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Aragón-González A, Shaw PJ, Ferraiuolo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315271. [PMID: 36499600 PMCID: PMC9737531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized and dynamic compartment which regulates the uptake of molecules and solutes from the blood. The relevance of the maintenance of a healthy BBB underpinning disease prevention as well as the main pathomechanisms affecting BBB function will be detailed in this review. Barrier disruption is a common aspect in both neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neurodevelopmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorders. Throughout this review, conditions altering the BBB during the earliest and latest stages of life will be discussed, revealing common factors involved. Due to the barrier's role in protecting the brain from exogenous components and xenobiotics, drug delivery across the BBB is challenging. Potential therapies based on the BBB properties as molecular Trojan horses, among others, will be reviewed, as well as innovative treatments such as stem cell therapies. Additionally, due to the microbiome influence on the normal function of the brain, microflora modulation strategies will be discussed. Finally, future research directions are highlighted to address the current gaps in the literature, emphasizing the idea that common therapies for both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aragón-González
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-2257; Fax: +44-(0)114-222-2290
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Heimbürger SMN, Hoe B, Nielsen CN, Bergman NC, Skov-Jeppesen K, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Dela F, Overgaard J, Størling J, Vilsbøll T, Dejgaard TF, Havelund JF, Gorshkov V, Kjeldsen F, Færgeman NJ, Madsen MR, Christensen MB, Knop FK. GIP Affects Hepatic Fat and Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis but Not White Adipose Tissue Transcriptome in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3261-3274. [PMID: 36111559 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been proposed to exert insulin-independent effects on lipid and bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of a 6-day subcutaneous GIP infusion on circulating lipids, white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), hepatic fat content, inflammatory markers, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and bone homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 20 men with type 1 diabetes underwent a 6-day continuous subcutaneous infusion with GIP (6 pmol/kg/min) and placebo (saline), with an interposed 7-day washout period. RESULTS During GIP infusion, participants (26 ± 8 years [mean ± SD]; BMI 23.8 ± 1.8 kg/m2; glycated hemoglobin A1c 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.8 ± 3.1%]) experienced transiently increased circulating concentrations of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (P = 0.0005), decreased RER (P = 0.009), indication of increased fatty acid β-oxidation, and decreased levels of the bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide (P = 0.000072) compared with placebo. After 6 days of GIP infusion, hepatic fat content was increased by 12.6% (P = 0.007) and supraclavicular skin temperature, a surrogate indicator of BAT activity, was increased by 0.29 °C (P < 0.000001) compared with placebo infusion. WAT transcriptomic profile as well as circulating lipid species, proteome, markers of inflammation, and bone homeostasis were unaffected. CONCLUSION Six days of subcutaneous GIP infusion in men with type 1 diabetes transiently decreased bone resorption and increased NEFA and β-oxidation. Further, hepatic fat content, and supraclavicular skin temperature were increased without affecting WAT transcriptomics, the circulating proteome, lipids, or inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Møller Nguyen Heimbürger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Translational Pharmacology, Zealand Pharma A/S, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Hoe
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Neumann Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Natasha Chidekel Bergman
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper Foged Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kostov K, Blazhev A. Changes in Serum Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 in Patients with Essential Hypertension. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030119. [PMID: 35324807 PMCID: PMC8945798 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are thought to be actively involved in the remodeling of the CV extracellular matrix (ECM) during hypertensive damage. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate serum levels of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in patients with essential HTN and compare them with those of normotensive individuals. We measured serum concentrations of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in 60 patients with HTN and 20 healthy controls using an ELISA. The obtained results showed that in patients with HTN, the mean levels of MMP-1 (1.82 ± 0.9 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p = 0.03) than the mean levels in the control group (1.19 ± 0.7 ng/mL). The levels of TIMP-1 in patients with essential HTN (0.44 ± 0.1 ng/mL) were also significantly higher (p = 0.005) than those in the control group (0.33 ± 0.1 ng/mL). In HTN, elevated serum MMP-1 levels may be associated with increased collagen degradation in the CV ECM, whereas elevated TIMP-1 levels may favor its accumulation and the development of pathological remodeling and fibrosis of the heart and arterial vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Blazhev
