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Niraula D, El Naqa I, Tuszynski JA, Gatenby RA. Modeling non-genetic information dynamics in cells using reservoir computing. iScience 2024; 27:109614. [PMID: 38632985 PMCID: PMC11022048 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtually all cells use energy-driven, ion-specific membrane pumps to maintain large transmembrane gradients of Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg++, and Ca++, but the corresponding evolutionary benefit remains unclear. We propose that these gradients enable a dynamic and versatile biological system that acquires, analyzes, and responds to environmental information. We hypothesize that environmental signals are transmitted into the cell by ion fluxes along pre-existing gradients through gated ion-specific membrane channels. The consequent changes in cytoplasmic ion concentration can generate a local response or orchestrate global/regional cellular dynamics through wire-like ion fluxes along pre-existing and self-assembling cytoskeleton to engage the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Niraula
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Departments of Physics and Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Departments of Radiology and Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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2
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Guardiola O, Iavarone F, Nicoletti C, Ventre M, Rodríguez C, Pisapia L, Andolfi G, Saccone V, Patriarca EJ, Puri PL, Minchiotti G. CRIPTO-based micro-heterogeneity of mouse muscle satellite cells enables adaptive response to regenerative microenvironment. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2896-2913.e6. [PMID: 38056454 PMCID: PMC10855569 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair relies on heterogeneous populations of satellite cells (SCs). The mechanisms that regulate SC homeostasis and state transition during activation are currently unknown. Here, we investigated the emerging role of non-genetic micro-heterogeneity, i.e., intrinsic cell-to-cell variability of a population, in this process. We demonstrate that micro-heterogeneity of the membrane protein CRIPTO in mouse-activated SCs (ASCs) identifies metastable cell states that allow a rapid response of the population to environmental changes. Mechanistically, CRIPTO micro-heterogeneity is generated and maintained through a process of intracellular trafficking coupled with active shedding of CRIPTO from the plasma membrane. Irreversible perturbation of CRIPTO micro-heterogeneity affects the balance of proliferation, self-renewal, and myogenic commitment in ASCs, resulting in increased self-renewal in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that CRIPTO micro-heterogeneity regulates the adaptative response of ASCs to microenvironmental changes, providing insights into the role of intrinsic heterogeneity in preserving stem cell population diversity during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Guardiola
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Francescopaolo Iavarone
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicoletti
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio Ventre
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80125, Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Laura Pisapia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gennaro Andolfi
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Valentina Saccone
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Eduardo J Patriarca
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples 80131, Italy.
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3
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Yun S, Kim S, Kim K. Cellular Membrane Components-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapeutic Platforms. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300159. [PMID: 37319369 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell engineering is an active field of ongoing research that can be easily applied to nanoscale biomedicine as an alternative to overcoming limitations of nanoparticles. Cell membrane coating and artificial nanovesicle technology have been reported as representative methods with an advantage of good biocompatibility for biomimetic replication of cell membrane characteristics. Cell membrane-mediated biomimetic technique provides properties of natural cell membrane and enables membrane-associated cellular/molecular signaling. Thus, coated nanoparitlces (NPs) and artificial nanovesicles can achieve effective and extended in vivo circulation, enabling execution of target functions. While coated NPs and artificial nanovesicles provide clear advantages, much work remains before clinical application. In this review, first a comprehensive overview of cell membrane coating techniques and artificial nanovesicles is provided. Next, the function and application of various immune cell membrane types are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojeong Yun
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li S, Mok GSP, Dai Y. Lipid bilayer-based biological nanoplatforms for sonodynamic cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115110. [PMID: 37820981 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been developed as a promising alternative therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, involving the synergetic application of sonosensitizers and low-intensity ultrasound. However, the antitumor efficacy of SDT is significantly limited due to the poor performance of conventional sonosensitizers in vivo and the constrained tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent breakthroughs in lipid bilayer-based nanovesicles (LBBNs), including multifunctional liposomes, exosomes, and isolated cellular membranes, have brought new insights into the advancement of SDT. Despite their distinct sources and preparation methods, the lipid bilayer structure in common allows them to be functionalized in many comparable ways to serve as ideal nanocarriers against challenges arising from the tumor-specific sonosensitizer delivery and the complicated TME. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in LBBN-based SDT, with particular attention on how LBBNs can be engineered to improve the delivery efficiency of sonosensitizers and overcome physical, biological, and immune barriers within the TME for enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy. We anticipate that this review will offer valuable guidance in the construction of LBBN-based nanosonosensitizers and contribute to the development of advanced strategies for next-generation sonodynamic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhao Li
