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Demirbaş A, Ulutaş G. Combination therapy of glutathione and resveratrol: a promising approach in the management of melasma. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38632698 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Demirbaş
- Department of Dermatology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gözde Ulutaş
- Department of Dermatology, Kocaeli City Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
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2
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Shang G, Niu X, Tong Q, Zhao Y, Yin J, Zhou X, Xu J, Cao Y, Cheng F, Bao B, Li Z, Yao W. Integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analysis revealed the protective mechanisms of Erzhi Wan on senescent NRK cells through BRL cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117482. [PMID: 38000520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erzhi Wan (EZW), as a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for tonifying the liver and kidney. Although past studies have shown that EZW has potential anti-aging effect, the mechanisms associated with cellular metabolomics and lipidomics are not fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the anti-aging effect of EZW and investigate the mechanisms associated with cellular metabolomics and lipidomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS EZW solution at dosage of 3.6 g/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats was orally administered twice a day for 7 days and serum containing EZW was then collected. NRK cell senescence model induced by D-galactose was established in vitro, and non-contact co-culture cell assay was performed between senescent NRK cells and BRL cells intervened by serum containing EZW. The anti-aging effect of EZW on NRK cells was evaluated by metabolites identification, differential metabolites screening and metabolic pathways analysis through cellular metabolomics with GC-MS and lipidomics with UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. RESULTS Serum containing EZW indicated a protective effect through intervening BRL cells in non-contact co-culture system with D-gal-induced senescent NRK cells. For metabolic profiles, 71 endogenous metabolites were identified, among which 24 significantly differential metabolites were screened as metabolomics potential biomarkers. For lipidic profiles, 64 lipid components were identified in NRK cell samples under positive ion mode, among which 24 potential biomarkers of lipids were screened, mainly including PC and PE. 127 lipid components were identified in NRK cell samples under negative ion mode, among which 59 potential biomarkers of lipids were screened, including FA, PC, PE, PI and PS. Metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that the identified differential metabolites found mainly involved in amino acids metabolism, energy metabolism and phospholipid biosynthesis pathways. CONCLUSION Serum containing EZW exhibited protective effect on D-gal-induced senescent NRK cells through intervening BRL cells by mainly regulating amino acids metabolism, energy metabolism and phospholipid biosynthesis pathways to possess its anti-aging function, providing a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of EZW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiong Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xuan Niu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qingheng Tong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jiu Yin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jia Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yudan Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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3
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Kang MK, Yoon D, Jung HJ, Ullah S, Lee J, Park HS, Kim HJ, Kang D, Park Y, Chun P, Young Chung H, Moon HR. Identification and molecular mechanism of novel 5-alkenyl-2-benzylaminothiazol-4(5H)-one analogs as anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106763. [PMID: 37566943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom tyrosinase is a tetramer, whereas mammalian tyrosinase is a monomeric glycoprotein. In addition, the amino acid sequence of mushroom tyrosinases differs from that of mammalian tyrosinases. MHY2081 exhibits potent inhibitory activity against both mushroom and mammalian tyrosinases. Accordingly, based on the MHY2081 structure, 5-alkenyl-2-benzylaminothiazol-4(5H)-one analogs were designed as a novel anti-tyrosinase agent and synthesized using 2-((3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)thiazol-4(5H)-one (16), a key intermediate obtained via the rearrangement of a benzylamino group. Compounds 6 and 9 (IC50 = 1.5-4.6 µM) exhibited higher mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity than kojic acid (IC50 = 20-21 µM) in the presence of l-tyrosine and/or l-dopa. Based on kinetic analysis using Lineweaver-Burk plots, 6 was a mixed inhibitor, whereas 9 was a competitive inhibitor, and docking simulation results supported that these compounds could bind to the active site of mushroom tyrosinase. Using B16F10 mammalian cells, we demonstrated that these compounds inhibited melanogenesis more potently than kojic acid, and their anti-melanogenic effects could be attributed to tyrosinase inhibition. All synthesized compounds could scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), with five compounds exhibiting mild-to-strong ABTS+ and DPPH radical-scavenging abilities. Compounds 6 and 9 were potent tyrosinase inhibitors with strong antioxidant activities against ROS, ABTS+, and DPPH radicals. Moreover, the compounds significantly suppressed tyrosinase expression in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that the novel 5-alkenyl-2-benzylaminothiazol-4(5H)-one analogs, especially 6 and 9, are potential anti-melanogenic agents with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Kang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Soo Park