- Department of Biology, Medical University-Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria;
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Kostov K, Blazhev A. Circulating Levels of Endothelin-1 and Big Endothelin-1 in Patients with Essential Hypertension. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:489-495. [PMID: 35366246 PMCID: PMC8830463 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathogenesis of hypertension (HTN) is not clearly established. There is evidence that its circulating levels are elevated in some forms of experimental and human HTN, but this was not a consistent finding. Based on these controversial data, we tested serum levels of ET-1 and Big ET-1 (the precursor of ET-1) in patients with essential HTN, comparing the results with those of healthy normotensive controls. The levels of ET-1 and Big ET-1 were measured by ELISA. Our results in patients with essential HTN showed that the mean levels of ET-1 (5.01 ± 2.1 pg/mL) were significantly higher (F = 6.34, p = 0.0144) than the mean levels in the control group (3.2 ± 1.0 pg/mL). The levels of Big ET-1 in patients with essential HTN (0.377 ± 0.1 pmol/L) were similar to those in the control group (0.378 ± 0.07 pmol/L) and did not differ significantly (F = 0.00, p = 0.9531). These data suggest that ET-1, but not Big ET-1, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-889-257-459
| | - Alexander Blazhev
- Department of Biology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria;
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The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090986. [PMID: 34575135 PMCID: PMC8472034 DOI: 10.3390/life11090986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating blood pressure (BP), so crucial importance is given to the imbalance of a number of vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium. Decreased nitric oxide production and increased production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the vascular wall may promote oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, with the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and increased vasoconstrictor activity. Increased ET-1 production can contribute to arterial aging and the development of atherosclerotic changes, which are associated with increased arterial stiffness and manifestation of isolated systolic HTN. In addition, ET-1 is involved in the complex regulation of BP through synergistic interactions with angiotensin II, regulates the production of catecholamines and sympathetic activity, affects renal hemodynamics and water–salt balance, and regulates baroreceptor activity and myocardial contractility. This review focuses on the relationship between ET-1 and HTN and in particular on the key role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of ED, arterial structural changes, and impaired vascular regulation of BP. The information presented includes basic concepts on the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of HTN without going into detailed analyses, which allows it to be used by a wide range of specialists. Also, the main pathological processes and mechanisms are richly illustrated for better understanding.
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Hibbs E, Love S, Miners JS. Pericyte Contractile Responses to Endothelin-1 and Aβ Peptides: Assessment by Electrical Impedance Assay. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:723953. [PMID: 34489644 PMCID: PMC8417582 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.723953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are vascular mural cells that contract and relax in response to vasoactive stimuli to regulate neurovascular coupling and cerebral blood flow. Pericytes are damaged and degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously showed that the level of the regulatory vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (EDN1), is elevated in AD cerebral cortex and upregulated by amyloid-beta (Aβ). We have used electrical impedance analysis to monitor the contractile and proliferative response of cultured human fetal and adult brain-derived pericytes to EDN1 in real-time. EDN1 caused transient, dose-dependent contraction of fetal and adult brain pericytes that was mediated by EDN1 type A receptors and increased the subsequent proliferation of fetal but not adult cells. The contractile responses to EDN1 were weaker in the adult pericytes. The EDN1-mediated contractile response of fetal pericytes was unchanged after exposure to Aβ1 - 40 or Aβ1 - 42 (0.1-10 μM) for 1 h but both contraction and subsequent relaxation were significantly impaired upon exposure to Aβ for 24 h. These data suggest that chronic exposure to Aβ interferes with EDN1-mediated pericyte contractility, potentially contributing to neurovascular uncoupling and reduced cerebral blood flow in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Hibbs
