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Fragkoulis G, Hangas A, Fekete Z, Michell C, Moraes C, Willcox S, Griffith JD, Goffart S, Pohjoismäki JO. Linear DNA-driven recombination in mammalian mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3088-3105. [PMID: 38300793 PMCID: PMC11014290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recombination in animals has remained enigmatic due to its uniparental inheritance and subsequent homoplasmic state, which excludes the biological need for genetic recombination, as well as limits tools to study it. However, molecular recombination is an important genome maintenance mechanism for all organisms, most notably being required for double-strand break repair. To demonstrate the existence of mtDNA recombination, we took advantage of a cell model with two different types of mitochondrial genomes and impaired its ability to degrade broken mtDNA. The resulting excess of linear DNA fragments caused increased formation of cruciform mtDNA, appearance of heterodimeric mtDNA complexes and recombinant mtDNA genomes, detectable by Southern blot and by long range PacBio® HiFi sequencing approach. Besides utilizing different electrophoretic methods, we also directly observed molecular complexes between different mtDNA haplotypes and recombination intermediates using transmission electron microscopy. We propose that the known copy-choice recombination by mitochondrial replisome could be sufficient for the needs of the small genome, thus removing the requirement for a specialized mitochondrial recombinase. The error-proneness of this system is likely to contribute to the formation of pathological mtDNA rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Fragkoulis
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Hangas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Zsófia Fekete
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Craig Michell
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami,FL, USA
| | - Smaranda Willcox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaakko L O Pohjoismäki
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Shehwar D, Barki S, Aliotta A, Veuthey L, Bertaggia Calderara D, Alberio L, Alam MR. Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium transporters alters adp-induced platelet responses. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:177. [PMID: 38252254 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ADP-stimulated elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is an important effector mechanism for platelet activation. The rapidly elevating cytosolic Ca2+ is also transported to mitochondrial matrix via Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) and extruded via Na+/Ca2+/Li+ Exchanger (NCLX). However, the exact contribution of MCU and NCLX in ADP-mediated platelet responses remains incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study aimed to elucidate the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in ADP-stimulated platelet responses by inhibition of MCU and NCLX with mitoxantrone (MTX) and CGP37157 (CGP), respectively. As these inhibitory strategies are reported to cause distinct effects on matrix Ca2+ concentration, we hypothesized to observe opposite impact of MTX and CGP on ADP-induced platelet responses. Platelet aggregation profiling was performed by microplate-based spectrophotometery while p-selectin externalization and integrin αIIbβ3 activation were analyzed by fluorescent immunolabeling using flow cytometery. Our results confirmed the expression of both MCU and NCLX mRNAs with relatively low abundance of NCLX in human platelets. In line with our hypothesis, MTX caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation without displaying any cytotoxicity. Likewise, ADP-induced p-selectin externalization and integrin αIIbβ3 activation was also significantly attenuated in MTX-treated platelets. Concordantly, inhibition of NCLX with CGP yielded an accelerated ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation which was associated with an elevation of p-selectin surface expression and αIIbβ3 activation. CONCLUSION Together, these findings uncover a vital and hitherto poorly characterized role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters in ADP-induced platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durre Shehwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saima Barki
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alessandro Aliotta
- Hemostasis and Platelet Research Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Veuthey
- Hemostasis and Platelet Research Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Debora Bertaggia Calderara
- Hemostasis and Platelet Research Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Hemostasis and Platelet Research Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Yakkala PA, Penumallu NR, Shafi S, Kamal A. Prospects of Topoisomerase Inhibitors as Promising Anti-Cancer Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1456. [PMID: 37895927 PMCID: PMC10609717 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are very important enzymes that regulate DNA topology and are vital for biological actions like DNA replication, transcription, and repair. The emergence and spread of cancer has been intimately associated with topoisomerase dysregulation. Topoisomerase inhibitors have consequently become potential anti-cancer medications because of their ability to obstruct the normal function of these enzymes, which leads to DNA damage and subsequently causes cell death. This review emphasizes the importance of topoisomerase inhibitors as marketed, clinical and preclinical anti-cancer medications. In the present review, various types of topoisomerase inhibitors and their mechanisms of action have been discussed. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, which include irinotecan and topotecan, are agents that interact with the DNA-topoisomerase I complex and avert resealing of the DNA. The accretion of DNA breaks leads to the inhibition of DNA replication and cell death. On the other hand, topoisomerase II inhibitors like etoposide and teniposide, function by cleaving the DNA-topoisomerase II complex thereby effectively impeding the release of double-strand DNA breaks. Moreover, the recent advances in exploring the therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, and MDR (multidrug resistance) issues of new topoisomerase inhibitors have been reviewed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Anjaneyulu Yakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Naveen Reddy Penumallu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Dist. Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