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Greta S P Mok
- Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (BIG), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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5
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Cervera J, Levin M, Mafe S. Correcting instructive electric potential patterns in multicellular systems: External actions and endogenous processes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130440. [PMID: 37527731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmembrane electrical potential differences in cells modulate the spatio-temporal distribution of signaling ions and molecules that are instructive for downstream signaling pathways in multicellular systems. The local coupling between bioelectricity and protein transcription patterns allows dynamic subsystems (modules) of cells that share the same bioelectrical state to show similar biochemical downstream processes. METHODS We simulate theoretically how the integration-segregation pattern formed by the different multicellular modules that define a biosystem can be controlled by multicellular potentials. To this end, we couple together the model equations of the bioelectrical network to those of the genetic network. RESULTS The coupling provided by the intercellular junctions and the external microenvironment allows the restoration of the target bioelectrical pattern by changing the transcription rate of specific ion channels, the post-translational blocking of these channels, and changes in the environmental ionic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The simulations show that the single-cell feedback between bioelectrical and transcriptional processes, together with the coupling provided by the intercellular junctions and the environment, can correct large-scale patterns by means of suitable external actions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a theoretical advancement in the understanding of how the multicellular bioelectric coupling may guide repolarizing interventions for regenerating a tissue, with potential implications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Michael Levin
- Dept. of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Zhang Y, Qiu W, Liu Y, Wang K, Li W, Kang J, Qiu X, Liu M, Li W, Li J. Modulating the Cu 2O Photoelectrode/Electrolyte Interface with Bilayer Surfactant Simulating Cell Membranes for Boosting Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6301-6308. [PMID: 37399566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The low solubility of CO2 molecules and the competition of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous electrolytes pose significant challenges to the current photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction reaction. In this study, inspired by the bilayer phospholipid molecular structure of cell membranes, we developed a Cu2O/Sn photocathode that was modified with the bilayer surfactant DHAB for achieving high CO2 permeability and suppressed HER. The Cu2O/Sn/DHAB photocathode stabilizes the *OCHO intermediate and facilitates the production of HCOOH. Our findings show that the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of HCOOH by the Cu2O/Sn/DHAB photoelectrode is 83.3%, significantly higher than that achieved with the Cu2O photoelectrode (FEHCOOH = 30.1%). Furthermore, the FEH2 produced by the Cu2O/Sn/DHAB photoelectrode is only 2.95% at -0.6 V vs RHE. The generation rate of HCOOH by the Cu2O/Sn/DHAB photoelectrode reaches 1.52 mmol·cm-2·h-1·L-1 at -0.7 V vs RHE. Our study provides a novel approach for the design of efficient photocathodes for CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weixin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Keke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jihu Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Miller WB. A scale-free universal relational information matrix (N-space) reconciles the information problem: N-space as the fabric of reality. Commun Integr Biol 2023; 16:2193006. [PMID: 37188326 PMCID: PMC10177686 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2023.2193006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular measurement is a crucial faculty in living systems, and exaptations are acknowledged as a significant source of evolutionary innovation. However, the possibility that the origin of biological order is predicated on an exaptation of the measurement of information from the abiotic realm has not been previously explored. To support this hypothesis, the existence of a universal holographic relational information space-time matrix is proposed as a scale-free unification of abiotic and biotic information systems. In this framework, information is a universal property representing the interactions between matter and energy that can be subject to observation. Since observers are also universally distributed, information can be deemed the fundamental fabric of the universe. The novel concept of compartmentalizing this universal N-space information matrix into separate N-space partitions as nodes of informational density defined by Markov blankets and boundaries is introduced, permitting their applicability to both abiotic and biotic systems. Based on these N-space partitions, abiotic systems can derive meaningful information from the conditional settlement of quantum entanglement asymmetries and coherences between separately bounded quantum informational reference frames sufficient to be construed as a form of measurement. These conditional relationships are the precursor of the reiterating nested architecture of the N-space-derived information fields that characterize life and account for biological order. Accordingly, biotic measurement and biological N-space partitioning are exaptations of preexisting information processes within abiotic systems. Abiotic and biotic states thereby reconcile as differing forms of measurement of fundamental universal information. The essential difference between abiotic and biotic states lies within the attributes of the specific observer/detectors, thereby clarifying several contentious aspects of self-referential consciousness.