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kostov K, Blazhev A. Serum Anti-Collagen IV IgM and IgG Antibodies as Indicators of Low Vascular Turnover of Collagen IV in Patients with Long-Term Complications of Type 2 Diabetes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:900. [PMID: 34069322 PMCID: PMC8158678 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the vascular basement membrane (BM) is a fundamental structural change in the small blood vessels in diabetes. Collagen type IV (CIV) is a major component of the BMs, and monitoring the turnover of this protein in type 2 diabetes (T2D) can provide important information about the mechanisms of vascular damage. The aim of the study was through the use of non-invasive biomarkers of CIV (autoantibodies, derivative peptides, and immune complexes) to investigate vascular turnover of CIV in patients with long-term complications of T2D. We measured serum levels of these biomarkers in 59 T2D patients with micro- and/or macrovascular complications and 20 healthy controls using an ELISA. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were also tested. In the T2D group, significantly lower levels of CIV markers and significantly higher levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were found compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was found between IgM antibody levels against CIV and MMP-2. These findings suggest that vascular metabolism of CIV is decreased in T2D with long-term complications and show that a positive linear relationship exists between MMP-2 levels and CIV turnover in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Blazhev
- Department of Biology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria;
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Association of dietary intake, medication and anthropometric indices with serum levels of advanced glycation end products, caspase-3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:719-725. [PMID: 34222087 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), caspase-3 (Cas-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been reported in diabetic patients. This study aimed to evaluate association of anthropometric, dietary, and therapeutic factors with serum levels of methylglyoxal (MGO), carboxymethyl lysine (CML), pentosidine (Pen), Cas-3, and MMP-9 in diabetic patients. Methods The current study included 36 diabetic subjects. Dietary intake of the participants was assessed using three-day 24-h recall survey and anthropometric indices were measured. Demographic factors and medication intake of every subject were obtained. Serum levels of CML, MGO, Pen, MMP-9, and Cas-3 were measured using ELISA method. Results Gliclazide consumption was positively correlated with MMP-9 and Cas-3, but not AGEs levels. Females had higher MGO level compared with males. Further, CML levels were negatively correlated with BMI and WHR. Dietary protein intake was positively correlated with MMP-9, Cas-3, and MGO levels. As well as dietary energy and fat intake had significant positive relationship with serum Cas-3 concentration. Conclusion It is concluded that anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake, and therapeutic medications are possible factors that may determine the circulating levels of AGEs, MMP-9, and Cas-3 in patients with diabetes.
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Caimi G, Hopps E, Montana M, Urso C, Carollo C, Canino B, Lo Presti R. The function of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) in several clinical conditions: Results and analysis of our survey. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:401-416. [PMID: 33814420 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to evaluate the plasma concentration of MMP-9 and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) in different clinical conditions. It included several groups of subjects: 31 overweight subjects; 91 obese adults divided into two subgroups according to the BMI value (BMI 30-35 Kg/m2 and BMI > 35 Kg/m2); 90 subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) divided into two subgroups (with and without diabetes mellitus); 100 subjects with preclinical carotid atherosclerosis (PCA) divided according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors and to the insulin resistance degree; 48 subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) divided according to the apnoea/hypopnea index (AHI); 27 subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on conservative management; 31 subjects with CKD on regular haemodialysis treatment. We have found a significant increase of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in overweight subjects, in obese adult and in MS subjects. In obese adults, the behaviour of these two parameters was not influenced by the degree of