neuraminidase (NA), and a number of substitutions in internal proteins PB2, PB1, PB1-F2, PA, NP and NS1. Despite the many amino acid substitutions, A(H3N2) viruses remained antigenically similar to the vaccine strain. Substitutions in HA and NA sequences of A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria-lineage strains were also identified, including in antigenic sites. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm the genetic variability of circulating influenza viruses, particularly A(H3N2), and the need for continued antigenic and molecular surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Bulgaria/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/classification
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Seasons
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- National Reference Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- National Reference Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelina Trifonova
- National Reference Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iren Tzotcheva
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, 1"Sv. Georgi Sofiiski" Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sirma Mileva
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, 1"Sv. Georgi Sofiiski" Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Voleva
- National Reference Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Georgieva
- National Reference Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Perenovska
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, 1"Sv. Georgi Sofiiski" Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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16
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Korsun N, Angelova S, Gregory V, Daniels R, Georgieva I, McCauley J. Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2015/2016 season. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 49:241-250. [PMID: 28132927 PMCID: PMC5348111 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virological surveillance is an essential tool for early detection of novel genetic variants of epidemiologic and clinical significance. The aim of this study was to determine the antigenic and molecular characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2015/2016 season. The season was characterized by dominant circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, accounting for 66% of detected influenza viruses, followed by B/Victoria-lineage viruses (24%) and A(H3N2) viruses (10%). All sequenced influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B/Victoria-lineage viruses belonged to the 6B.1, 3C.2a and 1A genetic groups, respectively. Amino acid analysis of 57 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates revealed the presence of 16 changes in hemagglutinin (HA) compared to the vaccine virus, five of which occurred in four antigenic sites, together with 16 changes in neuraminidase (NA) and a number of substitutions in proteins MP, NP, NS and PB2. Despite the many amino acid substitutions, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses remained antigenically closely related to A/California/7/2009 vaccine virus. Bulgarian A(H3N2) strains (subclade 3C.2a) showed changes at 11 HA positions four of which were located in antigenic sites A and B, together with 6 positions in NA, compared to the subclade 3C.3a vaccine virus. They contained unique HA1 substitutions N171K, S312R and HA2 substitutions I77V and G155E compared to Bulgarian 3C.2a viruses of the previous season. All 20 B/Victoria-lineage viruses sequenced harboured two substitutions in the antigenic 120-loop region of HA, and 5 changes in NA, compared to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine virus. The results of this study reaffirm the continuous genetic variability of circulating seasonal influenza viruses and the need for continued systematic antigenic and molecular surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Bulgaria/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Seasons
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Svetla Angelova
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viki Gregory
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Daniels
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Georgieva
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARD", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - John McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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17
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Suptawiwat O, Ninpan K, Boonarkart C, Ruangrung K, Auewarakul P. Evolutionary dynamic of antigenic residues on influenza B hemagglutinin. Virology 2017; 502:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Trucchi C, Alicino C, Orsi A, Paganino C, Barberis I, Grammatico F, Canepa P, Rappazzo E, Bruzzone B, Sticchi L, Ansaldi F. Fifteen years of epidemiologic, virologic and syndromic influenza surveillance: A focus on type B virus and the effects of vaccine mismatch in Liguria region, Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:456-463. [PMID: 27924684 PMCID: PMC5328239 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1264779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to estimate the burden of influenza and to describe the genetic evolutionary pattern and antigenic variability of type B viral strains, data deriving from 3 surveillance systems active in Liguria region, Northern Italy, were described. Since the re-emergence of the Victoria lineage in 2001, the clinical-epidemiological and syndromic surveillances demonstrated the heavy burden of influenza like illness (ILI) syndrome. Focusing on type B influenza virus, it predominated or played a relevant epidemic role in the 50% of the evaluated influenza seasons. Furthermore, the virologic surveillance demonstrated the frequent co-circulation of both lineages an heterogeneous circulation of different influenza B strains, determining a partial or complete mismatch in at least 6 influenza seasons. The undemonstrated cross-reactivity between lineages and the unpredictability of predominant lineage arose the scientific debate about the opportunity to include the quadrivalent influenza vaccine among the preventive tools to improve the protection against type B viruses. The integration of different surveillance systems highly contribute to estimate the poorly evaluated burden of type B influenza virus and help to find variants to include in the vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Trucchi
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Cristiano Alicino
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy.,b O.U. Hygiene, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genoa , Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ilaria Barberis
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | | | - Paola Canepa
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Emanuela Rappazzo
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | | | - Laura Sticchi
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy.,c O.U. Clinical Governance and Hospital Organization, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genoa , Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy.,c O.U. Clinical Governance and Hospital Organization, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genoa , Italy
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19
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Esposito S. Infectious Diseases: Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091464. [PMID: 27598145 PMCID: PMC5037742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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