- Telangana State Council of Science & Technology, Environment, Forests, Science & Technology Department, Hyderabad 500004, India
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4
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Al Khatib I, Deng J, Lei Y, Torres-Odio S, Rojas GR, Newman LE, Chung BK, Symes A, Zhang H, Huang SYN, Pommier Y, Khan A, Shadel GS, West AP, Gibson WT, Shutt TE. Activation of the cGAS-STING innate immune response in cells with deficient mitochondrial topoisomerase TOP1MT. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2422-2440. [PMID: 37129502 PMCID: PMC10360396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition that cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activates cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) innate immune signaling has unlocked novel disease mechanisms. Here, an uncharacterized variant predicted to affect TOP1MT function, P193L, was discovered in a family with multiple early onset autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Although there was no previous genetic association between TOP1MT and autoimmune disease, the role of TOP1MT as a regulator of mtDNA led us to investigate whether TOP1MT could mediate the release of mtDNA to the cytosol, where it could then activate the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway known to be activated in SLE and other autoimmune diseases. Through analysis of cells with reduced TOP1MT expression, we show that loss of TOP1MT results in release of mtDNA to the cytosol, which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. We also characterized the P193L variant for its ability to rescue several TOP1MT functions when expressed in TOP1MT knockout cells. We show that the P193L variant is not fully functional, as its re-expression at high levels was unable to rescue mitochondrial respiration deficits, and only showed partial rescue for other functions, including repletion of mtDNA replication following depletion, nucleoid size, steady state mtDNA transcripts levels and mitochondrial morphology. Additionally, expression of P193L at endogenous levels was unable to rescue mtDNA release-mediated cGAS-STING signaling. Overall, we report a link between TOP1MT and mtDNA release leading to cGAS-STING activation. Moreover, we show that the P193L variant has partial loss of function that may contribute to autoimmune disease susceptibility via cGAS-STING mediated activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al Khatib
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jingti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yuanjiu Lei
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gladys R Rojas
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Newman
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Chung
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Symes
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shar-yin N Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aneal Khan
- Discovery DNA, Calgary, Alberta T2L 1Y8, Canada
- M.A.G.I.C. Clinic Ltd. (Metabolics and Genetics in Calgary)
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta T2M OL6, Canada
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Kumar S, Sherman MY. Resistance to TOP-1 Inhibitors: Good Old Drugs Still Can Surprise Us. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087233. [PMID: 37108395 PMCID: PMC10138578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (SN-38) is a potent and broad-spectrum anticancer drug that targets DNA topoisomerase I (Top1). It exerts its cytotoxic effects by binding to the Top1-DNA complex and preventing the re-ligation of the DNA strand, leading to the formation of lethal DNA breaks. Following the initial response to irinotecan, secondary resistance is acquired relatively rapidly, compromising its efficacy. There are several mechanisms contributing to the resistance, which affect the irinotecan metabolism or the target protein. In addition, we have demonstrated a major resistance mechanism associated with the elimination of hundreds of thousands of Top1 binding sites on DNA that can arise from the repair of prior Top1-dependent DNA cleavages. Here, we outline the major mechanisms of irinotecan resistance and highlight recent advancements in the field. We discuss the impact of resistance mechanisms on clinical outcomes and the potential strategies to overcome resistance to irinotecan. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of irinotecan resistance can provide valuable insights for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Michael Y Sherman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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6
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Zunica ERM, Axelrod CL, Kirwan JP. Phytochemical Targeting of Mitochondria for Breast Cancer Chemoprevention, Therapy, and Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214152. [PMID: 36430632 PMCID: PMC9692881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common and deadly disease that causes tremendous physical, emotional, and financial burden on patients and society. Early-stage breast cancer and less aggressive subtypes have promising prognosis for patients, but in aggressive subtypes, and as cancers progress, treatment options and responses diminish, dramatically decreasing survival. Plants are nutritionally rich and biologically diverse organisms containing thousands of metabolites, some of which have chemopreventive, therapeutic, and sensitizing properties, providing a rich source for drug discovery. In this study we review the current landscape of breast cancer with a central focus on the potential role of phytochemicals for treatment, management, and disease prevention. We discuss the relevance of phytochemical targeting of mitochondria for improved anti-breast cancer efficacy. We highlight current applications of phytochemicals and derivative structures that display anti-cancer properties and modulate cancer mitochondria, while describing future applicability and identifying areas of promise.
