1
|
Rys M, Saja-Garbarz D, Fodor J, Oliwa J, Gullner G, Juhász C, Kornaś A, Skoczowski A, Gruszka D, Janeczko A, Barna B. Heat Pre-Treatment Modified Host and Non-Host Interactions of Powdery Mildew with Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants and Wild Types. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:160. [PMID: 38276289 PMCID: PMC10817351 DOI: 10.3390/life14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High temperatures associated with climate change may increase the severity of plant diseases. This study investigated the effect of heat shock treatment on host and non-host barley powdery mildew interactions using brassinosteroid (BR) mutants of barley. Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones, but so far little is known about their role in plant-fungal interactions. Wild type barley cultivar Bowman and its near-isogenic lines with disturbances in BR biosynthesis or signalling showed high compatibility to barley powdery mildew race A6, while cultivar Delisa and its BR-deficient mutants 522DK and 527DK were fully incompatible with this pathogen (host plant-pathogen interactions). On the other hand, Bowman and its mutants were highly resistant to wheat powdery mildew, representing non-host plant-pathogen interactions. Heat pre-treatment induced shifts in these plant-pathogen interactions towards higher susceptibility. In agreement with the more severe disease symptoms, light microscopy showed a decrease in papillae formation and hypersensitive response, characteristic of incompatible interactions, when heat pre-treatment was applied. Mutant 527DK, but not 522DK, maintained high resistance to barley powdery mildew race A6 despite heat pre-treatment. By 10 days after heat treatment and infection, a noticeable shift became apparent in the chlorophyll a fluorescence and in various leaf reflectance parameters at all genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rys
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Diana Saja-Garbarz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szurman-Zubrzycka M, Kurowska M, Till BJ, Szarejko I. Is it the end of TILLING era in plant science? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1160695. [PMID: 37674734 PMCID: PMC10477672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 2000, the TILLING strategy has been widely used in plant research to create novel genetic diversity. TILLING is based on chemical or physical mutagenesis followed by the rapid identification of mutations within genes of interest. TILLING mutants may be used for functional analysis of genes and being nontransgenic, they may be directly used in pre-breeding programs. Nevertheless, classical mutagenesis is a random process, giving rise to mutations all over the genome. Therefore TILLING mutants carry background mutations, some of which may affect the phenotype and should be eliminated, which is often time-consuming. Recently, new strategies of targeted genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9-based methods, have been developed and optimized for many plant species. These methods precisely target only genes of interest and produce very few off-targets. Thus, the question arises: is it the end of TILLING era in plant studies? In this review, we recap the basics of the TILLING strategy, summarize the current status of plant TILLING research and present recent TILLING achievements. Based on these reports, we conclude that TILLING still plays an important role in plant research as a valuable tool for generating genetic variation for genomics and breeding projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Szurman-Zubrzycka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marzena Kurowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bradley J. Till
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inhibition of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Family by the Bikinin Alleviates the Long-Term Effects of Salinity in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911644. [PMID: 36232941 PMCID: PMC9569769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crops grown under stress conditions show restricted growth and, eventually, reduced yield. Among others, brassinosteroids (BRs) mitigate the effects of stress and improve plant growth. We used two barley cultivars with differing sensitivities to BRs, as determined by the lamina joint inclination test. Barley plants with the 2nd unfolded leaf were sprayed with a diluted series of bikinin, an inhibitor of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3) family, which controls the BR signaling pathway. Barley was grown under salt stress conditions up to the start of the 5th leaf growth stage. The phenotypical, molecular, and physiological changes were determined. Our results indicate that the salt tolerance of barley depends on its sensitivity to BRs. We confirmed that barley treatment with bikinin reduced the level of the phosphorylated form of HvBZR1, the activity of which is regulated by GSK3. The use of two barley varieties with different responses to salinity led to the identification of the role of BR signaling in photosynthesis activity. These results suggest that salinity reduces the expression of the genes controlling the BR signaling pathway. Moreover, the results also suggest that the functional analysis of the GSK3 family in stress responses can be a tool for plant breeding in order to improve crops’ resistance to salinity or to other stresses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadura I, Janeczko A. Brassinosteroids and the Tolerance of Cereals to Low and High Temperature Stress: Photosynthesis and the Physicochemical Properties of Cell Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:342. [PMID: 35008768 PMCID: PMC8745458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals, which belong to the Poaceae family, are the most economically important group of plants. Among abiotic stresses, temperature stresses are a serious and at the same time unpredictable