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8
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Li S, Huang F, Xia T, Shi Y, Yue T. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Sensing Lipid Raft via Inter-Leaflet Coupling Regulated by Acyl Chain Length of Sphingomyelin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5995-6005. [PMID: 37086192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an important molecule located at the inner leaflet of cell membrane, where it serves as anchoring sites for a cohort of membrane-associated molecules and as a broad-reaching signaling intermediate. The lipid raft is thought as the major platform recruiting proteins for signal transduction and also known to mediate PIP2 accumulation across the membrane. While the significance of this cross-membrane coupling is increasingly appreciated, it remains unclear whether and how PIP2 senses the dynamic change of the ordered lipid domains over the packed hydrophobic core of the bilayer. Herein, by means of molecular dynamic simulation, we reveal that inner PIP2 molecules can sense the outer lipid domain via inter-leaflet coupling, and the coupling manner is dictated by the acyl chain length of sphingomyelin (SM) partitioned to the lipid domain. Shorter SM promotes membrane domain registration, whereby PIP2 accumulates beneath the domain across the membrane. In contrast, the anti-registration is thermodynamically preferred if the lipid domain has longer SM due to the hydrophobic mismatch between the corresponding acyl chains in SM and PIP2. In this case, PIP2 is expelled by the domain with a higher diffusivity. These results provide molecular insights into the regulatory mechanism of correlation between the outer lipid domain and inner PIP2, both of which are critical components for cell signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Tie Xia
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Disease and Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta 00000, Canada
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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9
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Carbó R, Rodríguez E. Relevance of Sugar Transport across the Cell Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076085. [PMID: 37047055 PMCID: PMC10094530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar transport through the plasma membrane is one of the most critical events in the cellular transport of nutrients; for example, glucose has a central role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. The way sugars enter the cell involves complex systems. Diverse protein systems participate in the membrane traffic of the sugars from the extracellular side to the cytoplasmic side. This diversity makes the phenomenon highly regulated and modulated to satisfy the different needs of each cell line. The beautiful thing about this process is how evolutionary processes have diversified a single function: to move glucose into the cell. The deregulation of these entrance systems causes some diseases. Hence, it is necessary to study them and search for a way to correct the alterations and utilize these mechanisms to promote health. This review will highlight the various mechanisms for importing the valuable sugars needed to create cellular homeostasis and survival in all kinds of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Carbó
- Cardiovascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano #1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55557-32911 (ext. 25704)
| | - Emma Rodríguez
- Cardiology Laboratory at Translational Research Unit UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano #1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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10
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Kumar S, Karmacharya M, Cho YK. Bridging the Gap between Nonliving Matter and Cellular Life. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202962. [PMID: 35988151 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A cell, the fundamental unit of life, contains the requisite blueprint information necessary to survive and to build tissues, organs, and systems, eventually forming a fully functional living creature. A slight structural alteration can result in data misprinting, throwing the entire life process off balance. Advances in synthetic biology and cell engineering enable the predictable redesign of biological systems to perform novel functions. Individual functions and fundamental processes at the core of the biology of cells can be investigated by employing a synthetically constrained micro or nanoreactor. However, constructing a life-like structure from nonliving building blocks remains a considerable challenge. Chemical compartments, cascade signaling, energy generation, growth, replication, and adaptation within micro or nanoreactors must be comparable with their biological counterparts. Although these reactors currently lack the power and behavioral sophistication of their biological equivalents, their interface with biological systems enables the development of hybrid solutions for real-world applications, such as therapeutic agents, biosensors, innovative materials, and biochemical microreactors. This review discusses the latest advances in cell membrane-engineered micro or nanoreactors, as well as the limitations associated with high-throughput preparation methods and biological applications for the real-time modulation of complex pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mamata Karmacharya
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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11