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7
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Uusküla-Reimand L, Wilson MD. Untangling the roles of TOP2A and TOP2B in transcription and cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd4920. [PMID: 36322662 PMCID: PMC9629710 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases (TOP2) are conserved regulators of chromatin topology that catalyze reversible DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and are essential for maintaining genomic integrity in diverse dynamic processes such as transcription, replication, and cell division. While controlled TOP2-mediated DSBs are an elegant solution to topological constraints of DNA, DSBs also contribute to the emergence of chromosomal translocations and mutations that drive cancer. The central importance of TOP2 enzymes as frontline chemotherapeutic targets is well known; however, their precise biological functions and impact in cancer development are still poorly understood. In this review, we provide an updated overview of TOP2A and TOP2B in the regulation of chromatin topology and transcription, and discuss the recent discoveries linking TOP2 activities with cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Uusküla-Reimand
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Al Khatib I, Deng J, Symes A, Kerr M, Zhang H, Huang SYN, Pommier Y, Khan A, Shutt TE. Functional characterization of two variants of mitochondrial topoisomerase TOP1MT that impact regulation of the mitochondrial genome. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102420. [PMID: 36030054 PMCID: PMC9513266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TOP1MT encodes a mitochondrial topoisomerase that is important for mtDNA regulation and is involved in mitochondrial replication, transcription, and translation. Two variants predicted to affect TOP1MT function (V1 - R198C and V2 - V338L) were identified by exome sequencing of a newborn with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. As no pathogenic TOP1MT variants had been confirmed previously, we characterized these variants for their ability to rescue several TOP1MT functions in KO cells. Consistent with these TOP1MT variants contributing to the patient phenotype, our comprehensive characterization suggests that both variants had impaired activity. Critically, we determined neither variant was able to restore steady state levels of mitochondrial-encoded proteins nor to rescue oxidative phosphorylation when re-expressed in TOP1MT KO cells. However, we found the two variants behaved differently in some respects; while the V1 variant was more efficient in restoring transcript levels, the V2 variant showed better rescue of mtDNA copy number and replication. These findings suggest that the different TOP1MT variants affect distinct TOP1MT functions. Altogether, these findings begin to provide insight into the many roles that TOP1MT plays in the maintenance and expression of the mitochondrial genome and how impairments in this important protein may lead to human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al Khatib
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jingti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Symes
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shar-Yin Naomi Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aneal Khan
- Discovery DNA, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; M.A.G.I.C. Clinic Ltd (Metabolics and Genetics in Calgary), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Marx C, Sonnemann J, Maddocks ODK, Marx-Blümel L, Beyer M, Hoelzer D, Thierbach R, Maletzki C, Linnebacher M, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Global metabolic alterations in colorectal cancer cells during irinotecan-induced DNA replication stress. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35787728 PMCID: PMC9251592 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic adaptations can allow cancer cells to survive DNA-damaging chemotherapy. This unmet clinical challenge is a potential vulnerability of cancer. Accordingly, there is an intense search for mechanisms that modulate cell metabolism during anti-tumor therapy. We set out to define how colorectal cancer CRC cells alter their metabolism upon DNA replication stress and whether this provides opportunities to eliminate such cells more efficiently. METHODS We incubated p53-positive and p53-negative permanent CRC cells and short-term cultured primary CRC cells with the topoisomerase-1 inhibitor irinotecan and other drugs that cause DNA replication stress and consequently DNA damage. We analyzed pro-apoptotic mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cell death with flow cytometry. We evaluated cellular metabolism with immunoblotting of electron transport chain (ETC) complex subunits, analysis of mitochondrial mRNA expression by qPCR, MTT assay, measurements of oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic flux analysis with the Seahorse platform. Global metabolic alterations were assessed using targeted mass spectrometric analysis of extra- and intracellular metabolites. RESULTS Chemotherapeutics that cause DNA replication stress induce metabolic changes in p53-positive and p53-negative CRC cells. Irinotecan enhances glycolysis, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial ETC activation, and ROS production in CRC cells. This is connected to increased levels of electron transport chain complexes involving mitochondrial translation. Mass spectrometric analysis reveals global metabolic adaptations of CRC cells to irinotecan, including the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathways. P53-proficient