problem for plant production. Both frost (in the case of winter cereals) and high temperatures in summer (especially combined with a water deficit in the soil) can result in significant yield losses. Plants have developed various adaptive mechanisms that have enabled them to survive periods of extreme temperatures. The processes of acclimation to low and high temperatures are controlled, among others, by phytohormones. The current review is devoted to the role of brassinosteroids (BR) in cereal acclimation to temperature stress with special attention being paid to the impact of BR on photosynthesis and the membrane properties. In cereals, the exogenous application of BR increases frost tolerance (winter rye, winter wheat), tolerance to cold (maize) and tolerance to a high temperature (rice). Disturbances in BR biosynthesis and signaling are accompanied by a decrease in frost tolerance but unexpectedly an improvement of tolerance to high temperature (barley). BR exogenous treatment increases the efficiency of the photosynthetic light reactions under various temperature conditions (winter rye, barley, rice), but interestingly, BR mutants with disturbances in BR biosynthesis are also characterized by an increased efficiency of PSII (barley). BR regulate the sugar metabolism including an increase in the sugar content, which is of key importance for acclimation, especially to low temperatures (winter rye, barley, maize). BR either participate in the temperature-dependent regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis or control the processes that are responsible for the transport or incorporation of the fatty acids into the membranes, which influences membrane fluidity (and subsequently the tolerance to high/low temperatures) (barley). BR may be one of the players, along with gibberellins or ABA, in acquiring tolerance to temperature stress in cereals (particularly important for the acclimation of cereals to low temperature).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sadura
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular Dynamics of Chloroplast Membranes Isolated from Wild-Type Barley and a Brassinosteroid-Deficient Mutant Acclimated to Low and High Temperatures. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010027. [PMID: 33383794 PMCID: PMC7823496 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed various acclimation strategies in order to counteract the negative effects of abiotic stresses (including temperature stress), and biological membranes are important elements in these strategies. Brassinosteroids (BR) are plant steroid hormones that regulate plant growth and development and modulate their reaction against many environmental stresses including temperature stress, but their role in modifying the properties of the biological membrane is poorly known. In this paper, we characterise the molecular dynamics of chloroplast membranes that had been isolated from wild-type and a BR-deficient barley mutant that had been acclimated to low and high temperatures in order to enrich the knowledge about the role of BR as regulators of the dynamics of the photosynthetic membranes. The molecular dynamics of the membranes was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic area of the membranes. The content of BR was determined, and other important membrane components that affect their molecular dynamics such as chlorophylls, carotenoids and fatty acids in these membranes were also determined. The chloroplast membranes of the BR-mutant had a higher degree of rigidification than the membranes of the wild type. In the hydrophilic area, the most visible differences were observed in plants that had been grown at 20 °C, whereas in the hydrophobic core, they were visible at both 20 and 5 °C. There were no differences in the molecular dynamics of the studied membranes in the chloroplast membranes that had been isolated from plants that had been grown at 27 °C. The role of BR in regulating the molecular dynamics of the photosynthetic membranes will be discussed against the background of an analysis of the photosynthetic pigments and fatty acid composition in the chloroplasts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gruszka D, Pociecha E, Jurczyk B, Dziurka M, Oliwa J, Sadura I, Janeczko A. Insights into Metabolic Reactions of Semi-Dwarf, Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants to Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145096. [PMID: 32707671 PMCID: PMC7404083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in the modulation of reaction to drought and genetic regulation of this process are still obscure. In this study, a multidirectional analysis was performed on semi-dwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare) Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs) and the reference cultivar “Bowman” to get insights into various aspects of metabolic reaction to drought. The NILs are defective in BR biosynthesis or signaling and displayed an enhanced tolerance to drought. The BR metabolism perturbations affected the glucose and fructose accumulation under the control and stress conditions. The BR metabolism abnormalities negatively affected the sucrose accumulation as well. However, during drought, the BR-deficient NILs accumulated higher contents of sucrose than the “Bowman” cultivar. Under the control conditions, accumulation of transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (HvAPX) and superoxide dismutase (HvSOD) was BR-dependent. However, during drought, the accumulation of HvAPX transcript was BR-dependent, whereas accumulations of transcripts encoding catalase (HvCAT) and HvSOD were not affected by the BR metabolism perturbations. The obtained results reveal a significant role of BRs in regulation of the HvAPX and HvCAT enzymatic activities under control conditions and the HvAPX and HvSOD activities during physiological reactions to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Pociecha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (B.J.)