obesity, while in the group of MS subjects both these parameters were clearly influenced by the presence of diabetes mellitus. In subjects with PCA, we observed an increase of MMP-9 associated with a significant decrease of TIMP-1; the same trend was found by subdividing the entire group in accordance with the number of cardiovascular risk factors and with the insulin resistance degree. In subjects with OSAS, we noted an increase in MMP-9 and TIMP-1; this increase was more evident in subjects with OSAS having AHI > 30. In individuals with CKD on conservative and haemodialysis treatment we have found, at baseline, a marked increase in MMP-9 and a significant decrease of TIMP-1. In dialyzed subjects, after a standard dialysis session was noted, a significant increase in MMP-9 was associated with a further decrease in TIMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Caimi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eugenia Hopps
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Montana
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Carollo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Baldassare Canino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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The Protective Effects of Ropivacaine Against High Glucose-induced Brain Microvascular Endothelial Injury by Reducing MMPs and Alleviating Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:851-859. [PMID: 33538995 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is undoubtedly affecting global health. Considerable attention has been directed to brain complications caused by diabetes, which are reported to be related to the injury on brain microvascular endothelial cells. Oxidative stress and degradation of vascular basement membrane contribute to the injury of vascular endothelia by diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the effects of ropivacaine on high glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial injury, as well as the underlying mechanism. Cell viability was determined by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The production of nitric oxide (NO) was detected by DAF-FM DA staining. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Western blot was used to determine the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1).The cell viability of bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells was inhibited by high glucose, which was rescued by ropivacaine. The elevated production of ROS and MDA by high glucose was reversed by ropivacaine. Ropivacaine suppressed the expression of up-regulated iNOS, NO, MMP-2, MMP-9, ICAM-1, and VEGF induced by high glucose incubation. The expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 by high glucose incubation was significantly inhibited by ropivacaine treatment.Ropivacaine might alleviate high glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial injury by suppressing oxidative stress and down-regulating MMPs.
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Markova A, Boyanov M, Bakalov D, Kundurdjiev A, Tsakova A. Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Calculated Cardiovascular Risk in Orally Treated Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Is There a Link? Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:41-48. [PMID: 32629516 DOI: 10.1055/a-1199-2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test the correlation of serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), endothelin 1 (ET-1), N-terminal brain natriuretic pro-peptide (NT-proBNP), and placental growth factor (PIGF-1) with estimated cardiovascular (CV) risk. The study group was composed of 102 women and 67 men with type 2 diabetes, having their glycemic and metabolic parameters assessed. All were on oral antidiabetic drugs. Serum levels of NT-proBNP and PIGF-1 were measured by electro-hemi-luminescence on an Elecsys 2010 analyzer. Enzymatic immunoassays were used for ADMA and ET-1. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS), the UKPDS 2.0 and the ADVANCE risk engines were used to calculate cardiovascular risks while statistical analysis was performed on SPSS. Levels of PIGF-1 showed no correlation with the calculated CV risks. The same was true for ADMA, except for a weak correlation with the UKPDS-based 10-year risk for stroke (Pearsons's R=0.167, p=0.039). Plasma levels of ET-1 were correlated with the UKPDS-based 10-year risk for stroke (R=0.184, p=0.032) and fatal stroke (R=0.215, p=0.012) only. NT-proBNP was significantly correlated with all CV risk calculations: ADVANCE-based 4-yr risk (Spearman's Rho=0.521, p<0.001); UKPDS-based 10-year risk for: CHD (Rho=0.209, p=0.01), fatal CHD (Rho=0.282, p<0.001), stroke (Rho=0.482, p<0.001), fatal stroke (Rho=0.505, p<0.001); and 10-year FRS risk (Rho=0.246, p=0.002). In conclusion, ADMA and PIGF-1 did not seem useful in stratifying CV risk while ET-1 is linked to the risk of stroke, and NT-proBNP to all CV risk estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Markova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihail Boyanov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Deniz Bakalov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Kundurdjiev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Nephrology, University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelina Tsakova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Alcendor DJ. Dysregulation of Endothelin-1: Implications for Health Disparities in Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E199. [PMID: 33126567 PMCID: PMC7712547 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. The racial and ethnic disparities in AD could be explained by differences in cerebral vascular disease pathology. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that regulates smooth muscle, endothelial cell, and pericyte contractions that may result in cerebral vascular constriction, leading to cerebral hypoperfusion; over time, ET-1 may result in neuronal injury contributing to the pathology of AD. Upregulation of the ET-1 system has been observed in African Americans when compared with non-Hispanic Whites. The role of the ET-1 system as a driver of ethnic disparities in AD requires further investigation. Targeting of the ET-1 system as a therapeutic intervention that could impact AD progression also needs further study. Dysregulation of ET-1 in Hispanic/Latino populations largely have been unexplored. Genetics linking ET-1 dysregulation and racial disparities in AD also needs further investigation. In this review, I examine how AD effects underserved minority populations and how dysregulation of the ET-1 system specifically predisposes ethnic minorities to AD. In addition, I examine the molecular interactions of the ET-1 system and amyloid beta, the role the ET-1 system in neurodegeneration, potential therapeutics for ET-1 dysregulation, and the impact on AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Alcendor
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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13
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Karki R, Madan S, Gadiya Y, Domingo-Fernández D, Kodamullil AT, Hofmann-Apitius M. Data-Driven Modeling of Knowledge Assemblies in Understanding Comorbidity Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:87-95. [PMID: 32925069 PMCID: PMC7683056 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have suggested comorbid association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through identification of shared molecular mechanisms. However, the inference is pre-dominantly literature-based and lacks interpretation of pre-disposed genomic variants and transcriptomic measurables. Objective: In this study, we aim to identify shared genetic variants and dysregulated genes in AD and T2DM and explore their functional roles in the comorbidity between the diseases. Methods: The genetic variants for AD and T2DM were retrieved from GWAS catalog, GWAS central, dbSNP, and DisGeNet and subjected to linkage disequilibrium analysis. Next, shared variants were prioritized using RegulomeDB and Polyphen-2. Afterwards, a knowledge assembly embedding prioritized variants and their corresponding genes was created by mining relevant literature using Biological Expression Language. Finally, coherently perturbed genes from gene expression meta-analysis were mapped to the knowledge assembly to pinpoint biological entities and processes and depict a mechanistic link between AD and T2DM. Results: Our analysis identified four genes (i.e., ABCG1, COMT, MMP9, and SOD2) that could have dual roles in both AD and T2DM. Using cartoon representation, we have illustrated a set of causal events surrounding these genes which are associated to biological processes such as oxidative stress, insulin resistance, apoptosis and cognition. Conclusion: Our approach of using data as the driving force for unraveling disease etiologies eliminates literature bias and enables identification of novel entities that serve as the bridge between comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagon Karki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sumit Madan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Yojana Gadiya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Domingo-Fernández
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Alpha Tom Kodamullil
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Rangel TP, Reis AA, Caponi L, Pena LCS, Ruiz KGS, Santamaria MP, Mathias-Santamaria IF, Casati MZ, Casarin RCV. Subgingival endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid modulate cytokine production in diabetic subjects: A Case-control Study. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1325-1333. [PMID: 33012042 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus (DM) are highly prevalent and interrelated diseases, resulting in altered host response microbiota. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of DM on local levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and their relationship with cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) profile. METHODS This case-control study included diabetic (n = 15) and non-diabetic (n = 15) subjects presenting Stage 3-4, Grade C, Periodontitis. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected, and LPS and LTA levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-4, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were measured by LUMINEX/MAGpix. Mann-Whitney and Spearman's correlation tests were used to compared and to correlate variables (p < 0.05). RESULTS Higher levels of LTA, LPS, IL-10, IL-1β, and MMP-2 (p < 0.05) and lower levels of IL-17 were found in the DM group (p < 0.05). Non-diabetic subjects presented higher LPS, IFN-γ, IL-17, and MMP-2 levels and lower IL-10 concentration (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was seen between LPS and cytokine profile in non-diabetic. Local levels of LTA were positively correlated with IL-17 and MMP-2 and negatively with IL-10. CONCLUSION LTA and LPS drove the inflammatory profile through the modulation of cytokines and MMPs in a different manner in DM and non-diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P Rangel
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aurelio A Reis
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lara Caponi
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa C S Pena
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karina G S Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mauro P Santamaria
- Division of Periodontology, FOSJC, College of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Z Casati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato C V Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Dental School of Piracicaba, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil
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15
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Serum Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Remodelling Reflect Extra-Valvular Cardiac Damage in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114174. [PMID: 32545310 PMCID: PMC7312014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with aortic stenosis (AS), a novel staging classification of extra-valvular left and right heart damage with prognostic relevance was introduced in 2017. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biomarkers of cardiovascular tissue remodelling in relation to this novel staging classification. Patients were categorized according to the novel staging classification into stages 0 to 4. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), B and C domain containing tenascin-C (B+ Tn-C, C+ Tn-C), the ED-A and ED-B domain containing fibronectin (ED-A+ Fn, ED-B+ Fn), endothelin 1 (ET-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were determined in serum by ELISA. There were significantly decreased serum levels of MMP-9 and increased levels of B+ Tn-C and C+ Tn-C when comparing stages 0 and 1 with stage 2, with no further dynamics in stages 3 and 4. In contrast, for TIMP-1, C+ Tn-C, ED-A+ Fn, ET-1 and NGAL, significantly increased serum levels could be detected in stages 3 and 4 compared to both stages 0 and 1 and stage 2. ED-A+ Fn and ET-1 could be identified as independent predictors of the presence of stage 3 and/or 4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study identifying novel serum biomarkers differentially reflecting the patterns of left and right heart extra-valvular damage in patients suffering from AS. Our findings might indicate a more precise initial diagnosis and risk stratification.
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Use of Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c) as a Biomarker for Vascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Its Relationship with Matrix Metalloproteinases-2, -9 and the Metabolism of Collagen IV and Elastin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56050231. [PMID: 32403389 PMCID: PMC7279148 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: HbA1c measurements may be useful not only in optimizing glycemic control but also as a tool for managing overall vascular risk in patients with diabetes. In the present study, we investigate the clinical significance of HbA1c as a biomarker for hyperglycemia-induced vascular damages in type 2 diabetes (T2D) based on the levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), anti-collagen IV (ACIV), and anti-elastin (AE) antibodies (Abs) IgM, IgG, and IgA, and CIV-derived peptides (CIV-DP) reflecting collagen and elastin turnover in the vascular wall. The aim is to show the relationship of hyperglycemia with changes in the levels of vascular markers and the dynamics of this relationship at different degrees of glycemic control reported by HbA1c levels. Materials and Methods: To monitor elastin and collagen IV metabolism, we measured serum levels of these immunological markers in 59 patients with T2D and 20 healthy control subjects with an ELISA. Results: MMP-2, MMP-9, and the AEAbs IgA levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects, whereas those of the AEAbs IgM, ACIVAbs IgM, and CIV-DP were significantly lower. MMP-9 levels were significantly lower at HbA1c values >7.5%. Conclusions: A set of three tested markers (MMP-2, MMP-9, and AEAbs IgA) showed that vascular damages from preceding long-term hyperglycemia begin to dominate at HbA1c values ≥7.5%, which is the likely cut-point to predict increased vascular risk.
