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Poznyak AV, Sukhorukov VN, Guo S, Postnov AY, Orekhov AN. Sex Differences Define the Vulnerability to Atherosclerosis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2023; 17:11795468231189044. [PMID: 37529084 PMCID: PMC10387777 DOI: 10.1177/11795468231189044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, atherosclerosis has attracted the attention of researchers around the world. Even being a major cause of serious cardiovascular disease and events, atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. Despite the fact that the main players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are well known, many mechanisms of their implementation and interactions remain unknown. The same can be said about the risk factors for atherosclerosis. Many of them are known, but exactly how they work remains to be seen. The main objective of this review is to summarize the latest data on sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis in humans and animals; to determine what we do not still know about how sex affects the process of growth and complications of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarized data on sex differences at 3 atherosclerotic aspects: inflammation, vascular remodeling, and plaque morphology. With all overviewed data, we came to the conclusion on the atheroprotective role of female sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliy N Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese, Beijing, China
| | - Anton Y Postnov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery» (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Xu K, Tang H, Xiong J, Ban X, Duan Y, Tu Y. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and atherosclerosis: A close but complicated relationship. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175869. [PMID: 37369295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies have revolutionized the treatment of the disease in the past decade. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) class of drugs is a widely used option for treating various cancers. Despite numerous advances, clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the atherosclerosis-inducing properties of these drugs that can cause adverse cardiovascular events. TKIs also have an atherosclerosis-preventing role in patients with cancer through different mechanisms under various conditions, suggesting that specific drugs play different roles in atherosclerosis regulation. Given these contradictory properties, this review summarizes the outcomes of previously performed clinical and basic experiments and shows how the targeted effects of novel TKIs affect atherosclerosis. Future collaborative efforts are warranted to enhance our understanding of the association between TKIs and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Ban
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuchen Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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3
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Qi J, Jiang Q, Wang P, Wang Z, Zhang X. Further analysis of natural antibodies against ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1130748. [PMID: 36741286 PMCID: PMC9896516 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1130748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study revealed that circulating levels of IgG natural antibodies (NAbs) for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) were significantly decreased in patients with arteriosclerosis compared with control subjects. To enhance the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed in-house for antibody testing, the present work was designed to investigate additive signals in the in-house ELISA developed with the combination of two or more linear peptide antigens derived from target proteins of interest, including VEGFR1, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), interleukins 6 (IL6) and 8 (IL8). Methods A total of 218 patients with ischemic stroke and 198 healthy controls were enrolled and an in-house ELISA was developed with linear peptides derived from VEGFR1, LOX-1, IL6, and IL8 to detect their IgG levels in plasma. Results Compared with control subjects, plasma levels of IgG NAbs for the IL6-IL8 combination were significantly lower in female patients (Z = -3.149, P = 0.002), whereas male patients showed significantly lower levels of plasma anti-VEGFR IgG (Z = -3.895, P < 0.001) and anti-LOX1a IgG (Z = -4.329, P < 0.001). Because plasma levels of IgG NAbs for both the IL6-IL8-LOX1a-LOX1b combination and the VEGFR1a-VEGFR1b-LOX1a-LOX1b combination were significantly lower in the patient group than the control group, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed and the results showed that the VEGFR1a-VEGFR1b-LOX1a-LOX1b combination had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.70 for its IgG assay with a sensitivity of 27.1% against the specificity of 95.5% and that the IL6-IL8-LOX1a-LOX1b combination had an AUC of 0.67 for its IgG assay with a sensitivity of 21.1% against the specificity of 95.5%. Spearman correlation analysis showed that plasma IgG NAbs against the IL6-IL8 combination were positively correlated with carotid plaque size only in male patients (r = 0.270, p = 0.002). Conclusions Circulating IgG NAbs for the target molecules studied may be potential biomarkers for a subgroup of ischemic stroke and also contribute to the gender differences in clinical presentation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quanhang Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology of National Health Commission (NHC), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Xuan Zhang ✉
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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5