| | - Barbara Jurczyk
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (B.J.)
| | - Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Iwona Sadura
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Janeczko
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (I.S.); (A.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
HSP Transcript and Protein Accumulation in Brassinosteroid Barley Mutants Acclimated to Low and High Temperatures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051889. [PMID: 32164259 PMCID: PMC7084868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In temperature stress, the main role of heat-shock proteins (HSP) is to act as molecular chaperones for other cellular proteins. However, knowledge about the hormonal regulation of the production of the HSP is quite limited. Specifically, little is known about the role of the plant steroid hormones—brassinosteroids (BR)—in regulating the HSP expression. The aim of our study was to answer the question of how a BR deficit or disturbances in its signaling affect the accumulation of the HSP90, HSP70, HSP18, and HSP17 transcripts and protein in barley growing at 20 °C (control) and during the acclimation of plants at 5 °C and 27 °C. In barley, the temperature of plant growth modified the expression of HSPs. Furthermore, the BR-deficient mutants (mutations in the HvDWARF or HvCPD genes) and BR-signaling mutants (mutation in the HvBRI1 gene) were characterized by altered levels of the transcripts and proteins of the HSP group compared to the wild type. The BR-signaling mutant was characterized by a decreased level of the HSP transcripts and heat-shock proteins. In the BR-deficient mutants, there were temperature-dependent cases when the decreased accumulation of the HSP70 and HSP90 transcripts was connected to an increased accumulation of these HSP. The significance of changes in the accumulation of HSPs during acclimation at 27 °C and 5 °C is discussed in the context of the altered tolerance to more extreme temperatures of the studied mutants (i.e., heat stress and frost, respectively).
Collapse
|
8
|
Sadura I, Libik-Konieczny M, Jurczyk B, Gruszka D, Janeczko A. Plasma membrane ATPase and the aquaporin HvPIP1 in barley brassinosteroid mutants acclimated to high and low temperature. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153090. [PMID: 31841952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The integral parts of the cell membranes are the functional proteins, which are crucial for cell life. Among them, proton-pumping ATPase and aquaporins appear to be of particular importance. There is some knowledge about the effect of the temperature during plant growth, including stress-inducing temperatures, on the accumulation of the membrane proteins: plasma membrane H+-ATPase and aquaporins, but not much is known about the effect of the phytohormones (i.e. brassinosteroids (BR)) on control of accumulation of these proteins. The aim of our study was to answer the question of how a BR deficit and disturbances in the BR perception/signalling affect the accumulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase), the aquaporin HvPIP1 transcript and protein in barley growing at 20 °C and during its acclimation at 5 °C and 27 °C. For the studies, the BR-deficient mutant 522DK (derived from the wild-type Delisa), the BR-deficient mutant BW084 and the BR-signalling mutant BW312 and their wild-type Bowman were used. Generally, temperature of growth was significant factor influencing on the level of the accumulation of the H+-ATPase and HvPIP1 transcript and the PM H+-ATPase and HvPIP1 protein in barley leaves. The level of the accumulation of the HvPIP1 transcript decreased at 5 °C (compared to 20 °C), but was higher at 27 °C than at 20 °C in the analyzed cultivars. In both cultivars the protein HvPIP1 was accumulated in the highest amounts at 27 °C. On the other hand, the barley mutants with a BR deficiency or with BR signalling disturbances were characterised by an altered accumulation level of PM H+-ATPase, the aquaporin HvPIP1 transcript and protein (compared to the wild types), which may suggest the involvement of brassinosteroids in regulating PM H+-ATPase and aquaporin HvPIP1 at the transcriptional and translational levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sadura