CRC cells, however, have a more active metabolism upon DNA replication stress than their p53-deficient counterparts. This metabolic switch is a vulnerability of p53-positive cells to irinotecan-induced apoptosis under glucose-restricted conditions. CONCLUSION Drugs that cause DNA replication stress increase the metabolism of CRC cells. Glucose restriction might improve the effectiveness of classical chemotherapy against p53-positive CRC cells. The topoisomerase-1 inhibitor irinotecan and other chemotherapeutics that cause DNA damage induce metabolic adaptations in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells irrespective of their p53 status. Irinotecan enhances the glycolysis and oxygen consumption in CRC cells to deliver energy and biomolecules necessary for DNA repair and their survival. Compared to p53-deficient cells, p53-proficient CRC cells have a more active metabolism and use their intracellular metabolites more extensively. This metabolic switch creates a vulnerability to chemotherapy under glucose-restricted conditions for p53-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marx
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.
- Current Address: Center for Pandemic Vaccines and Therapeutics (ZEPAI), Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Sonnemann
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic, Jena, Germany
- Research Center Lobeda, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Marx-Blümel
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic, Jena, Germany
- Research Center Lobeda, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany
| | - Doerte Hoelzer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - René Thierbach
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic of General, University of Rostock, VisceralRostock, Germany
- Current address: Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic of General, University of Rostock, VisceralRostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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10
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Tong T, Qin X, Jiang Y, Guo H, Wang X, Li Y, Xie F, Lu H, Zhai P, Ma H, Zhang J. A novel CREB5/TOP1MT axis confers cisplatin resistance through inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Med 2022; 20:231. [PMID: 35773668 PMCID: PMC9248137 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin resistance is one of the main causes of treatment failure and death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A more comprehensive understanding of the cisplatin resistance mechanism and the development of effective treatment strategies are urgent. METHODS RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting were used to identify differentially expressed genes associated with cisplatin resistance. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to detect the effect of CREB5 on cisplatin resistance and mitochondrial apoptosis in HNSCC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and immunoblotting experiments were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms of CREB5. RESULTS CREB5 was significantly upregulated in cisplatin-resistant HNSCC (CR-HNSCC) patients, which was correlated with poor prognosis. CREB5 overexpression strikingly facilitated the cisplatin resistance of HNSCC cells in vitro and in vivo, while CREB5 knockdown enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in CR-HNSCC cells. Interestingly, the activation of AKT signaling induced by cisplatin promoted nucleus translocation of CREB5 in CR-HNSCC cells. Furthermore, CREB5 transcriptionally activated TOP1MT expression depending on the canonical motif. Moreover, CREB5 silencing could trigger mitochondrial apoptosis and overcome cisplatin resistance in CR-HNSCC cells, which could be reversed by TOP1MT overexpression. Additionally, double-targeting of CREB5 and TOP1MT could combat cisplatin resistance of HNSCC in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a novel CREB5/TOP1MT axis conferring cisplatin resistance in HNSCC, which provides a new basis to develop effective strategies for overcoming cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology Center for Microbiota & Immune Related Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Peisong Zhai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Roy A, Kandettu A, Ray S, Chakrabarty S. Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair defects: Clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148554. [PMID: 35341749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria is a unique cellular organelle involved in multiple cellular processes and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This semi-autonomous organelle contains its circular genome - mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), that undergoes continuous cycles of replication and repair to maintain the mitochondrial genome integrity. The majority of the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial replisome and repair genes, are nuclear-encoded. Although the repair machinery of mitochondria is quite efficient, the mitochondrial genome is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and other types of exogenous and endogenous agent-induced DNA damage, due to the absence of protective histones and their proximity to the main ROS production sites. Mutations in replication and repair genes of mitochondria can result in mtDNA depletion and deletions subsequently leading to mitochondrial genome instability. The combined action of mutations and deletions can result in compromised mitochondrial genome maintenance