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Mamillapalli R, Toffoloni N, Habata S, Qunhua H, Atwani R, Stachenfeld N, Taylor HS. Endometriosis promotes atherosclerosis in a murine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:248.e1-248.e8. [PMID: 35351413 PMCID: PMC9308711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between endometriosis and the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. The direct effect of endometriosis on the progression of atherosclerotic, if any, has not been previously characterized. Endometriosis leads to systemic inflammation that could have consequences for cardiovascular health. Here, we reported the effects of endometriosis on the development of atherosclerosis in a murine model. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the contribution of endometriosis in promoting cardiovascular disease in a murine model of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN Endometriosis was induced in 18 apolipoprotein E-null mice, the standard murine model used to study atherosclerosis. Mice of the same strain were used as controls (n=18) and underwent sham surgery without inducing endometriosis. The formation of endometriotic lesions was confirmed after 25 weeks of induction. Atherosclerotic lesions were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining followed by measurement of the aortic root luminal area and wall thickness. The whole aorta was isolated, and Oil Red O staining was performed to quantify the lipid deposits or plaque formation; moreover, biochemical assays were carried out in serum to determine the levels of lipids and inflammatory-related cytokines. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E mice with endometriosis exhibited increased aortic atherosclerosis compared with controls as measured using Oil Red O staining (7.9% vs 3.1%, respectively; P=.0004). Mice with endometriosis showed a significant 50% decrease in the aortic luminal area compared with sham mice (0.85 mm2 vs 1.46 mm2; P=.03) and a significant increase in aortic root wall thickness (0.22 mm vs 0.15 mm; P=.04). There was no difference in the lipoprotein profile (P<.05) between mice with endometriosis and sham mice. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly (P<.05)increased in the endometriosis mice. CONCLUSION Our study used a murine model to determine the effect of endometriosis on atherosclerosis. Inflammation-related cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenic factor) released by endometriotic lesions may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risks in women with endometriosis. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, early identification and treatment of endometriosis are essential. Future treatments targeting inflammatory cytokines may help reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Nikoletta Toffoloni
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shutaro Habata
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Huang Qunhua
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rula Atwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nina Stachenfeld
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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6
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Chan JM, Park SJ, Ng M, Chen WC, Garnell J, Bhakoo K. Predictive mouse model reflects distinct stages of human atheroma in a single carotid artery. Transl Res 2022; 240:33-49. [PMID: 34478893 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of patients with high-risk asymptomatic atherosclerotic plaques remains an elusive but essential step in preventing stroke. However, there is a lack of animal model that provides a reproducible method to predict where, when and what types of plaque formation, which fulfils the American Heart Association (AHA) histological classification of human plaques. We have developed a predictive mouse model that reflects different stages of human plaques in a single carotid artery by means of shear-stress modifying cuff. Validated with over 30000 histological sections, the model generates a specific pattern of plaques with different risk levels along the same artery depending on their position relative to the cuff. The further upstream of the cuff-implanted artery, the lower the magnitude of shear stress, the more unstable the plaques of higher grade according to AHA classification; with characteristics including greater degree of vascular remodeling, plaque size, plaque vulnerability and inflammation, resulting in higher risk plaques. By weeks 20 and 30, this model achieved 80% and near 100% accuracy respectively, in predicting precisely where, when and what stages/AHA types of plaques develop along the same carotid artery. This model can generate clinically-relevant plaques with varying phenotypes fulfilling AHA classification and risk levels, in specific locations of the single artery with near 100% accuracy of prediction. The model offers a promising tool for development of diagnostic tools to target high-risk plaques, increasing accuracy in predicting which individual patients may require surgical intervention to prevent stroke, paving the way for personalized management of carotid atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Ms Chan
- Translational Cardiovascular Imaging Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Translational Cardiovascular Imaging Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Michael Ng
- Translational Cardiovascular Imaging Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Joanne Garnell
- Translational Cardiovascular Imaging Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kishore Bhakoo
- Translational Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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7
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Gurzeler E, Ruotsalainen AK, Laine A, Valkama T, Kettunen S, Laakso M, Ylä-Herttuala S. SUR1-E1506K mutation impairs glucose tolerance and promotes vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in hypercholesterolemic mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258408. [PMID: 34767557 PMCID: PMC8589160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes is a major risk factor of atherosclerosis and its complications. The loss-of-function mutation E1506K in the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1-E1506K) induces hyperinsulinemia in infancy, leading to impaired glucose tolerance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigate the effect of SUR1-E1506K mutation on atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic LDLR-/- mice. METHODS SUR1-E1506K mutated mice were cross-bred with LDLR-/- mice (SUR1Δ/LDLR-/-), 6 months old mice were fed a western-diet (WD) for 6 months to induce advanced atherosclerotic plaques. At the age of 12 months, atherosclerosis and plaque morphology were analyzed and mRNA gene expression were measured from aortic sections and macrophages. Glucose metabolism was characterized before and after WD. Results were compared to age-matched LDLR-/- mice. RESULTS Advanced atherosclerotic plaques did not differ in size between the two strains. However, in SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- mice, plaque necrotic area was increased and smooth muscle cell number was reduced, resulting in higher plaque vulnerability index in SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- mice compared to LDLR-/- mice. SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and elevated fasting glucose after WD. The positive staining area of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome were increased in aortic sections in SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- mice compared to LDLR-/- mice, and IL-18 plasma level was elevated in SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- mice. Finally, the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in SUR1Δ/LDLR-/- bone marrow derived macrophages in comparison to LDLR-/- macrophages in response to LPS. CONCLUSIONS SUR1-E1506K mutation impairs glucose tolerance and increases arterial inflammation, which promotes a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in LDLR-/- mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/blood