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Aung NN, Pengnam S, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pamornpathomkul B. Fabrication of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-K90/Eudragit RL100-based dissolving microneedle patches loaded with alpha-arbutin and resveratrol for skin depigmentation. Biomater Sci 2023. [PMID: 37183632 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00132f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-arbutin (AA) and resveratrol (Res) are widely used in skin-lightening products. However, current topical formulations have minimal skin-lightening effects due to the low absorption and poor solubility of these active compounds. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of using dissolving microneedle (DMN) patches to improve the delivery of AA and Res for skin depigmentation. The DMN patches (F0-F3) fabricated from polyvinyl pyrrolidone-K90 (PVP-K90)/Eudragit RL100 blends successfully penetrated excised porcine skin and showed sufficient mechanical strength to resist compression forces. Loading DMNs with 10% AA and 2% Res at a ratio of 5 : 1 (F3) resulted in a synergistic interaction between the drugs with desirable dissolving ability, drug loading, and stability. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the use of F3 DMN patches successfully enhanced the intradermal delivery of AA and Res over a 24 h period, with the delivered amount being higher (∼2.6 times) than that provided by a cream formulation (P < 0.05). After removing the DMN patches, the mice's skin was spontaneously and completely resealed within 12 h. In clinical studies, F3 DMN patches slightly decreased the melanin index of the participants without causing skin irritation or erythema at any time during the 24 h period when the patches were applied (P < 0.05). Moreover, application of the patches for 24 h was not found to affect skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, or skin elasticity. Therefore, AA/Res-loaded DMN patches could offer a promising approach for the effective local delivery of cosmetic agents for skin depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nway Nway Aung
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
- Pharmaceutical Factory, Kyaukse, Myanmar
| | - Supusson Pengnam
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Theerasak Rojanarata
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Boonnada Pamornpathomkul
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
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Zhang X, Chen S, Luo D, Chen D, Zhou H, Zhang S, Chen X, Lu W, Liu W. Systematic Study of Resveratrol Nanoliposomes Transdermal Delivery System for Enhancing Anti-Aging and Skin-Brightening Efficacy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062738. [PMID: 36985709 PMCID: PMC10058087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the stratum corneum barrier, resveratrol is difficult to be absorbed transdermally, limiting its anti-aging and skin-brightening effects. Furthermore, there is a lack of systematic studies on the efficacy of resveratrol in human skin, especially in three-dimensional skin models and clinical trials. To overcome the low transdermal delivery issue, we encapsulated resveratrol into nanoliposomes using the high-pressure homogenization method to develop an efficient transdermal drug delivery system, and systematically evaluated its anti-aging and skin-brightening efficacy via cell line models, a three-dimensional skin model and human skin. The resveratrol nanoliposomes effectively improved the transdermal penetration and retention of resveratrol and enhanced cellular uptake. In addition, compared to free resveratrol, resveratrol nanoliposomes remarkably enhanced the skin-care effects by promoting the antioxidant capacity and collagen synthesis, inhibiting the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, tyrosine activity and melanin synthesis. Notably, human clinical trials proved the anti-wrinkle and skin-brightening effectiveness of resveratrol nanoliposomes. Three levels of systematic studies indicated that resveratrol nanoliposomes could be a promising transdermal drug delivery system to enhance the anti-aging and skin-brightening effects of resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Suqian Advanced Materials Industry Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dan Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Dan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wangwang Lu
- Guangzhou Jiyan Cosmetics Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430075, China
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6
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Oyama T, Yoshimori A, Ogawa H, Shirai Y, Abe H, Kamiya T, Tanuma SI. The structural differences between mushroom and human tyrosinase cleared by investigating the inhibitory activities of stilbenes. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Sheweita SA, El-Masry YM, Zaghloul TI, Mostafa SK, Elgindy NA. Preclinical studies on melanogenesis proteins using a resveratrol-nanoformula as a skin whitener. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:870-881. [PMID: 36370858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A naturally occurring polyphenol called trans-resveratrol has received a lot of attention due to its possible health advantages for humans. The low solubility of trans-resveratrol and its isomerization upon UV exposure strongly limit its application as a skin-whitening agent. In the present study, to increase trans-resveratrol solubility, a new nanoformula was created by combining hydrophilic surfactants and oils. Trans-Resveratrol nanoformula has been prepared, characterized, and applied as a skin-whitening agent on the dorsal skin of Guinea pigs. The optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula with a particle size of 63.49 nm displayed a single peak and a polydispersity index [0.36 ± 0.02]. In addition, the zeta potential of the optimized formula was -30.4 mV, confirming the high stability of this nanoformula. The melanin contents in the trans-resveratrol nanoformula-treated group were substantially lower than those of the control and the blank nanoformula-treated groups after staining of the dorsal skins [black areas] of guinea pigs with Fontana Mountain dye. The pigmentation index in the control, blank nanoformula, and optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula were 329.4 ± 36.9, 335.8 ± 71.4, and 124.8 ± 19.6 respectively. Confirming this finding, immunohistochemistry analysis of skin tissues revealed that the expressions of melanogenesis-regulating proteins such as tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were down-regulated. The safety of topical application of trans-resveratrol nanoformula was validated by no changes in free radical levels and oxidative stress markers proteins in the livers and kidneys of guinea pigs at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: A novel trans-resveratrol nanoformula as well as the mechanism whereby it promotes skin whitening effects were presented. Furthermore, the study illustrated that trans-resveratrol nanoformula is safe, non-toxic, and can be applied for skin whitening, although more research on human skin is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Sheweita
