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Li H, Jiang X, Mashiguchi K, Yamaguchi S, Lu S. Biosynthesis and signal transduction of plant growth regulators and their effects on bioactive compound production in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Chin Med 2024; 19:102. [PMID: 39049014 PMCID: PMC11267865 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are involved in multiple aspects of plant life, including plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. They are also vital for the formation of secondary metabolites in various plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a famous herbal medicine and has been used commonly for > 2000 years in China, as well as widely used in many other countries. S. miltiorrhiza is extensively used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in clinical practices and has specific merit against various diseases. Owing to its outstanding medicinal and commercial potential, S. miltiorrhiza has been extensively investigated as an ideal model system for medicinal plant biology. Tanshinones and phenolic acids are primary pharmacological constituents of S. miltiorrhiza. As the growing market for S. miltiorrhiza, the enhancement of its bioactive compounds has become a research hotspot. S. miltiorrhiza exhibits a significant response to various PGRs in the production of phenolic acids and tanshinones. Here, we briefly review the biosynthesis and signal transduction of PGRs in plants. The effects and mechanisms of PGRs on bioactive compound production in S. miltiorrhiza are systematically summarized and future research is discussed. This article provides a scientific basis for further research, cultivation, and metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqin Li
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Xuwen Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Bairuijia Food Co., Ltd, No. 8008, Yi Road, Laizhou, Yantai, 261400, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kiyoshi Mashiguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu B, Wang M, Pang Y, Hu X, Sun C, Zhou H, Deng Y, Lu S. The Smi-miR858a- SmMYB module regulates tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae047. [PMID: 38706582 PMCID: PMC11069429 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tanshinones and phenolic acids are two major classes of bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Revealing the regulatory mechanism of their biosynthesis is crucial for quality improvement of S. miltiorrhiza medicinal materials. Here we demonstrated that Smi-miR858a-Smi-miR858c, a miRNA family previously known to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, also played critical regulatory roles in tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza. Overexpression of Smi-miR858a in S. miltiorrhiza plants caused significant growth retardation and tanshinone and phenolic acid reduction. Computational prediction and degradome and RNA-seq analyses revealed that Smi-miR858a could directly cleave the transcripts of SmMYB6, SmMYB97, SmMYB111, and SmMYB112. Yeast one-hybrid and transient transcriptional activity assays showed that Smi-miR858a-regulated SmMYBs, such as SmMYB6 and SmMYB112, could activate the expression of SmPAL1 and SmTAT1 involved in phenolic acid biosynthesis and SmCPS1 and SmKSL1 associated with tanshinone biosynthesis. In addition to directly activating the genes involved in bioactive compound biosynthesis pathways, SmMYB6, SmMYB97, and SmMYB112 could also activate SmAOC2, SmAOS4, and SmJMT2 involved in the biosynthesis of methyl jasmonate, a significant elicitor of plant secondary metabolism. The results suggest the existence of dual signaling pathways for the regulation of Smi-miR858a in bioactive compound biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butuo Zhu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqi Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangling Hu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxing Deng
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang SS, Zhang T, Wang L, Dong S, Wang DH, Li B, Cao XY. The Dynamic Changes in the Main Substances in Codonopsis pilosula Root Provide Insights into the Carbon Flux between Primary and Secondary Metabolism during Different Growth Stages. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030456. [PMID: 36984896 PMCID: PMC10057730 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dried root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., referred to as Dangshen in Chinese, is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides, lobetyolin, and atractylenolide III are the major bioactive components contributing to its medicinal properties. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of the main substances in annual Dangshen harvested at 12 time points from 20 May to 20 November 2020 (from early summer to early winter). Although the root biomass increased continuously, the crude polysaccharides content increased and then declined as the temperature fell, and so did the content of soluble proteins. However, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids showed an opposite trend, indicating that the carbon flux was changed between primary metabolism and secondary metabolism as the temperature and growth stages changed. The changes in the contents of lobetyolin and atractylenolide III indicated that autumn might be a suitable harvest time for Dangshen. The antioxidant capacity in Dangshen might be correlated with vitamin C. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression profiles of a few enzyme genes involved in the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways at different growth stages, showing that CpUGpase and CPPs exhibited a highly positive correlation. These results might lay a foundation for choosing cultivars using gene expression levels as markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Dong-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Tariq H, Asif S, Andleeb A, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Flavonoid Production: Current Trends in Plant Metabolic Engineering and De Novo Microbial Production. Metabolites 2023; 13:124. [PMID: 36677049 PMCID: PMC9864322 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that represent a heterogeneous family of plant polyphenolic compounds. Recent research has determined that the health benefits of fruits and vegetables, as well as the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, are based on the presence of various bioactive natural products, including a high proportion of flavonoids. With current trends in plant metabolite research, flavonoids have become the center of attention due to their significant bioactivity associated with anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, the use of traditional approaches, widely associated with the production of flavonoids, including plant extraction and chemical synthesis, has not been able to establish a scalable route for large-scale production on an industrial level. The renovation of biosynthetic pathways in plants and industrially significant microbes using advanced genetic engineering tools offers substantial promise for the exploration and scalable production of flavonoids. Recently, the co-culture engineering approach has emerged to prevail over the constraints and limitations of the conventional monoculture approach by harnessing the power of two or more strains of engineered microbes to reconstruct the target biosynthetic pathway. In this review, current perspectives on the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of flavonoids in plants have been summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the most recent developments in the microbial production of major classes of flavonoids. Finally, we describe the recent achievements in genetic engineering for the combinatorial biosynthesis of flavonoids by reconstructing synthesis pathways in microorganisms via a co-culture strategy to obtain high amounts of specific bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Anisa Andleeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Eure et Loir Campus, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Yang QQ, Hua WP, Zou HL, Yang JX, Wang XZ, Zhang T, Wang DH, Zhu XJ, Cao XY. Overexpression of SmLAC25 promotes lignin accumulation and decreases salvianolic acid content in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111462. [PMID: 36126879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laccase (LAC) is a blue multicopper oxidase that contains four copper ions, which is involved in lignin polymerization and flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Although dozens of LAC genes have been identified in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (a model medicinal plant), most have not been functionally characterized. Here, we explored the expression patterns and the functionality of SmLAC25 in S. miltiorrhiza. SmLAC25 has a higher expression level in roots and responds to methyl jasmonate, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin stimuli. The SmLAC25 protein is localized in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Recombinant SmLAC25 protein could oxidize coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, two monomers of G-lignin and S-lignin. To investigate its function, we generated SmLAC25-overexpressed S. miltiorrhiza plantlets and hairy roots. The lignin content increased significantly in all SmLAC25-overexpressed plantlets and hairy roots, compared with the controls. However, the concentrations of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B decreased significantly in all the SmLAC25-overexpressed lines. Further studies revealed that the transcription levels of some key enzyme genes in the lignin synthesis pathway (e.g., SmCCR and SmCOMT) were significantly improved in the SmLAC25-overexpressed lines, while the expression levels of multiple enzyme genes in the salvianolic acid biosynthesis pathway were inhibited. We speculated that the overexpression of SmLAC25 promoted the metabolic flux of lignin synthesis, which resulted in a decreased metabolic flux to the salvianolic acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Hao-Lan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiang-Zeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Dong-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Dong T, Song S, Wang Y, Yang R, Chen P, Su J, Ding X, Liu Y, Duan H. Effects of 5-azaC on Iridoid Glycoside Accumulation and DNA Methylation in Rehmannia glutinosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913717. [PMID: 35812974 PMCID: PMC9260266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycoside is the important secondary metabolite and the main active component in Rehmannia glutinosa. However, the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of iridoid glycoside biosynthesis remain poorly understood in R. glutinosa. Herein, the analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that 3,394 unigenes related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were identified in R. glutinosa. A total of 357 unigenes were involved in iridoid glycoside synthesis, in which the highly conservative genes, such as DXS, DXR, GPPS, G10H, and 10HGO, in organisms were overexpressed. The analysis of the above genes confirmed that the co-occurrence ratio of DXS, DXR, and GPPS was high in plants. Further, our results showed that under normal and 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) treatment, the expression levels of DXS, DXR, GPPS, G10H, and 10HGO were consistent with the iridoid glycoside accumulation in R. glutinosa, in which the application of the different concentrations of 5-azaC, especially 50 μM 5-azaC, could significantly upregulate the expression of five genes