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Glucose Intolerance/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Necrosis
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sulfonylurea Receptors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gurzeler
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anssi Laine
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Valkama
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Kettunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Choi JSY, de Haan JB, Sharma A. Animal models of diabetes-associated vascular diseases: an update on available models and experimental analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:748-769. [PMID: 34131901 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with the accelerated development of macrovascular (atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease) and microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy), which remain the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in this population. Current understanding of cellular and molecular pathways of diabetes-driven vascular complications, as well as therapeutic interventions has arisen from studying disease pathogenesis in animal models. Diabetes-associated vascular complications are multi-faceted, involving the interaction between various cellular and molecular pathways. Thus, the choice of an appropriate animal model to study vascular pathogenesis is important in our quest to identify innovative and mechanism-based targeted therapies to reduce the burden of diabetic complications. Herein, we provide up-to-date information on available mouse models of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic vascular complications as well as experimental analysis and research outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S Y Choi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy B de Haan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arpeeta Sharma
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Sung JH, Chang JH. Mechanically Rotating Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Transducer: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3907. [PMID: 34198822 PMCID: PMC8201242 DOI: 10.3390/s21113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a valuable imaging modality for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis. It provides useful clinical information, such as lumen size, vessel wall thickness, and plaque composition, by providing a cross-sectional vascular image. For several decades, IVUS has made remarkable progress in improving the accuracy of diagnosing cardiovascular disease that remains the leading cause of death globally. As the quality of IVUS images mainly depends on the performance of the IVUS transducer, various IVUS transducers have been developed. Therefore, in this review, recently developed mechanically rotating IVUS transducers, especially ones exploiting piezoelectric ceramics or single crystals, are discussed. In addition, this review addresses the history and technical challenges in the development of IVUS transducers and the prospects of next-generation IVUS transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Ho Chang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Deagu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea;
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10
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Jia Y, Wen W, Yang Y, Huang M, Ning Y, Jiao X, Liu S, Qin Y, Zhang M. The clinical role of combined serum C1q and hsCRP in predicting coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:50-58. [PMID: 33861985 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C1q has been shown to be associated with coronary heart disease (CAD) and can co-deposit with C-reactive protein (CRP) in atherosclerotic plaques. However, few studies have been conducted between C1q, CRP parameters and CAD. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between C1q and CRP parameters and assess their clinical significance in CAD. METHODS 238 total patients who underwent coronary artery angiography were enrolled and divided into control group (n = 65), stable CAD group (n = 47) and unstable angina group (UA group, n = 126). Patients' data were collected from self-administered questionnaires and electrical medical records. The severity of coronary stenosis was presented by Gensini score. The relationship between C1q, CRP parameters and CAD were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis and their predicting performance were assessed by ROC analysis and odds ratio analysis. RESULTS Compared with control group, C1q was showed significantly lower in stable CAD (P = 0.004) and UA groups (P = 0.008), while hsCRP was higher in UA group (P = 0.024). Serum C1q was weakly positively associated with hsCRP (r = 0.24, P < 0.001) but not correlated with Gensini score. Logistic regression identified C1q (OR: 0.87 per 10 mg/L, 95% CI: 0.79-0.95, P = 0.001) and hsCRP (OR: 1.08 mg/L, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15, P = 0.032) as independent determinants of CAD. Furthermore, combined C1q and hsCRP level showed higher discriminatory accuracy in predicting CAD than C1q (AUC: 0.676 vs 0.585, P = 0.101; NRI: 10.4%, P = 0.049; IDI: 3.9%, P < 0.001) or hsCRP (AUC: 0.676 vs 0.585, P = 0.101; NRI: 16.7%, P = 0.006; IDI: 5.8%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Reduced serum C1q and increased hsCRP are independently associated with CAD and could be potential predictors for CAD diagnosis. Furthermore, combined C1q and hsCRP showed better performance in predicting CAD than using single one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanwan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiao
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.