and lead to various mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair process, key proteins involved, and their altered function in mitochondrial disorders. The focus of this review will be on the key genes of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair machinery and the clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amoolya Kandettu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Carvalho G, Repolês BM, Mendes I, Wanrooij PH. Mitochondrial DNA Instability in Mammalian Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:885-905. [PMID: 34015960 PMCID: PMC9127837 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The small, multicopy mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) is essential for efficient energy production, as alterations in its coding information or a decrease in its copy number disrupt mitochondrial ATP synthesis. However, the mitochondrial replication machinery encounters numerous challenges that may limit its ability to duplicate this important genome and that jeopardize mtDNA stability, including various lesions in the DNA template, topological stress, and an insufficient nucleotide supply. Recent Advances: An ever-growing array of DNA repair or maintenance factors are being reported to localize to the mitochondria. We review current knowledge regarding the mitochondrial factors that may contribute to the tolerance or repair of various types of changes in the mitochondrial genome, such as base damage, incorporated ribonucleotides, and strand breaks. We also discuss the newly discovered link between mtDNA instability and activation of the innate immune response. Critical Issues: By which mechanisms do mitochondria respond to challenges that threaten mtDNA maintenance? What types of mtDNA damage are repaired, and when are the affected molecules degraded instead? And, finally, which forms of mtDNA instability trigger an immune response, and how? Future Directions: Further work is required to understand the contribution of the DNA repair and damage-tolerance factors present in the mitochondrial compartment, as well as the balance between mtDNA repair and degradation. Finally, efforts to understand the events underlying mtDNA release into the cytosol are warranted. Pursuing these and many related avenues can improve our understanding of what goes wrong in mitochondrial disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 885-905.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carvalho
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabela Mendes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paulina H. Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Young MJ, Sachidanandam R, Hales DB, Brard L, Robinson K, Rahman MM, Khadka P, Groesch K, Young CKJ. Identification of Somatic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations, Heteroplasmy, and Increased Levels of Catenanes in Tumor Specimens Obtained from Three Endometrial Cancer Patients. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040562. [PMID: 35455053 PMCID: PMC9030153 DOI: 10.3390/life12040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common type of gynecologic malignant epithelial tumor, with the death rate from this disease doubling over the past 20 years. Mitochondria provide cancer cells with necessary anabolic building blocks such as amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides, and EC samples have been shown to increase mitochondrial biogenesis. In cancer, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy studies suggest that heteroplasmic variants encode predicted pathogenic proteins. We investigated the mtDNA genotypes within peri-normal and tumor specimens obtained from three individuals diagnosed with EC. DNA extracts from peri-normal and tumor tissues were used for mtDNA-specific next-generation sequencing and analyses of mtDNA content and topoisomers. The three tumors harbor heteroplasmic somatic mutations, and at least one mutation in each carcinoma is predicted to deleteriously alter a mtDNA-encoded protein. Somatic heteroplasmy linked to two mtDNA tRNA genes was found in separate tumors, and two heteroplasmic non-coding variants were identified in a single EC tumor. While two tumors had altered mtDNA content, all three displayed increased mtDNA catenanes. Our findings support that EC cells require wild-type mtDNA, but heteroplasmic mutations may alter mitochondrial metabolism to help promote cancer cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Young
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (D.B.H.); (M.M.R.); (P.K.); (C.K.J.Y.)
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (L.B.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-618-453-6437
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Dale B. Hales
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (D.B.H.); (M.M.R.); (P.K.); (C.K.J.Y.)
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (L.B.); (K.R.)
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Laurent Brard
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (L.B.); (K.R.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Kathy Robinson
- Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (L.B.); (K.R.)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Md. Mostafijur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (D.B.H.); (M.M.R.); (P.K.); (C.K.J.Y.)
| | - Pabitra Khadka
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (D.B.H.); (M.M.R.); (P.K.); (C.K.J.Y.)
| | - Kathleen Groesch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Carolyn K. J. Young
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (D.B.H.); (M.M.R.); (P.K.); (C.K.J.Y.)