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Yassin M El-Masry
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Taha I Zaghloul
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa K Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamesa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nazik A Elgindy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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A Novel Furocoumarin Derivative, 5-((diethylamino)me-13 thyl)-3-phenyl-7H-furo [3,2-g] chromen-7-one Upregulates Melanin Synthesis via the Activation of cAMP/PKA and MAPKs Signal Pathway: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214190. [PMID: 36430668 PMCID: PMC9694462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoralen, a major furocoumarin component of the Fructus Psoralen (FP), in combination with ultraviolet radiation, cures abnormal pigmentation disorder. In a previous study, we synthesized a series of linear furocoumarins with different substituents, out of which 5-((diethylamino)methyl)-3-phenyl-7H-furo [3,2-g] chromen-7-one (encoded as 5D3PC) showed better pigmenting effect than others in B16 cells. In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying the melanogenic effect of 5D3PC both in vivo and in vitro. To examine the pigmentation effect, the B16 and human melanocyte cell lines, PIG1 and PIG3V melanocytes were incubated with 5D3PC. In animal experiments, C57BL/6 mice received 5% hydroquinone and were administrated with 5D3PC for 30 days. 5D3PC upregulated the melanin synthesis and tyrosinase in B16 cell, PIG1 and PIG3V. The expression level of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (p-CREB), phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c- phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) was significantly higher in 5D3PC-treated B16 cells. The oral administration of 5D3PC attenuated the depigmentation of the C57BL/6 vitiligo mice model by increasing the numbers of melanin-containing hair follicles, melanogenic protein, and melanogenesis-relative genes expression in skin tissues.
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9
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Duspara K, Bojanic K, Pejic JI, Kuna L, Kolaric TO, Nincevic V, Smolic R, Vcev A, Glasnovic M, Curcic IB, Smolic M. Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Liver Fibrosis for Drug Options: An Update. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:960-971. [PMID: 34966659 PMCID: PMC8666372 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a life-threatening disease, with challenging morbidity and mortality for healthcare systems worldwide. It imparts an enormous economic burden to societies, making continuous research and informational updates about its pathogenesis and treatment crucial. This review's focus is on the current knowledge about the Wnt signaling pathway, serving as an important pathway in liver fibrosis development and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Two types of Wnt pathways are distinguished, namely the ß-catenin-dependent canonical and non-canonical Ca2+ or planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent pathway. The dynamic balance of physiologically healthy liver and hepatocytes is disturbed by repeated liver injuries. Activation of the ß-catenin Wnt pathway prevents the regeneration of hepatocytes by the replacement of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to the appearance of scar tissue and the formation of regenerated nodular hepatocytes, lacking the original function of healthy hepatocytes. Therefore, liver function is reduced due to the severely advanced disease. Selective inhibition of ß-catenin inhibits inflammatory processes (since chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced during Wnt activation), reduces growth of activated HSCs and reduces collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, thereby reducing the progression of liver fibrosis in vivo. While the canonical Wnt pathway is usually inactive in a physiologically healthy liver, it shows activity during cell regeneration or renewal and in certain pathophysiological conditions, such as liver diseases and cancer. Targeted blocking of some of the basic components of the Wnt pathway is a therapeutic approach. These include the frizzled transmembrane receptor (Fz) receptors using the secreted frizzled-related protein family (sFRP), Fz-coreceptors low-density LRP 5/6 through dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) or niclosamide, glycogen kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) using SB-216763, cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CBP) using PRI-724 and ICG-001, the lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF)/T cell-specific transcription factor (TCF) system as well as Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and miR-17-5p using pinostilbene hydrate (PSH). Significant progress has been made in inhibiting Wnt and thus stopping the progression of liver fibrosis by diminishing key components for its action. Comprehending the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver fibrosis may lead to discovery of novel targets in liver fibrosis therapeutic strategies' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Duspara