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11
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Wang X, Fu Y, Xie Z, Cao M, Qu W, Xi X, Zhong S, Piao M, Peng X, Jia Y, Meng L, Tian J. Establishment of a Novel Mouse Model for Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaque. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:642751. [PMID: 33796572 PMCID: PMC8007762 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.642751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic unstable plaques. Effective intervention for vulnerable plaques (VP) is of great significance to reduce adverse cardiovascular events. Methods: Fbn1C1039G+/− mice were crossbred with LDLR−/− mice to obtain a novel model for atherosclerotic VP. After the mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 or 24 weeks, pathological staining and immunohistochemistry analyses were employed to evaluate atherosclerotic lesions. Results: Compared to control mice, Fbn1C1039G+/−LDLR−/− mice developed more severe atherosclerotic lesions, and the positive area of oil red O staining in the aortic sinus was significantly increased after 12 weeks (21.7 ± 2.0 vs. 6.3 ± 2.1) and 24 weeks (32.6 ± 2.5 vs. 18.7 ± 2.6) on a HFD. Additional vulnerable plaque characteristics, including significantly larger necrotic cores (280 ± 19 vs. 105 ± 7), thinner fiber caps (14.0 ± 2.8 vs. 32.6 ± 2.7), apparent elastin fiber fragmentation and vessel dilation (3,010 ± 67 vs. 1,465 ± 49), a 2-fold increase in macrophage number (8.5 ± 1.0 vs. 5.0 ± 0.6), obviously decreased smooth muscle cell number (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.2) and an ~25% decrease in total collagen content (33.6 ± 0.3 vs. 44.9 ± 9.1) were observed in Fbn1C1039G+/−LDLR−/− mice compared with control mice after 24 weeks. Furthermore, spontaneous plaque rupture, neovascularization, and intraplaque hemorrhage were detected in the model mouse plaque regions but not in those of the control mice. Conclusions: Plaques in Fbn1C1039G+/−LDLR−/− mice fed a HFD show many features of human advanced atherosclerotic unstable plaques. These results suggest that the Fbn1C1039G+/−LDLR−/− mouse is a novel model for investigating the pathological and physiological mechanisms of advanced atherosclerotic unstable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yahong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zulong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhua Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbo Qu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangwen Xi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Piao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lingbo Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinwei Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Xin L, Gao J, Lin H, Qu Y, Shang C, Wang Y, Lu Y, Cui X. Regulatory Mechanisms of Baicalin in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:583200. [PMID: 33224035 PMCID: PMC7667240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is the leading cause of high morbidity and mortality worldwide, which emphasizes the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. In eastern countries, traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been used clinically for thousands of years. Baicalin is one of the main active ingredients extracted from Chinese herbal medicine S. baicalensis. Emerging evidence has established that baicalin improves chronic inflammation, immune imbalance, disturbances in lipid metabolism, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Thereby it offers beneficial roles against the initiation and progression of CVDs such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction and reperfusion, and heart failure. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological features and relevant mechanisms by which baicalin regulates CVDs in the hope to reveal its application for CVDs prevention and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyun Xin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Chang TT, Yang HY, Chen C, Chen JW. CCL4 Inhibition in Atherosclerosis: Effects on Plaque Stability, Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness, and Macrophages Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186567. [PMID: 32911750 PMCID: PMC7555143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease. The circulating level of the C-C chemokine ligand (CCL4) is increased in atherosclerotic patients. This study aimed to investigate whether CCL4 inhibition could retard the progression of atherosclerosis. In ApoE knockout mice, CCL4 antibody treatment reduced circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and improved lipid profiles accompanied with upregulation of the liver X receptor. CCL4 inhibition reduced the atheroma areas and modified the progression of atheroma plaques, which consisted of a thicker fibrous cap with a reduced macrophage content and lower matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expressions, suggesting the stabilization of atheroma plaques. Human coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) and macrophages were stimulated with TNF-α or oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The induced expression of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were attenuated by the CCL4 antibody or CCL4 si-RNA. CCL4 inhibition reduced the adhesiveness of HCAECs, which is an early sign of atherogenesis. CCL4 blockade reduced the activity of metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in stimulated macrophages. The effects of CCL4 inhibition on down-regulating adhesion and inflammation proteins were obtained through the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway. The direct inhibition of CCL4 stabilized atheroma and reduced endothelial and macrophage activation. CCL4 may be a novel therapeutic target for modulating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (T.-T.C.); (H.-Y.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Hsin-Ying Yang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (T.-T.C.); (H.-Y.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Ching Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (T.-T.C.); (H.-Y.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (T.-T.C.); (H.-Y.Y.); (C.C.)
- Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28757730; Fax: +886-2-28711601
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14
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Zhang S, Xu W, Gao P, Chen W, Zhou Q. Construction of dual nanomedicines for the imaging and alleviation of atherosclerosis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:169-179. [PMID: 31852323 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, a chronic cardiovascular disease. MRI primarily uses superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) as a contrast agent. However, SPIO integrated with therapeutic drugs has rarely been studied. In this study, we explored biocompatible paramagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in a complex with low pH-sensitive cyclodextrin for the diagnostic imaging and treatment of atherosclerosis. The NPs were conjugated with profilin-1 antibody (PFN1) to specifically target vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the atherosclerotic plaque and integrated with the anti-inflammatory drug, rapamycin. The PFN1-CD-MNPs were easily binded to the VSMCs, indicating their good biocompatibility and low renal toxicity over the long term. Ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and in vivo MRI indicated the accumulation of PFN1-CD-MNPs in the atherosclerotic plaque. The RAP@PFN1-CD-MNPs alleviated the progression of arteriosclerosis. Thus, PFN1-CD-MNPs served not only as multifunctional imaging probes but also as nanovehicles for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihua Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Universal Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Universal Medical Imaging, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, China
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15
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Molecular imaging of inflammation - Current and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107550. [PMID: 32325067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key factor in multiple diseases including primary immune-mediated inflammatory diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis but also, less obviously, in many other common conditions, e.g. cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Together, chronic inflammatory diseases contribute to the majority of global morbidity and mortality. However, our understanding of the underlying processes by which the immune response is activated and sustained is limited by a lack of cellular and molecular information obtained in situ. Molecular imaging is the visualization, detection and quantification of molecules in the body. The ability to reveal information on inflammatory biomarkers, pathways and cells can improve disease diagnosis, guide and monitor therapeutic intervention and identify new targets for research. The optimum molecular imaging modality will possess high sensitivity and high resolution and be capable of non-invasive quantitative imaging of multiple disease biomarkers while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. The mainstays of current clinical imaging are computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) and nuclear imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET). However, none of these have yet progressed to routine clinical use in the molecular imaging of inflammation, therefore new approaches are required to meet this goal. This review sets out the respective merits and limitations of both established and emerging imaging modalities as clinically useful molecular imaging tools in addition to potential theranostic applications.