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14
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Abstract
Topoisomerases are enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. All cells have two major forms of DNA topoisomerases: type I enzymes, which make single-stranded cuts in DNA, and type II enzymes, which cut and decatenate double-stranded DNA. DNA topoisomerases are important targets of approved and experimental anti-cancer agents. Provided in this article are protocols to assess activities of topoisomerases and their inhibitors. Included are an assay for topoisomerase I activity based on relaxation of supercoiled DNA; an assay for topoisomerase II based on the decatenation of double-stranded DNA; and approaches for enriching and quantifying DNA-protein covalent complexes formed as obligatory intermediates in the reactions of type I and II topoisomerases with DNA; and assays for measuring DNA cleavage in vitro. Topoisomerases are not the only proteins that form covalent adducts with DNA in living cells, and the approaches described here are likely to find use in characterizing other protein-DNA adducts and exploring their utility as targets for therapy. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assay of topoisomerase I activity Basic Protocol 2: Assay of topoisomerase II activity Basic Protocol 3: In vivo determination of topoisomerase covalent complexes using the in vivo complex of enzyme (ICE) assay Support Protocol 1: Preparation of mouse tissue for determination of topoisomerase covalent complexes using the ICE assay Support Protocol 2: Using recombinant topoisomerase standard for absolute quantification of cellular TOP2CC Basic Protocol 4: Quantification of topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes by RADAR/ELISA: The rapid approach to DNA adduct recovery (RADAR) combined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Basic Protocol 5: Analysis of protein-DNA covalent complexes by RADAR/Western Support Protocol 3: Adduct-Seq to characterize adducted DNA Support Protocol 4: Nuclear fractionation and RNase treatment to reduce sample complexity Basic Protocol 6: Determination of DNA cleavage by purified topoisomerase I Basic Protocol 7: Determination of inhibitor effects on DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II using a plasmid linearization assay Alternate Protocol: Gel electrophoresis determination of topoisomerase II cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Rockford, Illinois
| | - Kostantin Kiianitsa
- Departments of Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin C Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Rockford, Illinois.,Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois
| | - Nancy Maizels
- Departments of Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Trapped topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes in the mitochondria and their role in human diseases. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:234-244. [PMID: 34500116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases regulate DNA topology, organization of the intracellular DNA, the transmission of genetic materials, and gene expressions. Other than the nuclear genome, mitochondria also harbor the small, circular DNA (mtDNA) that encodes a critical subset of proteins for the production of cellular ATP; however, mitochondria are solely dependent on the nucleus for all the mitochondrial proteins necessary for mtDNA replication, repair, and maintenance. Mitochondrial genome compiles topological stress from bidirectional transcription and replication, therefore imports four nuclear encoded topoisomerases (Top1mt, Top2α, Top2β, and Top3α) in the mitochondria to relax mtDNA supercoiling generated during these processes. Trapping of topoisomerase on DNA results in the formation of protein-linked DNA adducts (PDAs), which are widely exploited by topoisomerase-targeting anticancer drugs. Intriguingly mtDNA is potentially exposed to DNA damage that has been attributed to a variety of human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and premature aging. In this review, we focus on the role of different topoisomerases in the mitochondria and our current understanding of the mitochondrial DNA damage through trapped protein-DNA complexes, and the progress in the molecular mechanisms of the repair for trapped topoisomerase covalent complexes (Topcc). Finally, we have discussed how the pathological DNA lesions that cause mtDNA damage,trigger mitochondrial fission and mitophagy, which serve as quality control events for clearing damaged mtDNA.