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17
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He D, Huang JH, Zhang ZY, Du Q, Peng WJ, Yu R, Zhang SF, Zhang SH, Qin YH. A Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy For Predicting Active Ingredients And Potential Targets Of LiuWei DiHuang Pill In Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3989-4005. [PMID: 31819371 PMCID: PMC6890936 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s216644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations have proven to be advantageous in clinical treatment and prevention of disease. LiuWei DiHuang Pill (LWDH Pill) is a TCM that was employed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, a holistic network pharmacology approach to understanding the active ingredients and the therapeutic mechanisms underlying T2DM has not been pursued. Methods A network pharmacology approach including drug-likeness evaluation, oral bioavailability prediction, virtual docking, and network analysis has been used to predict the active ingredients and potential targets of LWDH Pill in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Results The comprehensive network pharmacology approach was successfully to identify 45 active ingredients in LWDH Pill. 45 active ingredients hit by 163 potential targets related to T2DM. Ten of the more highly predictive components (such as :quercetin, Kaempferol, Stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, Kadsurenone, Diosgenin, hancinone C, Hederagenin, Garcinone B, Isofucosterol) are involved in anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and the reduction of beta cell damage. LWDH Pill may play a role in the treatment of T2DM and its complications (atherosclerosis and nephropathy) through the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Conclusion Based on a systematic network pharmacology approach, our works successfully predict the active ingredients and potential targets of LWDH Pill for application to T2DM and helps to illustrate mechanism of action on a comprehensive level. This study provides identify key genes and pathway associated with the prognosis and pathogenesis of T2DM from new insights, which also demonstrates a feasible method for the research of chemical basis and pharmacology in LWDH Pill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China.,2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Du
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yu
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Fang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Han Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hui Qin
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
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18
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Does Arterial Hypertension Affect Plasma Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease? A Preliminary Study. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:6921315. [PMID: 31781384 PMCID: PMC6875224 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6921315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial hypertension (HT) is a serious and prevalent epidemiological factor in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their natural endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of HT and its complications. MMPs are also involved in the development of diabetes (DM), a risk factor for CAD. The aim of the study was to explore the influence of CAD, HT, and DM on changes in plasma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitor TIMP-4. Methods and Results The study involved 70 patients with stable CAD admitted for coronary angiography and 15 healthy subjects. Whole blood samples were collected prior to angiography. MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 levels in plasma were estimated using ELISA tests. CAD patients showed a significantly increased level of TIMP-4 and decreased level of MMP-2 in comparison to healthy controls (p=0.011 and p=0.037, respectively). Concentration of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 did not differ in the group with and without hypertension. Patients with DM presented higher MMP-2 level than patients without DM (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis of the influence of independent variables such as CAD stage, DM, and HT on MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 showed that only DM was independently associated with a higher level of MMP-2 (β = 0.42, R2 = 0.17, p < 0.001). Conclusion Data showed that patients with CAD presented higher TIMP-4 and lower MMP-2 concentration regardless of HT and DM. HT had no effect on MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 levels in serum. DM was independently associated with higher MMP-2 concentration; however, co-occurrence of CAD and DM was associated with the balance in the MMP-2 level. Concentration of MMP-9 did not change significantly in any of the analysed groups.
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19
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Venakatesh AG, Mathew JJ, Coleman S, Yang L, Liu GL, Li MM, Liu H. Effects of milrinone on inflammatory response-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. J Biomed Res 2018; 33:258. [PMID: 30449737 PMCID: PMC6813519 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20170085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is defined as a cardiac dysfunction leading to low cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion. Intravenous positive inotropes are used to increase myocardial contractility in hospitalized patients with advanced heart failure. Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase Ⅲ inhibitor and used most commonly for inotropic effect. The well-known PROMISE study investigated the effects of milrinone on mortality in patients with severe CHF, and concluded that long-term therapy with milrinone increased morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced CHF. Previous studies have suggested that phosphodiesterase inhibitors can have potential effects on inflammatory pathways. Hence, we hypothesized that milrinone may alter inflammatory gene expressions in cardiomyocytes, thus leading to adverse clinical outcomes. We used rat cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2 and studied the impact of exposing cardiomyocytes to milrinone (10 μmol/L) for 24 hours on inflammatory gene expressions. RNA extracted from cultured cardiomyocytes was used for whole rat genome gene expression assay (41,000 genes). The following changes in inflammatory response-related gene expressions were discovered. Genes with increased expressions included: THBS2 (+9.98), MMP2 (+3.47), DDIT3 (+2.39), and ADORA3 (+3.5). Genes with decreased expressions were: SPP1 (-5.28) and CD14 (-2.05). We found that the above mentioned gene expression changes seem to indicate that milrinone may hinder the inflammatory process which may potentially lead to adverse clinical outcomes. However, further in vivo and clinical investigations will be needed to illustrate the clinical relevance of these gene expression changes induced by milrinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana G. Venakatesh