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16
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Becher T, Riascos-Bernal DF, Kramer DJ, Almonte VM, Chi J, Tong T, Oliveira-Paula GH, Koleilat I, Chen W, Cohen P, Sibinga NES. Three-Dimensional Imaging Provides Detailed Atherosclerotic Plaque Morphology and Reveals Angiogenesis After Carotid Artery Ligation. Circ Res 2020; 126:619-632. [PMID: 31914850 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Remodeling of the vessel wall and the formation of vascular networks are dynamic processes that occur during mammalian embryonic development and in adulthood. Plaque development and excessive neointima formation are hallmarks of atherosclerosis and vascular injury. As our understanding of these complex processes evolves, there is a need to develop new imaging techniques to study underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We used tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy for 3-dimensional (3D) profiling of the vascular response to carotid artery ligation and induction of atherosclerosis in mouse models. METHODS AND RESULTS Adipo-Clear and immunolabeling in combination with light-sheet microscopy were applied to image carotid arteries and brachiocephalic arteries, allowing for 3D reconstruction of vessel architecture. Entire 3D neointima formations with different geometries were observed within the carotid artery and scored by volumetric analysis. Additionally, we identified a CD31-positive adventitial plexus after ligation of the carotid artery that evolved and matured over time. We also used this method to characterize plaque extent and composition in the brachiocephalic arteries of ApoE-deficient mice on high-fat diet. The plaques exhibited inter-animal differences in terms of plaque volume, geometry, and ratio of acellular core to plaque volume. A 3D reconstruction of the endothelium overlying the plaque was also generated. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel approach to characterize vascular remodeling in adult mice using Adipo-Clear in combination with light-sheet microscopy. Our method reconstructs 3D neointima formation after arterial injury and allows for volumetric analysis of remodeling, in addition to revealing angiogenesis and maturation of a plexus surrounding the carotid artery. This method generates complete 3D reconstructions of atherosclerotic plaques and uncovers their volume, geometry, acellular component, surface, and spatial position within the brachiocephalic arteries. Our approach may be used in a number of mouse models of cardiovascular disease to assess vessel geometry and volume. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Becher
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism (T.B., D.J.K., J.C., P.C.), The Rockefeller University, NY.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (T.B.).,First Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Dario F Riascos-Bernal
- (Cardiology Division) Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.F.R.-B., V.M.A., G.H.O.-P., N.E.S.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Daniel J Kramer
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism (T.B., D.J.K., J.C., P.C.), The Rockefeller University, NY
| | - Vanessa M Almonte
- (Cardiology Division) Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.F.R.-B., V.M.A., G.H.O.-P., N.E.S.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jingy Chi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism (T.B., D.J.K., J.C., P.C.), The Rockefeller University, NY
| | - Tao Tong
- Bio-Imaging Resource Center (T.T.), The Rockefeller University, NY
| | - Gustavo H Oliveira-Paula
- (Cardiology Division) Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.F.R.-B., V.M.A., G.H.O.-P., N.E.S.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Issam Koleilat
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (Division of Vascular Surgery), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY (I.K.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) (W.C.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (W.C.)
| | - Paul Cohen
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism (T.B., D.J.K., J.C., P.C.), The Rockefeller University, NY
| | - Nicholas E S Sibinga
- (Cardiology Division) Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.F.R.-B., V.M.A., G.H.O.-P., N.E.S.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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17
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Wang F, Wang X, Gao L, Meng LY, Xie JM, Xiong JW, Luo Y. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA into zebrafish heart: a cell-level investigation on the biodistribution and gene silencing effects. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18052-18064. [PMID: 31576876 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials hold promise for the delivery of nucleic acids to facilitate gene therapy in cardiac diseases. However, as much of the in vivo study of nanomaterials was conducted via the "trial and error" method, the understanding of the nanomaterial-mediated delivery in cardiac tissue was limited to the gross efficiency in manipulating the gene expression while little was known about the delivery process and mechanism in particular at the cell level. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticles formulated with a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) nanomaterial were applied to the injured heart of zebrafish. The distribution of nanoparticles in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages and leukocytes was quantitatively analyzed with precision at the cell level by using transgenic models. Based on the distribution characteristics, gene silencing effects in a specific group of cells were analyzed to illustrate how siRNA nanoparticles could get potent gene silencing in different cells in vivo. The results elucidated the heterogeneous distribution of siRNA nanoparticles and how nanoparticles could be efficient despite the significant difference in cellular uptake efficiency in different cells. It demonstrated a paradigm and the need to decouple cellular processes to understand nanoparticle-mediated delivery in complex tissue and the investigation/methodology may lead to important information to guide the design of advanced targeted drug-delivery systems in heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Mushenkova NV, Summerhill VI, Silaeva YY, Deykin AV, Orekhov AN. Modelling of atherosclerosis in genetically modified animals. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4614-4633. [PMID: 31497187 PMCID: PMC6731422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease that leads to plaque formation at specific sites of the arterial tree. Being the common cause of many cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis makes a tremendous impact on morbidity and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in countries with higher income. Animal models of atherosclerosis are utilized as useful tools for studying the aetiology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis, thus, providing a valuable platform for the efficacy testing of different pharmacological therapies and validation of imaging techniques. To date, a large variety of models is available. Pathophysiological changes can be induced in animals by either an atherogenic diet or genetic manipulations. The discussion of advantages and disadvantages of some murine, rabbit and porcine genetic models currently available for the atherosclerosis research is the scope of the following review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volha I Summerhill