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16
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Menger KE, Rodríguez-Luis A, Chapman J, Nicholls TJ. Controlling the topology of mammalian mitochondrial DNA. Open Biol 2021; 11:210168. [PMID: 34547213 PMCID: PMC8455175 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of mitochondria, called mtDNA, is a small circular DNA molecule present at thousands of copies per human cell. MtDNA is packaged into nucleoprotein complexes called nucleoids, and the density of mtDNA packaging affects mitochondrial gene expression. Genetic processes such as transcription, DNA replication and DNA packaging alter DNA topology, and these topological problems are solved by a family of enzymes called topoisomerases. Within mitochondria, topoisomerases are involved firstly in the regulation of mtDNA supercoiling and secondly in disentangling interlinked mtDNA molecules following mtDNA replication. The loss of mitochondrial topoisomerase activity leads to defects in mitochondrial function, and variants in the dual-localized type IA topoisomerase TOP3A have also been reported to cause human mitochondrial disease. We review the current knowledge on processes that alter mtDNA topology, how mtDNA topology is modulated by the action of topoisomerases, and the consequences of altered mtDNA topology for mitochondrial function and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E. Menger
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Luis
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James Chapman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Thomas J. Nicholls
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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17
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Anjos M, Fontes-Oliveira M, Costa VM, Santos M, Ferreira R. An update of the molecular mechanisms underlying doxorubicin plus trastuzumab induced cardiotoxicity. Life Sci 2021; 280:119760. [PMID: 34166713 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a major side effect of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox), which is further exacerbated when it is combined with trastuzumab, a standard care approach for Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-type 2 (HER2) positive cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of the underlying cardiotoxicity of this combination are still mostly elusive. Increased oxidative stress, impaired energetic substrate uses and topoisomerase IIB inhibition are among the biological processes proposed to explain Dox-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Since cardiomyocytes express HER2, trastuzumab can also damage these cells by interfering with neuroregulin-1 signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent pathways. Nevertheless, Dox and trastuzumab target other cardiac cell types, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cardiac progenitor cells and leukocytes, which can contribute to the clinical cardiotoxicity observed. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the cardiac signaling pathways modulated by these two antineoplastic drugs highly used in the management of breast cancer, not only focusing on cardiomyocytes but also to broaden the knowledge of the potential impact on other cells found in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Anjos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Vera M Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Santos
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; UMIB, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Narezkina A, Narayan HK, Zemljic-Harpf AE. Molecular mechanisms of anthracycline cardiovascular toxicity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1311-1332. [PMID: 34047339 PMCID: PMC10866014 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are effective chemotherapeutic agents, commonly used in the treatment of a variety of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. However, their use is associated with a significant risk of cardiovascular toxicities and may result in cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Cardiomyocyte toxicity occurs via multiple molecular mechanisms, including topoisomerase II-mediated DNA double-strand breaks and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation via effects on the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). Excess ROS may cause mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium release, and DNA damage, which may result in cardiomyocyte dysfunction or cell death. These pathophysiologic mechanisms cause tissue-level manifestations, including characteristic histopathologic changes (myocyte vacuolization, myofibrillar loss, and cell death), atrophy and fibrosis, and organ-level manifestations including cardiac contractile dysfunction and vascular dysfunction. In addition, these mechanisms are relevant to current and emerging strategies to diagnose, prevent, and treat anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. This review details the established and emerging data regarding the molecular mechanisms of anthracycline-induced cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Narezkina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCSD Cardiovascular Institute, University of California, San Diego
| | - Hari K. Narayan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Alice E. Zemljic-Harpf
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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19
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Ferezin CDC, Basei FL, Melo‐Hanchuk TD, de Oliveira AL, Peres de Oliveira A, Mori MP, de Souza‐Pinto NC, Kobarg J. NEK5 interacts with LonP1 and its kinase activity is essential for the regulation of mitochondrial functions and mtDNA maintenance. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:546-563. [PMID: 33547867 PMCID: PMC7931231 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about Nima-related kinase (NEKs), a widely conserved family of kinases that have key roles in cell-cycle progression. Nevertheless, it is now clear that multiple NEK family members act in networks, not only to regulate specific events of mitosis, but also to regulate metabolic events independently of the cell cycle. NEK5 was shown to act in centrosome disjunction, caspase-3 regulation, myogenesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Here, we demonstrate that NEK5 interacts with LonP1, an AAA+ mitochondrial protease implicated in protein quality control and mtDNA remodeling, within the mitochondria and it might be involved in the LonP1-TFAM signaling module. Moreover, we demonstrate that NEK5 kinase activity is required for maintaining mitochondrial mass and functionality and mtDNA integrity after oxidative damage. Taken together, these results show a new role of NEK5 in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and mtDNA maintenance, possibly due to its interaction with key mitochondrial proteins, such as LonP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Castro Ferezin