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Josipa Ivanusic Pejic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lucija Kuna
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tea Omanovic Kolaric
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vjera Nincevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Vcev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Glasnovic
- Department of Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Bilic Curcic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence to: Martina Smolic, University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, J. Huttlera 4, Osijek 31000, Croatia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6867-826X. Tel: + 385-31-512-800, Fax: +385-31-512-833, E-mail:
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Jiang L, Mu Y. The Application of Skin Care Product in Melasma Treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1165-1171. [PMID: 34526794 PMCID: PMC8435474 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s323748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melasma is an acquired and chronic hyperpigmentation disorder which is recognized as one of the most psychologically distressing and difficult to cure forms of skin hyperpigmentation. It is associated with substantial quality of life impairments. Treatments of melasma include local application, oral medication, physical laser therapy and program combination therapy. However, routine treatment usually leads to the damage of skin barrier function, resulting in adverse reactions such as erythema, pruritus, post-inflammatory pigmentation and even scar. Skin care products contain a variety of active ingredients, which are widely concerned by cosmetic dermatologists because of high safety, good tolerance and the effect of improving the damaged skin barrier. Using skin care products alone or in combination with routine treatment not only can improve the curative effect for melasma, reduce side effects and recurrence rate, but also improve patient satisfaction. This article mainly describes the application of skin care products in the treatment of melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhu Mu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People's Republic of China
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The Oxidation of Equol by Tyrosinase Produces a Unique Di- ortho-Quinone: Possible Implications for Melanocyte Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179145. [PMID: 34502054 PMCID: PMC8431114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol (7-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman, EQ), one of the major intestinally derived metabolites of daidzein, the principal isoflavane found in soybeans and most soy foods, has recently attracted increased interest as a health-beneficial compound for estrogen-dependent diseases. However, based on its structure with two p-substituted phenols, this study aimed to examine whether EQ is a substrate for tyrosinase and whether it produces o-quinone metabolites that are highly cytotoxic to melanocyte. First, the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of EQ was performed, which yielded three EQ-quinones. They were identified after being reduced to their corresponding catechols with NaBH4 or L-ascorbic acid. The binding of the EQ-quinones to N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), and bovine serum albumin via their cysteine residues was then examined. NAC and GSH afforded two mono-adducts and one di-adduct, which were identified by NMR and MS analysis. It was also found that EQ was oxidized to EQ-di-quinone in cells expressing human tyrosinase. Finally, it was confirmed that the EQ-oligomer, the EQ oxidation product, exerted potent pro-oxidant activity by oxidizing GSH to the oxidized GSSG and concomitantly producing H2O2. These results suggest that EQ-quinones could be cytotoxic to melanocytes due to their binding to cellular proteins.
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Morris G, Gamage E, Travica N, Berk M, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Puri BK, Carvalho AF, Bortolasci CC, Walder K, Marx W. Polyphenols as adjunctive treatments in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: Efficacy, mechanisms of action, and factors influencing inter-individual response. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:101-122. [PMID: 34062263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders is complex and multifactorial. Polyphenols possess a range of potentially beneficial mechanisms of action that relate to the implicated pathways in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this review is to highlight the emerging clinical trial and preclinical efficacy data regarding the role of polyphenols in mental and brain health, elucidate novel mechanisms of action including the gut microbiome and gene expression, and discuss the factors that may be responsible for the mixed clinical results; namely, the role of interindividual differences in treatment response and the potentially pro-oxidant effects of some polyphenols. Further clarification as part of larger, well conducted randomized controlled trials that incorporate precision medicine methods are required to inform clinical efficacy and optimal dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gamage
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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13
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Recent advances in the design and discovery of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113744. [PMID: 34365131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. As a promising target, tyrosinase inhibitors can be used as skin whitening agents and food preservatives, thus having broad potential in the fields of food, cosmetics, agriculture and medicine. From 2015 to 2020, numerous synthetic inhibitors of tyrosinase have been developed to overcome the challenges of low efficacy and side effects. This review summarizes the enzyme structure and biological functions of tyrosinase and demonstrates the recent advances of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanisms and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors.