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative CentreMoscow 121609, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Silaeva
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative CentreMoscow 121609, Russia
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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19
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Yang Z, Li F, Yelamanchili D, Zeng Z, Rosales C, Youker KA, Shen H, Ferrari M, Mahmarian J, Pownall HJ, Hamilton DJ, Li Z. Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging by Small‐Molecule High‐Affinity Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceutical. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology & Genomic MedicineHouston Methodist Research Institute
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Keith A. Youker
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular CenterHouston Methodist Research Institute
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Research Institute
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Research Institute
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - John Mahmarian
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular CenterHouston Methodist Research Institute
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Avenue Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
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20
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Li C, Miao X, Li F, Adhikari BK, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang R, Cai L, Liu Q, Wang Y. Curcuminoids: Implication for inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1302-1317. [PMID: 30834628 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been extensively verified that inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Curcuminoids, from the plant Curcuma longa, have three major active ingredients, which include curcumin (curcumin I), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids have been used in traditional medicine for CVDs' management and other comorbidities for centuries. Numerous studies had delineated their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and other medicinally relevant properties. Animal experiments and clinical trials have also demonstrated that turmeric and curcuminoids can effectively reduce atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and diabetic cardiovascular complications. In this review, we introduce and summarize curcuminoids' molecular and biological significance, while focusing on their mechanistic anti-inflammatory/antioxidative involvements in CVDs and preventive effects against CVDs, and, finally, discuss relevant clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Miao
- Department of ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Binay Kumar Adhikari
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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21
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Comment on 'Pharmacological inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation in the LDLR -/- mouse model of atherosclerosis'. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:37-38. [PMID: 29295951 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Curaj A, Wu Z, Rix A, Gresch O, Sternkopf M, Alampour-Rajabi S, Lammers T, van Zandvoort M, Weber C, Koenen RR, Liehn EA, Kiessling F. Molecular Ultrasound Imaging of Junctional Adhesion Molecule A Depicts Acute Alterations in Blood Flow and Early Endothelial Dysregulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:40-48. [PMID: 29191926 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) is physiologically located in interendothelial tight junctions and focally redistributes to the luminal surface of blood vessels under abnormal shear and flow conditions accompanying atherosclerotic lesion development. Therefore, JAM-A was evaluated as a target for molecularly targeted ultrasound imaging of transient endothelial dysfunction under acute blood flow variations. APPROACH AND RESULTS Flow-dependent endothelial dysfunction was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=43) by carotid partial ligation. JAM-A expression was investigated by molecular ultrasound using antibody-targeted poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) microbubbles and validated with immunofluorescence. Flow disturbance and arterial remodeling were assessed using functional ultrasound. Partial ligation led to an immediate drop in perfusion at the ligated side and a direct compensatory increase at the contralateral side. This was accompanied by a strongly increased JAM-A expression and JAM-A-targeted microbubbles binding at the partially ligated side and by a moderate and temporary increase in the contralateral artery (≈14× [P<0.001] and ≈5× [P<0.001] higher than control, respectively), both peaking after 2 weeks. Subsequently, although JAM-A expression and JAM-A-targeted microbubbles binding persisted at a higher level at the partially ligated side, it completely normalized within 4 weeks at the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS Temporary blood flow variations induce endothelial rearrangement of JAM-A, which can be visualized using JAM-A-targeted microbubbles. Thus, JAM-A may be considered as a marker of acute endothelial activation and dysfunction. Its imaging may facilitate the early detection of cardiovascular risk areas, and it enables the therapeutic prevention of their progression toward an irreversible pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Curaj
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Anne Rix
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Oliver Gresch
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Marieke Sternkopf
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Setareh Alampour-Rajabi
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Rory R Koenen
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Elisa A Liehn
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.)
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) (A.C., Z.W., M.S., S.A.-R., M.v.Z., E.A.L.), and Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI) (A.C., Z.W., A.R., T.L., F.K.), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania (A.C.); AYOXXA Biosystems GmbH, Cologne, Germany (O.G.); Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., R.R.K.); Department of Biochemistry, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance (DZHK), Germany (C.W.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania (E.A.L.).
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