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Libik-Konieczny
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Jurczyk
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Department of Plant Physiology, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Department of Genetics, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bajguz A, Orczyk W, Gołębiewska A, Chmur M, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A. Occurrence of brassinosteroids and influence of 24-epibrassinolide with brassinazole on their content in the leaves and roots of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golden Promise. PLANTA 2019; 249:123-137. [PMID: 30594955 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
24-epibrassinolide overcame the inhibitory effect of brassinazole on the barley growth and the content of brassinosteroids. The present work demonstrates the occurrence of mainly castasterone, brassinolide and cathasterone and lower amounts of 24-epibrassinolide, 24-epicastasterone, 28-homobrassinolide, typhasterol, 6-deoxocastasterone and 6-deoxotyphasterol in 14-day-old de-etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golden Promise). We also investigated the endogenous level of brassinosteroids (BRs) in barley seedlings treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and/or brassinazole (Brz). To our knowledge, this is the first report related to the occurrence of BRs and application of EBL and Brz in terms of the endogenous content of BRs in barley. Brz as a specific inhibitor of BR biosynthetic reactions decreased the level of BRs in the leaves. Application of EBL showed a weak promotive effect on the BR content in Brz-treated seedlings. Brz also inhibited growth of the seedlings; however, addition of EBL overcame the inhibition. The EBL applied alone at 0.01-1 µM increased the BR level in the leaves but at 10 µM lowered the BR content. In opposition to leaves, the Brz in the concentration range from 0.1 to 1 µM did not significantly affect the content of BRs in the roots. However, application of 10 µM Brz caused BRs to decrease, but treatment of EBL concentrations overcame the inhibitory effect of Brz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, 1J Konstantego Ciolkowskiego St., 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Wacław Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gołębiewska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, 1J Konstantego Ciolkowskiego St., 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmur
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, 1J Konstantego Ciolkowskiego St., 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, 1J Konstantego Ciolkowskiego St., 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) differ in contents of endogenous brassinosteroids and their drought-induced changes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197870. [PMID: 29795656 PMCID: PMC5967837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The contents of endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) together with various aspects of plant morphology, water management, photosynthesis and protection against cell damage were assessed in two maize genotypes that differed in their drought sensitivity. The presence of 28-norbrassinolide in rather high quantities (1-2 pg mg-1 fresh mass) in the leaves of monocot plants is reported for the first time. The intraspecific variability in the presence/content of the individual BRs in drought-stressed plants is also described for the first time. The drought-resistant genotype was characterised by a significantly higher content of total endogenous BRs (particularly typhasterol and 28-norbrassinolide) compared with the drought-sensitive genotype. On the other hand, the drought-sensitive genotype showed higher levels of 28-norcastasterone. Both genotypes also differed in the drought-induced reduction/elevation of the levels of 28-norbrassinolide, 28-norcastasterone, 28-homocastasterone and 28-homodolichosterone. The differences observed between both genotypes in the endogenous BR content are probably correlated with their different degrees of drought sensitivity, which was demonstrated at various levels of plant morphology, physiology and biochemistry.