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The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases-A Literature Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040451. [PMID: 33810552 PMCID: PMC8066164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols play an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, as well as vascular or skin diseases. Particularly, resveratrol, as a multi-potent agent, may prevent or mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. As the largest organ of the human body, skin is an extremely desirable target for the possible delivery of active substances. The transdermal route of administration of active compounds shows many advantages, including avoidance of gastrointestinal irritation and the first-pass effect. Moreover, it is non-invasive and can be self-administered. However, this delivery is limited, mainly due to the need to overpassing the stratum corneum, the possible decomposition of the substances in contact with the skin surface or in the deeper layers thereof. In addition, using resveratrol for topical and transdermal delivery faces the problems of its low solubility and poor stability. To overcome this, novel systems of delivery are being developed for the effective transport of resveratrol across the skin. Carriers in the micro and nano size were demonstrated to be more efficient for safe and faster topical and transdermal delivery of active substances. The present review aimed to discuss the role of resveratrol in the treatment of skin abnormalities with a special emphasis on technologies enhancing transdermal delivery of resveratrol.
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Aung NN, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pamornpathomkul B. Enhancement of transdermal delivery of resveratrol using Eudragit and polyvinyl pyrrolidone-based dissolving microneedle patches. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Antioxidants as an Epidermal Stem Cell Activator. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100958. [PMID: 33036398 PMCID: PMC7600937 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants may modulate the microenvironment of epidermal stem cells by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species or by regulating the expression of extracellular matrix protein. The extracellular membrane is an important component of the stem cell niche, and microRNAs regulate extracellular membrane-mediated basal keratinocyte proliferation. In this narrative review, we will discuss several antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, plant extracts, peptides and hyaluronic acid, and their effect on the epidermal stem cell niche and the proliferative potential of interfollicular epidermal stem cells in 3D skin equivalent models.
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Ha ES, Park H, Lee SK, Sim WY, Jeong JS, Kim MS. Equilibrium solubility and modeling of trans-resveratrol in dichloromethane and primary alcohol solvent mixtures at different temperatures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shin JW, Lee HS, Na JI, Huh CH, Park KC, Choi HR. Resveratrol Inhibits Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103446. [PMID: 32414118 PMCID: PMC7279174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a major air pollutant, is a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of various sizes. PM has been demonstrated to cause intracellular inflammation in human keratinocytes, and is associated with various skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, eczema, and skin aging. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with strong antioxidant properties, and its beneficial effects against skin changes due to PM remain elusive. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on PM-induced skin inflammation and attempted to deduce the molecular mechanisms underlying resveratrol’s effects. We found that resveratrol inhibited PM-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and reactive oxygen species formation in keratinocytes. It also suppressed the subsequent cellular inflammatory response by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Consequentially, resveratrol reduced PM-induced cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 and proinflammatory cytokine expression, including that of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, and interleukin-8, all of which are known to be central mediators of various inflammatory conditions and aging. In conclusion, resveratrol inhibits the PM-induced inflammatory response in human keratinocytes, and we suggest that resveratrol may have potential for preventing air pollution-related skin problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
| | - Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
| | - Chang-Hun Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-W.S.); (H.-S.L.); (J.-I.N.); (C.-H.H.); (K.-C.P.)
- Medical Science Research, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13605, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-8456; Fax: +82-2-3675-1187
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Pure Trans-Resveratrol Nanoparticles Prepared by A Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Alcohol and Dichloromethane Mixtures: Effect of Particle Size on Dissolution and Bioavailability in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040342. [PMID: 32331478 PMCID: PMC7222356 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles without additives (surfactants, polymers, and sugars) using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process with alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and dichloromethane mixtures. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of particle size on the dissolution and oral bioavailability of the trans-resveratrol, two microparticles with different sizes (1.94 μm and 18.75 μm) were prepared using two different milling processes, and compared to trans-resveratrol nanoparticles prepared by the SAS process. The solid-state properties of pure trans-resveratrol particles were characterized. By increasing the percentage of dichloromethane in the solvent mixtures, the mean particle size of trans-resveratrol was decreased, whereas its specific surface area was increased. The particle size could thus be controlled by solvent composition. Trans-resveratrol nanoparticle with a mean particle size of 0.17 μm was prepared by the SAS process using the ethanol/dichloromethane mixture at a ratio of 25/75 (w/w). The in vitro dissolution rate of trans-resveratrol in fasted state-simulated gastric fluid was significantly improved by the reduction of particle size, resulting in enhanced oral bioavailability in rats. The absolute bioavailability of trans-resveratrol nanoparticles was 25.2%. The maximum plasma concentration values were well correlated with the in vitro dissolution rate. These findings clearly indicate that the oral bioavailability of trans-resveratrol can be enhanced by preparing pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles without additives (surfactants, polymers, and sugars) by the SAS process. These pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles can be applied as an active ingredient for the development of health supplements, pharmaceutical products, and cosmetic products.