above and iridoid glycoside content. In addition, the changes in the spatiotemporal specificity of degree and levels of DNA methylation were observed in R. glutinosa, in which the hemi-methylation was the main reason for the change in DNA methylation levels. Similar to the changes in 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) content, the DNA demethylation could be induced by 5-azaC and responded in a dose-dependent manner to 15, 50, and 100 μM 5-azaC. Taken together, the expression of iridoid glycoside synthesis gene was upregulated by the demethylation in R. glutinosa, followed by triggering the iridoid glycoside accumulation. These findings not only identify the key genes of iridoid glycoside synthesis from R. glutinosa, but also expand our current knowledge of the function of methylation in iridoid glycoside accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shanglin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruixue Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peilei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiuchang Su
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinru Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- Agricultural Research Institute of Wenxian County, Wenxian, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Zhou W, Yang S, Zhang Q, Xiao R, Li B, Wang D, Niu J, Wang S, Wang Z. Functional Characterization of Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Genes ( SNAT1/ 2) in Melatonin Biosynthesis of Hypericum perforatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781717. [PMID: 34950170 PMCID: PMC8688956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum is a traditional medicinal plant that contains various secondary metabolites. As an active component in H. perforatum, melatonin plays important role in plant antioxidation, growth, and photoperiod regulation. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the key enzyme involved in the last or penultimate step of phytomelatonin biosynthesis. A total of 48 members of SNAT family were screened and analyzed based on the whole genome data of H. perforatum, and two SNAT genes (HpSNAT1 and HpSNAT2) were functionally verified to be involved in the biosynthesis of melatonin. It was found that HpSNAT1 and HpSNAT2 were highly expressed in the leaves and showed obvious responses to high salt and drought treatment. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that these two proteins were both localized in the chloroplasts by the Arabidopsis protoplasts transient transfection. Overexpression of HpSNAT1 and HpSNAT2 in Arabidopsis (SNAT) and H. perforatum (wild-type) resulted in melatonin content 1.9-2.2-fold and 2.5-4.2-fold higher than that in control groups, respectively. Meanwhile, SNAT-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants showed a stronger ability of root growth and scavenging endogenous reactive oxygen species. In this study, the complete transgenic plants of H. perforatum were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation for the first time, which laid a significant foundation for further research on the function of key genes in H. perforatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Li B, Li J, Chai Y, Huang Y, Li L, Wang D, Wang Z. Targeted mutagenesis of CYP76AK2 and CYP76AK3 in Salvia miltiorrhiza reveals their roles in tanshinones biosynthetic pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:455-463. [PMID: 34419551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, belonging to Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs. The dried roots, also called Danshen in Chinese, are usually used in the formula of Chinese traditional medicine due to the bioactive constituents known as phenolic acids and tanshinones, which are a group of abietane nor-diterpenoid quinone natural products. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) usually play crucial roles in terpenoids synthesis, especially in hydroxylation processes. Up to now, several important P450 enzymes, such as CYP76AH1, CYP76AH3, CYP76AK1, CYP71D373, and CYP71D375, have been functionally characterized in the tanshinones biosynthetic pathway. Nevertheless, the tanshinones biosynthesis is a so complex network that more P450 enzymes should be identified and characterized. Here, we report two novel P450 enzymes CYP76AK2 and CYP76AK3 that are involved in tanshinones biosynthetic pathway. These two P450 enzymes were highly homologous to previously reported CYP76AK1 and showed the same expression profile as CYP76AK1. Also, CYP76AK2 and CYP76AK3 could be stimulated by MeJA and SA, resulting in increased expression. We used a triple-target CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate targeted mutagenesis of CYP76AK2 and CYP76AK3 in S. miltiorrhiza. The content of five major tanshinones was significantly reduced in both cyp76ak2 and cyp76ak3 mutants, indicating that the two enzymes might be involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones. This study would provide a foundation for the catalytic function identification of CYP76AK2 and CYP76AK3, and further enrich the understanding of the network of tanshinones secondary metabolism synthesis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yaqian Chai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yaya Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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Zhang R, Tan S, Zhang B, Hu P, Li L. Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2021; 26:5623. [PMID: 34577094 PMCID: PMC8467428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce3+-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce3+ improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce3+-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS). At a Ce3+ concentration of 20 mg L-1, the total ginsenoside content was 1.7-fold, and the total ginsenosides yield was 2.7-fold that of the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ROS production rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly activated within the Ce3+ concentration range of 10 to 30 mg L-1. The activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) strengthened with the increasing concentration of Ce3+ in the range of 20-40 mg L-1. The Ce3+ exposure induced transient production of superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Together with the increase in the intracellular MeJA level and enzyme activity for lipoxygenase (LOX), there was an increase in the gene expression level of MeJA biosynthesis including PgLOX, PgAOS and PgJMT. Our results also revealed that Ce3+ did not directly influence PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS activity. We speculated that Ce3+-induced ROS production could enhance the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng hairy roots via the direct stimulation of enzyme genes for MeJA biosynthesis. This study demonstrates a potential approach for understanding and improving ginsenoside biosynthesis that is regulated by Ce3+-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Engineering, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China; (S.T.); (B.Z.); (P.H.); (L.L.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shiquan Tan
- Hunan Institute of Engineering, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China; (S.T.); (B.Z.); (P.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Bianling Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Engineering, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China; (S.T.); (B.Z.); (P.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- Hunan Institute of Engineering, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China; (S.T.); (B.Z.); (P.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Ling Li
- Hunan Institute of Engineering, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China; (S.T.); (B.Z.); (P.H.); (L.L.)
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SmSPL6 Induces Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis and Affects Root Development in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157895. [PMID: 34360660 PMCID: PMC8348295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a renowned model medicinal plant species for which 15 SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family genes have been identified; however, the specific functions of SmSPLs have not been well characterized as of yet. For this study, the expression patterns of SmSPL6 were determined through its responses to treatments of exogenous hormones, including indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and abscisic acid (ABA). To characterize its functionality, we obtained SmSPL6-ovexpressed transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants and found that overexpressed SmSPL6 promoted the accumulation of phenolic acids and repressed the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the root lengths of the SmSPL6-overexpressed lines were significantly longer than the control; however, both the fresh weights and lateral root numbers decreased. Further investigations indicated that SmSPL6 regulated the biosynthesis of phenolic acid by directly binding to the promoter regions of the enzyme genes Sm4CL9 and SmCYP98A14 and activated their expression. We concluded that SmSPL6 regulates not only the biosynthesis of phenolic acids, but also the development of roots in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Zheng X, Chen D, Chen B, Liang L, Huang Z, Fan W, Chen J, He W, Chen H, Huang L, Chen Y, Zhu J, Xue T. Insights into salvianolic acid B biosynthesis from chromosome-scale assembly of the Salvia bowleyana genome. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1309-1323. [PMID: 33634943 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salvia bowleyana is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is a source of nutritional supplements rich in salvianolic acid B and a potential experimental system for the exploration of salvianolic acid B biosynthesis in the Labiatae. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of S. bowleyana covering 462.44 Mb, with a scaffold N50 value of 57.96 Mb and 44,044 annotated protein-coding genes. Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimated divergence time between S. bowleyana and its close relative S. miltiorrhiza of ~3.94 million years. We also observed evidence of a whole-genome duplication in the S. bowleyana genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that SbPAL1 (PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE1) is highly expressed in roots relative to stem and leaves, paralleling the location of salvianolic acid B accumulation. The laccase gene family in S. bowleyana outnumbered their counterparts in both S. miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that the gene family has undergone expansion in S. bowleyana. Several laccase genes were also highly expressed in roots, where their encoded proteins may catalyze the oxidative reaction from rosmarinic acid to salvianolic acid B. These findings provide an invaluable genomic resource for understanding salvianolic acid B biosynthesis and its regulation, and will be useful for exploring the evolution of the Labiatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehai Zheng
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Duo Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Binghua Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Limin Liang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Wenfang Fan
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Wenjin He
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Huibin Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Luqiang Huang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Ting Xue
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