Collapse
|
11
|
Szurman-Zubrzycka ME, Zbieszczyk J, Marzec M, Jelonek J, Chmielewska B, Kurowska MM, Krok M, Daszkowska-Golec A, Guzy-Wrobelska J, Gruszka D, Gajecka M, Gajewska P, Stolarek M, Tylec P, Sega P, Lip S, Kudełko M, Lorek M, Gorniak-Walas M, Malolepszy A, Podsiadlo N, Szyrajew KP, Keisa A, Mbambo Z, Todorowska E, Gaj M, Nita Z, Orlowska-Job W, Maluszynski M, Szarejko I. HorTILLUS-A Rich and Renewable Source of Induced Mutations for Forward/Reverse Genetics and Pre-breeding Programs in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29515615 PMCID: PMC5826354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a strategy used for functional analysis of genes that combines the classical mutagenesis and a rapid, high-throughput identification of mutations within a gene of interest. TILLING has been initially developed as a discovery platform for functional genomics, but soon it has become a valuable tool in development of desired alleles for crop breeding, alternative to transgenic approach. Here we present the HorTILLUS ( Hordeum-TILLING-University of Silesia) population created for spring barley cultivar "Sebastian" after double-treatment of seeds with two chemical mutagens: sodium azide (NaN3) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The population comprises more than 9,600 M2 plants from which DNA was isolated, seeds harvested, vacuum-packed, and deposited in seed bank. M3 progeny of 3,481 M2 individuals was grown in the field and phenotyped. The screening for mutations was performed for 32 genes related to different aspects of plant growth and development. For each gene fragment, 3,072-6,912 M2 plants were used for mutation identification using LI-COR sequencer. In total, 382 mutations were found in 182.2 Mb screened. The average mutation density in the HorTILLUS, estimated as 1 mutation per 477 kb, is among the highest mutation densities reported for barley. The majority of mutations were G/C to A/T transitions, however about 8% transversions were also detected. Sixty-one percent of mutations found in coding regions were missense, 37.5% silent and 1.1% nonsense. In each gene, the missense mutations with a potential effect on protein function were identified. The HorTILLUS platform is the largest of the TILLING populations reported for barley and best characterized. The population proved to be a useful tool, both in functional genomic studies and in forward selection of barley mutants with required phenotypic changes. We are constantly renewing the HorTILLUS population, which makes it a permanent source of new mutations. We offer the usage of this valuable resource to the interested barley researchers on cooperative basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E. Szurman-Zubrzycka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Justyna Zbieszczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Marzec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Janusz Jelonek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Chmielewska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marzena M. Kurowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Milena Krok
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Justyna Guzy-Wrobelska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Gajecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Gajewska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stolarek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Tylec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Sega
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sabina Lip
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Kudełko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lorek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gorniak-Walas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Malolepszy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Nina Podsiadlo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna P. Szyrajew
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anete Keisa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zodwa Mbambo
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Marek Gaj
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Nita
- Seed Company Plant Breeding Strzelce Ltd., Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Błonie, Poland
| | - Wanda Orlowska-Job
- Seed Company Plant Breeding Strzelce Ltd., Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Błonie, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Maluszynski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ito A, Yasuda A, Yamaoka K, Ueda M, Nakayama A, Takatsuto S, Honda I. Brachytic 1 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) encodes the α subunit of heterotrimeric G protein. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:209-215. [PMID: 28412605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and molecular biological analysis of the dwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutant brachytic 1 (brh1) was conducted. The root responses of brh1 to brassinolide were weaker than those of wild type, but the responses of leaf segments of dark-grown plants were not. Responses of brh1 to gibberellin A3 were similar to or slightly stronger than those of wild type. Endogenous levels of these hormones in young seedlings were not clearly different between brh1 and wild type. Skotomorphogeneses of brh1 were similar to those of wild type. Some of these physiological characteristics of brh1 resemble those of the dwarf rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant daikoku (dwarf1; d1), whose dwarfism is caused by a mutation in the heterotrimeric G protein α (Gα) subunit. A database search indicated that the barley Gα gene is located near the locus where Brh1 has already been genetically mapped. Sequences of the Gα gene and cDNAs of five brh1 alleles contained substitutions and a deletion that lead to the production of abnormal Gα proteins. These results indicate that the phenotype of brh1, similarly to that of d1, is caused by mutations in an orthologous gene encoding Gα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ito