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20
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Wen S, Zhang J, Yang B, Elias PM, Man MQ. Role of Resveratrol in Regulating Cutaneous Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:2416837. [PMID: 32382280 PMCID: PMC7180429 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2416837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protective role of the skin is against external insults and maintenance of electrolyte homeostasis of the body. Cutaneous dysfunction can account for the development of both cutaneous and systemic disorders. Thus, improvements in cutaneous functions can benefit a number of extracutaneous and cutaneous functions. Resveratrol, a natural ingredient, displays multiple benefits for various systems/organs, including the skin. The benefits of resveratrol for cutaneous functions include stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation and antimicrobial peptide expression, inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and cutaneous inflammation, UV protection, anticancer, antiaging, and inhibition of melanogenesis. The mechanisms of action of resveratrol include activation of sirtuin 1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Evidence suggests that topical resveratrol could be a valuable alternative not only for daily skin care, but also for the prevention and treatment of various cutaneous disorders. This review summarizes the benefits of resveratrol for cutaneous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Jiechen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Solano F. Photoprotection and Skin Pigmentation: Melanin-Related Molecules and Some Other New Agents Obtained from Natural Sources. Molecules 2020; 25:E1537. [PMID: 32230973 PMCID: PMC7180973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct sun exposure is one of the most aggressive factors for human skin. Sun radiation contains a range of the electromagnetic spectrum including UV light. In addition to the stratospheric ozone layer filtering the most harmful UVC, human skin contains a photoprotective pigment called melanin to protect from UVB, UVA, and blue visible light. This pigment is a redox UV-absorbing agent and functions as a shield to prevent direct UV action on the DNA of epidermal cells. In addition, melanin indirectly scavenges reactive oxygenated species (ROS) formed during the UV-inducing oxidative stress on the skin. The amounts of melanin in the skin depend on the phototype. In most phenotypes, endogenous melanin is not enough for full protection, especially in the summertime. Thus, photoprotective molecules should be added to commercial sunscreens. These molecules should show UV-absorbing capacity to complement the intrinsic photoprotection of the cutaneous natural pigment. This review deals with (a) the use of exogenous melanin or melanin-related compounds to mimic endogenous melanin and (b) the use of a number of natural compounds from plants and marine organisms that can act as UV filters and ROS scavengers. These agents have antioxidant properties, but this feature usually is associated to skin-lightening action. In contrast, good photoprotectors would be able to enhance natural cutaneous pigmentation. This review examines flavonoids, one of the main groups of these agents, as well as new promising compounds with other chemical structures recently obtained from marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine and LAIB-IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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22
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Shaito A, Posadino AM, Younes N, Hasan H, Halabi S, Alhababi D, Al-Mohannadi A, Abdel-Rahman WM, Eid AH, Nasrallah GK, Pintus G. Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2084. [PMID: 32197410 PMCID: PMC7139620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its health benefits, resveratrol (RE) is one of the most researched natural polyphenols. Resveratrol's health benefits were first highlighted in the early 1990s in the French paradox study, which opened extensive research activity into this compound. Ever since, several pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties, were attributed to RE. However, results from the available human clinical trials were controversial concerning the protective effects of RE against diseases and their sequelae. The reason for these conflicting findings is varied but differences in the characteristics of the enrolled patients, RE doses used, and duration of RE supplementation were proposed, at least in part, as possible causes. In particular, the optimal RE dosage capable of maximizing its health benefits without raising toxicity issues remains an area of extensive research. In this context, while there is a consistent body of literature on the protective effects of RE against diseases, there are relatively few reports investigating its possible toxicity. Indeed, toxicity and adverse effects were reported following consumption of RE; therefore, extensive future studies on the long-term effects, as well as the in vivo adverse effects, of RE supplementation in humans are needed. Furthermore, data on the interactions of RE when combined with other therapies are still lacking, as well as results related to its absorption and bioavailability in the human body. In this review, we collect and summarize the available literature about RE toxicity and side effects. In this process, we analyze in vitro and in vivo studies that have addressed this stilbenoid. These studies suggest that RE still has an unexplored side. Finally, we discuss the new delivery methods that are being employed to overcome the low bioavailability of RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, 1105 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Nadin Younes