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Oladipo AO, Lebelo SL, Msagati TAM. Nanocarrier design–function relationship: The prodigious role of properties in regulating biocompatibility for drug delivery applications. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 377:110466. [PMID: 37004951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The concept of drug delivery systems as a magic bullet for the delivery of bioactive compounds has emerged as a promising approach in the treatment of different diseases with significant advantages over the limitations of traditional methods. While nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems are the main advocates of drug uptake because they offer several advantages including reduced non-specific biodistribution, improved accumulation, and enhanced therapeutic efficiency; their safety and biocompatibility within cellular/tissue systems are therefore important for achieving the desired effect. The underlying power of "design-interplay chemistry" in modulating the properties and biocompatibility at the nanoscale level will direct the interaction with their immediate surrounding. Apart from improving the existing nanoparticle physicochemical properties, the balancing of the hosts' blood components interaction holds the prospect of conferring newer functions altogether. So far, this concept has been remarkable in achieving many fascinating feats in addressing many challenges in nanomedicine such as immune responses, inflammation, biospecific targeting and treatment, and so on. This review, therefore, provides a diverse account of the recent advances in the fabrication of biocompatible nano-drug delivery platforms for chemotherapeutic applications, as well as combination therapy, theragnostic, and other diseases that are of interest to scientists in the pharmaceutical industries. Thus, careful consideration of the "property of choice" would be an ideal way to realize specific functions from a set of delivery platforms. Looking ahead, there is an enormous prospect for nanoparticle properties in regulating biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale O Oladipo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Sogolo L Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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12
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Manrique-Bedoya S, Marucho M. CACPPAF, a COMSOL application to characterize polyelectrolyte properties of actin filaments. SOFTWAREX 2022; 20:101259. [PMID: 36530569 PMCID: PMC9757808 DOI: 10.1016/j.softx.2022.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present an interactive COMSOL web application that allows both expert and non-expert users to numerically evaluate the electric potential, ionic concentration distribution, velocity profile, and ionic current along a molecular structure surface characterizing actin filaments. This online computational and visualization tool runs on a high performance server (http://marucholab.physics.utsa.edu:2036), that enables users to perform multiple analyses and comparisons without compromising computational resources. As a unique feature, the multiphysics formulation accounts for the filament surface roughness, the finite filament size, and the ionic condensation, providing a deeper understanding of the electrochemical phenomena taking place at the interface between the irregular charged shape of the filament and its biological environment. Overall, the interactive component allows investigators to characterize polyelectrolyte properties of healthy and abnormal actin filaments in physiological and pathological conditions.
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13
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Zhu G, Xie L, Tan W, Ma C, Wei Y. Cd2+ Tolerance and Removal Mechanisms of Serratia marcescens KMR-3. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Santhosh PB, Genova J, Slavkova Z, Chamati H. Influence of melatonin on the structural and thermal properties of SOPC lipid membranes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Manrique-Bedoya S, Marucho M. Molecular structure study on the polyelectrolyte properties of actin filaments. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6314-6327. [PMID: 35368444 PMCID: PMC8975125 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate characterization of the polyelectrolyte properties of actin filaments might provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the intracellular ionic wave packet propagation in neurons. Infinitely long cylindrical models for actin filaments and approximate electrochemical theories for the electrolyte solutions were recently used to characterize these properties in in vitro and intracellular conditions. This article uses a molecular structure model for actin filaments to investigate the impact of roughness and finite size on the mean electrical potential, ionic density distributions, currents, and conductivities. We solved the electrochemical theories numerically without further approximations. Our findings bring new insights into the electrochemical interactions between a filament's irregular surface charge density and the surrounding medium. The irregular shape of the filament structure model generated pockets, or hot spots, where the current density reached higher or lower magnitudes than those in neighboring areas throughout the filament surface. It also revealed the formation of a well-defined asymmetric electrical double layer with a thickness larger than that commonly used for symmetric models. Non-trivial molecular structure roughness and ion condensation contributions to the electrical conductivity and currents along single actin filaments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Manrique-Bedoya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-5003, USA
| | - Marcelo Marucho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-5003, USA
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16
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Electrical Propagation of Condensed and Diffuse Ions Along Actin Filaments. J Comput Neurosci 2022; 50:91-107. [PMID: 34392446 PMCID: PMC8818025 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-021-00795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we elucidate the roles of divalent ion condensation and highly polarized immobile water molecules on the propagation of ionic calcium waves along actin filaments. We introduced a novel electrical triple layer model and used a non-linear Debye-Huckel theory with a non-linear, dissipative, electrical transmission line model to characterize the physicochemical properties of each monomer in the filament. This characterization is carried out in terms of an electric circuit model containing monomeric flow resistances and ionic capacitances in both the condensed and diffuse layers. We considered resting and excited states of a neuron using representative mono and divalent electrolyte mixtures. Additionally, we used 0.05V and 0.15V voltage inputs to study ionic waves along actin filaments in voltage clamp experiments. Our results reveal that the physicochemical properties characterizing the condensed and diffuse layers lead to different electrical conductive mediums depending on the ionic species and the neuron state. This region specific propagation mechanism provides a more realistic avenue of delivery by way of cytoskeleton filaments for larger charged cationic species. A new direct path for transporting divalent ions might be crucial for many electrical processes found in localized neuron elements such as at mitochondria and dendritic spines.