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Johann J. Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Scott Coleman
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Longqiu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Geoffrey L. Liu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marilyn M. Li
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Henry Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Kostov K, Halacheva L. Role of Magnesium Deficiency in Promoting Atherosclerosis, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Arterial Stiffening as Risk Factors for Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1724. [PMID: 29891771 PMCID: PMC6032400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a disease with a complex pathogenesis. Despite considerable knowledge about this socially significant disease, the role of magnesium deficiency (MgD) as a risk factor is not fully understood. Magnesium is a natural calcium antagonist. It potentiates the production of local vasodilator mediators (prostacyclin and nitric oxide) and alters vascular responses to a variety of vasoactive substances (endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and catecholamines). MgD stimulates the production of aldosterone and potentiates vascular inflammatory response, while expression/activity of various antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and the levels of important antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) are decreased. Magnesium balances the effects of catecholamines in acute and chronic stress. MgD may be associated with the development of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and changes in lipid metabolism, which enhance atherosclerotic changes and arterial stiffness. Magnesium regulates collagen and elastin turnover in the vascular wall and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Magnesium helps to protect the elastic fibers from calcium deposition and maintains the elasticity of the vessels. Considering the numerous positive effects on a number of mechanisms related to arterial hypertension, consuming a healthy diet that provides the recommended amount of magnesium can be an appropriate strategy for helping control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
| | - Lyudmila Halacheva
- Department of Physiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
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21
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MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 and Response to Aspirin in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9352015. [PMID: 28770228 PMCID: PMC5523290 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9352015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background High on-aspirin treatment platelets reactivity (HPR) is a significant problem in long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. We hypothesize that imbalance between platelets MMPs/TIMPs results in cardiovascular disorders. We also explored whether chronically elevated blood glucose affects MMP-2/TIMP-4 release from platelets. Materials and Methods Seventy patients with stable coronary artery disease, supplemented with aspirin, participated in this pilot study. The presence of HPR and/or diabetes mellitus was considered as the differentiating factor. Light aggregometry, impedance aggregometry, and ELISA tests for TXB2, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 were performed in serum, plasma, platelet-rich plasma, and platelets-poor plasma, as appropriate. Results Aspirin-HPR did not affect plasma MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4. Arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of platelets from aspirin-HPR patients did not lead to increased release of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4. Studying patients at the lowest TXB2 serum concentration quartile revealed that high concentration of plasma TIMP-4 and TIMP-4 negatively correlated with TXB2 and platelet aggregation. Diabetics showed an increased plasma MMP-2 as well as an increased MMP-2 in supernatants after platelet aggregation. However, diabetes mellitus did not affect MMP-9 and TIMP-4. Conclusion Aspirin-HPR did not affect the translocation and release of MMPs and TIMP-4 from platelets. TIMP-4 may serve as a marker of TXA2-mediated platelet aggregation. Chronically elevated plasma glucose increases plasma MMP-2, and HPR potentiates this phenomenon.
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22
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Dai X, Song X, Rui C, Meng L, Xue X, Ding H, Shen R, Li J, Li J, Lu Y, Long W. Peptidome Analysis of Human Serum From Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4341-4348. [PMID: 28430386 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a kind of disease that severely harms the health of pregnant women and infants. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in preeclampsia, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to construct a comparative peptidomic profiling of human serum between normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. A total of 201 peptides were confidently identified, with 21 up-regulated and three down-regulated. Further analysis indicated that these differentially expressed peptides correlate with enzyme regulator activity, biological regulation, and coagulation cascades occurring during pathological changes of preeclampsia. The identification of key peptides in serum may serve not only as a basis for better understanding and further exploring the etiology and pathogenesis of PE, but also as potential biomarkers and in providing targets for future therapy in PE, especially in early onset severe PE (sPE). J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4341-4348, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Dai
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xuejing Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.,Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Can Rui
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Li Meng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xuan Xue
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Hongjuan Ding
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yuanqing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Wei Long
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
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