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, and Biomedical Research Center Qatar University, P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (N.Y.); (D.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, 1105 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Dalal Alhababi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, and Biomedical Research Center Qatar University, P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (N.Y.); (D.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Anjud Al-Mohannadi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, and Biomedical Research Center Qatar University, P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (N.Y.); (D.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O Box: 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, and Biomedical Research Center Qatar University, P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (N.Y.); (D.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O Box: 27272, United Arab Emirates;
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Preparation and Evaluation of Resveratrol-Loaded Composite Nanoparticles Using a Supercritical Fluid Technology for Enhanced Oral and Skin Delivery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110554. [PMID: 31739617 PMCID: PMC6912748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We created composite nanoparticles containing hydrophilic additives using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process to increase the solubility and dissolution properties of trans-resveratrol for application in oral and skin delivery. Physicochemical properties of trans-resveratrol-loaded composite nanoparticles were characterized. In addition, an in vitro dissolution-permeation study, an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, and an ex vivo skin permeation study in rats were performed. The mean particle size of all the composite nanoparticles produced was less than 300 nm. Compared to micronized trans-resveratrol, the trans-resveratrol/hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)/poloxamer 407 (1:4:1) nanoparticles with the highest flux (0.792 μg/min/cm2) exhibited rapid absorption and showed significantly higher exposure 4 h after oral administration. Good correlations were observed between in vitro flux and in vivo pharmacokinetic data. The increased solubility and flux of trans-resveratrol generated by the HPMC/surfactant nanoparticles increased the driving force on the gastrointestinal epithelial membrane and rat skin, resulting in enhanced oral and skin delivery of trans-resveratrol. HPMC/surfactant nanoparticles produced by an SAS process are, thus, a promising formulation method for trans-resveratrol for healthcare products (owing to their enhanced absorption via oral administration) and for skin application with cosmetic products.
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Kim M, Lee CS, Lim KM. Rhododenol Activates Melanocytes and Induces Morphological Alteration at Sub-Cytotoxic Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225665. [PMID: 31726751 PMCID: PMC6888388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhododenol (RD), a whitening cosmetic ingredient, was withdrawn from the market due to RD-induced leukoderma (RIL). While many attempts have been made to clarify the mechanism underlying RIL, RIL has not been fully understood yet. Indeed, affected subjects showed uneven skin pigmentation, but the features are different from vitiligo, a skin hypopigmentary disorder, alluding to events more complex than simple melanocyte cytotoxicity. Here, we discovered that rhododenol treatment reduced the number of melanocytes in a pigmented 3D human skin model, Melanoderm™, confirming the melanocyte toxicity of RD. Of note, melanocytes that survived in the RD treated tissues exhibited altered morphology, such as extended dendrites and increased cell sizes. Consistently with this, sub-cytotoxic level of RD increased cell size and elongated dendrites in B16 melanoma cells. Morphological changes of B16 cells were further confirmed in the immunocytochemistry of treated cells for actin and tubulin. Even more provoking, RD up-regulated the expression of tyrosinase and TRP1 in the survived B16 cells. Evaluation of mRNA expression of cytoskeletal proteins suggests that RD altered the cytoskeletal dynamic favoring cell size expansion and melanosome maturation. Collectively, these results suggest that RD not only induces cytotoxicity in melanocytes but also can lead to a profound perturbation of melanocyte integrity even at sub-cytotoxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si 13135, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
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Human Skin Lightening Efficacy of Resveratrol and Its Analogs: From in Vitro Studies to Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090332. [PMID: 31443469 PMCID: PMC6770230 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are deemed useful in controlling oxidative stress associated with extrinsic skin aging and pigmentation disorders. Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound found in many edible plants such as Vitis vinifera, and its inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity, gene expression, and posttranslational modifications of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the melanin biosynthetic pathway, provide a mechanistic basis for its antimelanogenic effects seen in melanocytic cells, three-dimensionally reconstituted skin models, and in vivo animal models. As a potent antioxidant and a modulator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and sirtuin 1, resveratrol can also regulate multiple signaling pathways associated with inflammation and premature aging. Recent clinical studies have supported the efficacy of resveratrol and its analogs, such as resveratryl triacetate (RTA) and resveratryl triglycolate (RTG), in human skin lightening and antiaging. These findings suggest that resveratrol and its analogs are potentially useful as skin lightening and antiaging agents in cosmetics.