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Baluška F, Reber AS. Cellular and organismal agency - Not based on genes: A comment on Baverstock. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:161-162. [PMID: 34742993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arthur S Reber
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Correspondence insights into the role of genes in cell functionality. Comments on "The gene: An appraisal" by K. Baverstock. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:152-160. [PMID: 34624359 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important goals of the post-genomic era is to understand the different sources of molecular information that regulate the functional and structural architecture of cells. In this regard, Prof. K. Baverstock underscores in his recent article "The gene: An appraisal" (Baverstock, 2021) that genes are not the leading elements in cellular functionality, inheritance and evolution. As a consequence, the theory of evolution based on the Neo-Darwinian synthesis, is inadequate for today's scientific evidence. Conversely, the author contends that life processes viewed on the basis of thermodynamics, complex system dynamics and self-organization provide a new framework for the foundations of Biology. I consider it necessary to comment on some essential aspects of this relevant work, and here I present a short overview of the main non-genetic sources of biomolecular order and complexity that underline the molecular dynamics and functionality of cells. These sources generate different processes of complexity, which encompasses from the most elementary levels of molecular activity to the emergence of systemic behaviors, and the information necessary to sustain them is not contained in the genome.
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Calcium signal transmission by axonemal microtubules as an optimized information pathway in cilia and flagella. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:633-641. [PMID: 34537954 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium plays a key role in signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. Besides controlling local functions of cells calcium ions are responsible for the generation of global signals such as waves and spikes. Pulsatile increases of calcium concentrations are generally considered to have a much higher fidelity of information transfer than simple tonic changes, since they are much less prone to noisy fluctuations. In that respect, it was clearly revealed that Ca2+ has very crucial involvement in many signaling pathways in cilia and flagella. We earlier established a model in which axonemal microtubules exhibit the features of nonlinear polyelectrolitic electric transmissions lines for efficient transport of cations, primarily Ca2+. These microtubules guide accumulated "ionic clods" which serve as the pulsatile signals aimed to regulate pertaining motor proteins, dyneins and kinesis. We here consider such Ca2+ signals in axoneme in the context of Shannon's and Fisher's information theories. It appears that the fast drift of these "ionic clouds" represents the optimized calcium signaling for control of "flagellary beats" as well as intraflagellary transport of proteins essential for the construction, elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella themselves.
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20
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Cervera J, Ramirez P, Levin M, Mafe S. Community effects allow bioelectrical reprogramming of cell membrane potentials in multicellular aggregates: Model simulations. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:052412. [PMID: 33327213 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectrical patterns are established by spatiotemporal correlations of cell membrane potentials at the multicellular level, being crucial to development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. We have conducted multicellular simulations on bioelectrical community effects and intercellular coupling in multicellular aggregates. The simulations aim at establishing under which conditions a local heterogeneity consisting of a small patch of cells can be stabilized against a large aggregate of surrounding identical cells which are in a different bioelectrical state. In this way, instructive bioelectrical information can be persistently encoded in spatiotemporal patterns of separated domains with different cell polarization states. The multicellular community effects obtained are regulated both at the single-cell and intercellular levels, and emerge from a delicate balance between the degrees of intercellular coupling in: (i) the small patch, (ii) the surrounding bulk, and (iii) the interface that separates these two regions. The model is experimentally motivated and consists of two generic voltage-gated ion channels that attempt to establish the depolarized and polarized cell states together with coupling conductances whose individual and intercellular different states permit a dynamic multicellular connectivity. The simulations suggest that community effects may allow the reprogramming of single-cell bioelectrical states, in agreement with recent experimental data. A better understanding of the resulting electrical regionalization can assist the electroceutical correction of abnormally depolarized regions initiated in the bulk of normal tissues as well as suggest new biophysical mechanisms for the establishment of target patterns in multicellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Departamento Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricio Ramirez
- Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Departamento Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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21