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
- Instituto de BiologiaDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
| | - Fernanda Luisa Basei
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
- Instituto de BiologiaDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
| | | | - Ana Luisa de Oliveira
- Instituto de BiologiaDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
| | | | - Mateus P. Mori
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
- Instituto de BiologiaDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualUniversidade Estadual de CampinasBrazil
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20
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Molinaro C, Martoriati A, Pelinski L, Cailliau K. Copper Complexes as Anticancer Agents Targeting Topoisomerases I and II. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2863. [PMID: 33027952 PMCID: PMC7601307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallics, such as copper compounds, are cancer chemotherapeutics used alone or in combination with other drugs. One small group of copper complexes exerts an effective inhibitory action on topoisomerases, which participate in the regulation of DNA topology. Copper complexes inhibitors of topoisomerases 1 and 2 work by different molecular mechanisms, analyzed herein. They allow genesis of DNA breaks after the formation of a ternary complex, or act in a catalytic mode, often display DNA intercalative properties and ROS production, and sometimes display dual effects. These amplified actions have repercussions on the cell cycle checkpoints and death effectors. Copper complexes of topoisomerase inhibitors are analyzed in a broader synthetic view and in the context of cancer cell mutations. Finally, new emerging treatment aspects are depicted to encourage the expansion of this family of highly active anticancer drugs and to expend their use in clinical trials and future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Molinaro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alain Martoriati
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lydie Pelinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Katia Cailliau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.M.); (A.M.)
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21
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Dong Z, Pu L, Cui H. Mitoepigenetics and Its Emerging Roles in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 32039210 PMCID: PMC6989428 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human beings, there is a ∼16,569 bp circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoding 22 tRNAs, 12S and 16S rRNAs, 13 polypeptides that constitute the central core of ETC/OxPhos complexes, and some non-coding RNAs. Recently, mtDNA has been shown to have some covalent modifications such as methylation or hydroxylmethylation, which play pivotal epigenetic roles in mtDNA replication and transcription. Post-translational modifications of proteins in mitochondrial nucleoids such as mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) also emerge as essential epigenetic modulations in mtDNA replication and transcription. Post-transcriptional modifications of mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs) including mt-rRNAs, mt-tRNAs and mt-mRNAs are important epigenetic modulations. Besides, mtDNA or nuclear DNA (n-DNA)-derived non-coding RNAs also play important roles in the regulation of translation and function of mitochondrial genes. These evidences introduce a novel concept of mitoepigenetics that refers to the study of modulations in the mitochondria that alter heritable phenotype in mitochondria itself without changing the mtDNA sequence. Since mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to carcinogenesis and tumor development, mitoepigenetics is also essential for cancer. Understanding the mode of actions of mitoepigenetics in cancers may shade light on the clinical diagnosis and prevention of these diseases. In this review, we summarize the present study about modifications in mtDNA, mtRNA and nucleoids and modulations of mtDNA/nDNA-derived non-coding RNAs that affect mtDNA translation/function, and overview recent studies of mitoepigenetic alterations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longjun Pu
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Alteration of mitochondrial DNA homeostasis in drug-induced liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110916. [PMID: 31669601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 13 proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. In liver, genetic or acquired impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can reduce ATP output but also decrease fatty acid oxidation, thus leading to different hepatic lesions including massive necrosis and microvesicular steatosis. Hence, a severe impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can lead to liver failure and death. An increasing number of investigations report that some drugs can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by altering mtDNA homeostasis. Some drugs such as ciprofloxacin, antiretroviral nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and tacrine can inhibit hepatic mtDNA replication, thus inducing mtDNA depletion. Drug-induced reduced mtDNA levels can also be the consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage to mtDNA, which triggers its degradation by mitochondrial nucleases. Such mechanism is suspected for acetaminophen and troglitazone. Other pharmaceuticals such as linezolid and tetracyclines can impair mtDNA translation, thus selectively reducing the synthesis of the 13 mtDNA-encoded proteins. Lastly, some drugs might alter the mtDNA methylation status but the pathophysiological consequences of such alteration are still unclear. Drug-induced impairment of mtDNA homeostasis is probably under-recognized since preclinical and post-marketing safety studies do not classically investigate mtDNA levels, mitochondrial protein synthesis and mtDNA oxidative damage.
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