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Zhang J, Jia H, Zhu B, Li J, Yang T, Zhang ZZ, Deng WW. Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Jasmonic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase Involved in Aroma Compound Production of Methyl Jasmonate during Black Tea Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3154-3164. [PMID: 33666433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a volatile organic compound, is a principal flowery aromatic compound in tea. During the processing of black tea, MeJA is produced by jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) of the jasmonic acid (JA) substrate, forming a specific floral fragrance. CsJMT was cloned from tea leaves; the three-dimensional structure of CsJMT was predicted. Enzyme activity was identified, and protein purification was investigated. Site-directed deletions revealed that N-10, S-22, and Q-25 residues in the beginning amino acids played a key functional role in enzyme activity. The expression patterns of CsJMT in tea organs differed; the highest expression of CsJMT was observed in the fermentation process of black tea. These results aid in further understanding the synthesis of MeJA during black tea processing, which is crucial for improving black tea quality using specific fragrances and could be applied to the aromatic compound regulation and tea breeding improvement in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Biying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Li B, Petijová L, Hu S, Zhang Q, Niu J, Wang D, Wang S, Dong Y, Čellárová E, Wang Z. Whole-genome sequence data of Hypericum perforatum and functional characterization of melatonin biosynthesis by N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12709. [PMID: 33315239 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum is among the most commonly used herbal remedies and supplements. The aerial plant parts are often used to treat depression. Due to the lack of genomic information of H. perforatum, the gene networks regulating secondary metabolite synthesis remain unclear. Here, we present a high-quality genome for H. perforatum with a 2.3-Mb scaffold N50. The draft assembly covers 91.9% of the predicted genome and represents the fourth sequenced genus in the order Malpighiales. Comparing this sequence with model or related species revealed that Populus trichocarpa and Hevea brasiliensis could be grouped into one branch, while H. perforatum and Linum usitatissimum are grouped in another branch. Combined with transcriptome data, 40 key genes related to melatonin, hyperforin, and hypericin synthesis were screened and analyzed. Five N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferases (HpASMT1-HpASMT5) were cloned and functionally characterized. Purified HpASMT3 protein converted N-acetylserotonin into melatonin with a Vmax of about 1.35 pkat/mg protein. HpASMT1 and HpASMT3 overexpression in Arabidopsis mutants caused 1.5-2-fold higher melatonin content than in mutant and wild-type plants. The endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transgenic plants was significantly lower than ROS in mutant and wild-type plants, suggesting higher drought tolerance. The obtained genomic data offer new resources for further study on the evolution of Hypericaceae family, but also provide a basis for further study of melatonin biosynthetic pathways in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linda Petijová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Suying Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Li L, Liu Y, Huang Y, Li B, Ma W, Wang D, Cao X, Wang Z. Genome-Wide Identification of the TIFY Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza Reveals That SmJAZ3 Interacts With SmWD40-170, a Relevant Protein That Modulates Secondary Metabolism and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630424. [PMID: 33679845 PMCID: PMC7930841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, contains numerous bioactive components with broad range of pharmacological properties. By increasing the levels of endogenous jasmonate (JA) in plants or treating them with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the level of tanshinones and salvianolic acids can be greatly enhanced. The jasmonate ZIM (JAZ) proteins belong to the TIFY family, and act as repressors, releasing targeted transcriptional factors in the JA signaling pathway. Herein, we identified and characterized 15 TIFY proteins present in S. miltiorrhiza. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that the JAZ genes were all constitutively expressed in different tissues and were induced by MeJA treatments. SmJAZ3, which negatively regulates the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza and the detailed molecular mechanism is poorly understood. SmJAZ3 acts as a bait protein to capture and identify a WD-repeat containing the protein SmWD40-170. Further molecular and genetic analysis revealed that SmWD40-170 is a positive regulator, promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza. Our study systematically analyzed the TIFY family and speculated a module of the JAZ-WD40 complex provides new insights into the mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Li L, Wang D, Zhou L, Yu X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Li B, Liu Y, Zhou W, Cao X, Wang Z. JA-Responsive Transcription Factor SmMYB97 Promotes Phenolic Acid and Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14850-14862. [PMID: 33284615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are active principles in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge administered for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Jasmonic acid (JA) promotes secondary metabolite accumulation, but the regulatory mechanism is unknown in S. miltiorrhiza. We identified and characterized the JA-responsive gene SmMYB97. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that SmMYB97 was clustered with AtMYB11, AtMYB12, and ZmP1 in the subgroup S7 regulating flavonol biosynthesis. SmMYB97 was highly expressed in S. miltiorrhiza leaves and induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). SmMYB97 was localized in the nucleus and had strong transcriptional activation activity. SmMYB97 overexpression increased phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis and upregulated the genes implicated in these processes. Yeast one-hybrid and transient transcriptional activity assays disclosed that SmMYB97 binds the PAL1, TAT1, CPS1, and KSL1 promoter regions. SmJAZ8 interacts with SmMYB97 and downregulates the genes that it controls. This study partially clarified the regulatory network of MeJA-mediated secondary metabolite biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiaoding Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xinyi Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yuanchu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Gene 2020; 742:144603. [PMID: 32198126 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions, such as salinity, cold, drought, heavy metals, and pathogens affect the yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known medicinal plant used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a key enzyme of antioxidant system in plants, plays a vital role in protecting plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses via scavenging the reactive oxygen species produced by organisms. However, little is known about the SOD gene family in S. miltiorrhiza. In this study, eight SOD genes, including three Cu/Zn-SODs, two Fe-SODs and three Mn-SODs, were identified in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. Their gene structures, promoters, protein features, phylogenetic relationships, and expression profiles were comprehensively investigated. Gene structure analysis implied that most SmSODs have different introns/exons distrbution patterns. Many cis-elements related to different stress responses or plant hormones were found in the promoter of each SmSOD. Expression profile analysis indicated that SmSODs exhibited diverse responses to cold, salt, drought, heavy metal, and plant hormones. Additionally, 31 types of TFs regulating SmSODs were predicted and analyzed. These findings provided valuable information for further researches on the functions and applications of SmSODs in S. miltiorrhiza growth and adaptation to stress.
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Kowalczyk T, Wieczfinska J, Skała E, Śliwiński T, Sitarek P. Transgenesis as a Tool for the Efficient Production of Selected Secondary Metabolites from in Vitro Plant Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E132. [PMID: 31973076 PMCID: PMC7076688 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant kingdom abounds in countless species with potential medical uses. Many of them contain valuable secondary metabolites belonging to different classes and demonstrating anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial or antidiabetic properties. Many of these metabolites, e.g., paclitaxel, vinblastine, betulinic acid, chlorogenic acid or ferrulic acid, have potential applications in medicine. Additionally, these compounds have many therapeutic and health-promoting properties. The growing demand for these plant secondary metabolites forces the use of new green biotechnology tools to create new, more productive in vitro transgenic plant cultures. These procedures have yielded many promising results, and transgenic cultures have been found to be safe, efficient and cost-effective sources of valuable secondary metabolites for medicine and industry. This review focuses on the use of various in vitro plant culture systems for the production of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.S.)
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Yu W, Yu M, Zhao R, Sheng J, Li Y, Shen L. Ethylene Perception Is Associated with Methyl-Jasmonate-Mediated Immune Response against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6725-6735. [PMID: 31117506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene-mediated signaling pathways are reported to have synergistic effects on inhibiting gray mold. The present study aimed to explain the role of ethylene perception in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-mediated immune responses. Results showed that exogenous MeJA enhanced disease resistance, accompanied by the induction of endogenous JA biosynthesis and ethylene production, which led to the activation of the phenolic metabolism pathway. Blocking ethylene perception using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) either before or after MeJA treatment could differently weaken the disease responses induced by MeJA, including suppressing the induction of ethylene production and JA contents and reducing activities of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase compared to MeJA treatment alone. Consequently, MeJA-induced elevations in the total phenolic content and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, and peroxidase were impaired by 1-MCP. These results suggested that ethylene perception participated in MeJA-mediated immune responses in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
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19
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Martínez-Gómez P. Editorial for Special Issue "Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding". Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112659. [PMID: 31151169 PMCID: PMC6600240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new plant varieties is a long and tedious process involving the generation of large seedling populations to select the best individuals [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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