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamaoka
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Minase Ueda
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Suguru Takatsuto
- Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan
| | - Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang H, Li W, Qin Y, Pan Y, Wang X, Weng Y, Chen P, Li Y. The Cytochrome P450 Gene CsCYP85A1 Is a Putative Candidate for Super Compact-1 ( Scp-1) Plant Architecture Mutation in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:266. [PMID: 28303144 PMCID: PMC5332357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dwarf or compact plant architecture is an important trait in plant breeding. A number of genes controlling plant height have been cloned and functionally characterized which often involve in biosynthesis or signaling of plant hormones such as brassinosteroids (BRs). No genes for plant height or vine length have been cloned in cucurbit crops (family Cucurbitaceae). From an EMS-induced mutagenesis population, we identified a super compact (SCP) mutant C257 which was extremely dwarf due to practically no internode elongation. Under dark growing condition, C257 did not undergo skotomorphogenesis and its mutant phenotype could be rescued with exogenous application of brassinolide (BL), suggesting SCP might be a BR-deficient mutant. Segregation analysis revealed a single recessive gene scp-1 that was responsible for the SCP mutation. Map-based cloning combined with a modified MutMap identified CsCYP85A1, a member of the plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene family, as the most possible candidate gene for scp-1, which encodes a BR-C6-oxidase in the BR biosynthesis pathway. We show that a SNP within the second exon of scp-1 candidate gene caused the SCP phenotype. Three copies of the CsCYP85A gene are present in the cucumber genome, but only the scp-1/CsCYP85A1 gene seemed active. The expression of CsCYP85A1 was higher in flowers than in the leaves and stem; its expression in the wild type (WT) was feedback regulated by BL application. Its expression was reduced in C257 as compared with the WT. This was the first report of map-based cloning of a plant height gene in cucurbit crops. The research highlighted the combined use of linkage mapping, an improved MutMap method and allelic diversity analysis in natural populations in quick cloning of simply inherited genes in cucumber. The roles of CsCYP85A1 in regulation of internode elongation in cucumber was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yaguang Qin
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, MadisonWI, USA
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
- *Correspondence: Peng Chen, Yuhong Li,
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Chen, Yuhong Li,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gruszka D, Janeczko A, Dziurka M, Pociecha E, Oklestkova J, Szarejko I. Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants Provide an Insight into Phytohormonal Homeostasis in Plant Reaction to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1824. [PMID: 27994612 PMCID: PMC5133261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid phytohormones, which regulate various processes of morphogenesis and physiology-from seed development to regulation of flowering and senescence. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that BRs take part in regulation of physiological reactions to various stress conditions, including drought. Many of the physiological functions of BRs are regulated by a complicated, and not fully elucidated network of interactions with metabolic pathways of other phytohormones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize phytohormonal homeostasis in barley (Hordeum vulgare) in reaction to drought and validate role of BRs in regulation of this process. Material of this study included the barley cultivar "Bowman" and five Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs) representing characterized semi-dwarf mutants of several genes encoding enzymes participating in BR biosynthesis and signaling. Analysis of endogenous BRs concentrations in these NILs confirmed that their phenotypes result from abnormalities in BR metabolism. In general, concentrations of 18 compounds, representing various classes of phytohormones, including brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were analyzed under control and drought conditions in the "Bowman" cultivar and the BR-deficient NILs. Drought induced a significant increase in accumulation of the biologically active form of BRs-castasterone in all analyzed genotypes. Another biologically active form of BRs-24-epi-brassinolide-was identified in one, BR-insensitive NIL under normal condition, but its accumulation was drought-induced in all analyzed genotypes. Analysis of concentration profiles of several compounds representing gibberellins allowed an insight into the BR-dependent regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis. The concentration of the gibberellic acid GA7 was significantly lower in all NILs when compared with the "Bowman" cultivar, indicating that GA7 biosynthesis represents an enzymatic step at which the stimulating effect of BRs on gibberellin biosynthesis occurs. Moreover, the accumulation of GA7 is significantly induced by drought in all the genotypes. Biosynthesis of jasmonic acid is also a BR-dependent process, as all the NILs accumulated much lower concentrations of this hormone when compared with the "Bowman" cultivar under normal condition, however the accumulation of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were significantly stimulated by drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
- *Correspondence: Damian Gruszka
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
| | - Michal Dziurka
- Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Pociecha
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture in KrakowKrakow, Poland
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|