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Resveratrol-mediated inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in melanocytes suppresses melanogenesis through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172586. [PMID: 31377156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), has been reported to exert a variety of important pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and direct inhibition of tyrosinase. This study aimed to examine the expression of melanogenic molecules following down-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by resveratrol and the related signal transduction pathways in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. We report that resveratrol suppressed COX-2 in melanocytes and decreased the expressions of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 with NS398 enhanced resveratrol-reduced tyrosinase and MITF expression. Resveratrol also induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3)-kinase/Akt. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or PI-3K/Akt by PD98059 and LY294002 restored the decreased tyrosinase activity and MITF expression via resveratrol-mediated down-regulation of COX-2. Additionally, resveratrol inhibited body pigmentation in zebrafish. These results indicated that resveratrol inhibited melanogenesis by down-regulating COX-2 via ERK1/2 and PI-3K/Akt pathways in B16F10 cells.
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Kwon S, Yang JH, Shin J, Park K, Huh C, Na J. Efficacy of liposome‐encapsulated 4‐n‐butylresorcinol and resveratrol cream in the treatment of melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:891-895. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon‐Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Yang
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Jung‐Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Chang‐Hun Huh
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Jung‐Im Na
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
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Ito S, Fujiki Y, Matsui N, Ojika M, Wakamatsu K. Tyrosinase‐catalyzed oxidation of resveratrol produces a highly reactive
ortho
‐quinone: Implications for melanocyte toxicity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:766-776. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Yui Fujiki
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Nina Matsui
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
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Messina CM, Manuguerra S, Catalano G, Arena R, Cocchi M, Morghese M, Montenegro L, Santulli A. Green biotechnology for valorisation of residual biomasses in nutraceutic sector: Characterization and extraction of bioactive compounds from grape pomace and evaluation of the protective effects in vitro. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:331-336. [PMID: 31170811 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1619727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The grape pomace (GP) is an important by-product of winemaking, accounting for about 13-25% of the grapes processed. The aim of this work was to investigate the nutritional and antioxidant composition of GP obtained from Nero d'Avola (NA) grape, one of the most important indigenous varieties in Italy, in order to verify application in nutraceutics. Seeds and skin of the GP were studied for their nutritional and antioxidants composition, fatty acid and polyphenols profile, bioactives properties in vitro, by gravimetric, spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. The results showed that NAGP seeds are rich in the beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids and that the polyphenols extracted from the GP skin present a strong antiradical and antiproliferative activity, attested also in vitro, in human skin fibroblast (HS-68) and in hepatoma cell line (Hep-G2). Obtained results underline the possibility to employ this residual biomass for nutraceuticals application, contributing also to increase the sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Maria Messina
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Catalano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy
| | - Massimo Cocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Morghese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy
| | - Lucia Montenegro
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Santulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare DiSTeM, Laboratorio di Biochimica Marina ed Ecotossicologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Trapani, Italy.,Istituto di biologia Marina, Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Trapani, Italy
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30
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Fiorentino S, Urueña C, Lasso P, Prieto K, Barreto A. [Effect of miskleron (clofibrate) on dimethylhydrazine induction of intestinal tumors in rats]. Front Oncol 1981; 10:1334. [PMID: 32850424 PMCID: PMC7426739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report on the complexity of breast cancer stem cells as key cells in the emergence of a chemoresistant tumor phenotype, and as a result, the appearance of distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. The search for mechanisms that increase sensitivity to chemotherapy and also allow activation of the tumor-specific immune response is of high priority. As we observed throughout this review, natural products isolated or in standardized extracts, such as P2Et or others, could act synergistically, increasing tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy, recovering the tumor microenvironment, and participating in the induction of a specific immune response. This, in turn, would lead to the destruction of cancer stem cells and the decrease in metastasis. Source of Data: Relevant studies were found using the following keywords or medical subject headings (MeSH) in PubMed, and Google Scholar: “immune response” and “polyphenols” and “natural products” and “BCSC” and “therapy” and “metabolism” and “immunogenic cell death.” The focus was primarily on the most recent scientific publication.
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