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Fernando SR, Lee CL, Wong BP, Cheng KW, Lee YL, Chan MC, Ng EH, Yeung WS, Lee KF. Expression of membrane protein disulphide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) disrupt a reducing microenvironment in endometrial epithelium for embryo implantation. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112665. [PMID: 34111473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various proteins in the endometrial epithelium are differentially expressed in the receptive phase and play a pivotal role in embryo implantation. The Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI) family contains 21 members that function as chaperone proteins through their redox activities. Although total PDIA1 protein expression was high in four common receptive (Ishikawa and RL95-2) and non-receptive (HEC1-B and AN3CA) endometrial epithelial cell lines, significantly higher membrane PDIA1 expression was found in non-receptive AN3CA cells. In Ishikawa cells, oestrogen up-regulated while progesterone down-regulated membrane PDIA1 expression. Moreover, mid-luteal phase hormone treatment down-regulated membrane PDIA1 expression. Furthermore, oestrogen at 10 nM reduced spheroid attachment on Ishikawa cells. Interestingly, inhibition of PDIA1 function by bacitracin or 16F16 increased the spheroid attachment rate onto non-receptive AN3CA cells. Over-expression of PDIA1 in receptive Ishikawa cells reduced the spheroid attachment rate and significantly down-regulated integrin β3 levels, but not integrin αV and E-cadherin. Addition of reducing agent TCEP induced a sulphydryl-rich microenvironment and increased spheroid attachment onto AN3CA cells and human primary endometrial epithelial cells collected at LH+7/8 days. The luminal epithelial cells from human endometrial biopsies had higher PDIA1 protein expression in the proliferative phase than in the secretory phase. Our findings suggest oestrogen and progesterone regulate PDIA1 expression, resulting in the differential expressions of membrane PDIA1 protein to modulate endometrial receptivity. This suggests that membrane PDIA1 expression prior to embryo transfer could be used to predict endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudini R Fernando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science & Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 50000, Sri Lanka
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Benancy Pc Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kiu-Wai Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yin-Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Ming-Chung Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ernest Hy Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - William Sb Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China.
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22
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Yeast Fermentation at Low Temperatures: Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions and Formation of Volatile Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041035. [PMID: 33669237 PMCID: PMC7919833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast plays a key role in the production of fermented foods and beverages, such as bread, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. They are able to produce and release from the fermentation environment large numbers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This is the reason for the great interest in the possibility of adapting these microorganisms to fermentation at reduced temperatures. By doing this, it would be possible to obtain better sensory profiles of the final products. It can reduce the addition of artificial flavors and enhancements to food products and influence other important factors of fermented food production. Here, we reviewed the genetic and physiological mechanisms by which yeasts adapt to low temperatures. Next, we discussed the importance of VOCs for the food industry, their biosynthesis, and the most common volatiles in fermented foods and described the beneficial impact of decreased temperature as a factor that contributes to improving the composition of the sensory profiles of fermented foods.
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Whelan CJ, Avdieiev SS, Gatenby RA. Insights From the Ecology of Information to Cancer Control. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820945980. [PMID: 32762341 PMCID: PMC7791475 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820945980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely in nature, living systems must acquire, store, and act upon information. The survival and replicative fate of each normal cell in a multicellular organism is determined solely by information obtained from its surrounding tissue. In contrast, cancer cells as single-cell eukaryotes live in a disrupted, heterogeneous environment with opportunities and hazards. Thus, cancer cells, unlike normal somatic cells, must constantly obtain information from their environment to ensure survival and proliferation. In this study, we build upon a simple mathematical modeling framework developed to predict (1) how information promotes population persistence in a highly heterogeneous environment and (2) how disruption of information resulting from habitat fragmentation increases the probability of population extinction. Because (1) tumors grow in a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and (2) many cancer therapies fragment tumors into isolated, small cancer cell populations, we identify parallels between these 2 systems and develop ideas for cancer cure based on lessons gleaned from Anthropocene extinctions. In many Anthropocene extinctions, such as that of the North American heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido), a large and widespread population was initially reduced and fragmented owing to overexploitation by humans (a "first strike"). After this, the small surviving populations are vulnerable to extinction from environmental or demographic stochastic disturbances (a "second strike"). Following this analogy, after a tumor is fragmented into small populations of isolated cancer cells by an initial therapy, additional treatment can be applied with the intent of extinction (cure). Disrupting a cancer cell's ability to acquire and use information in a heterogeneous environment may be an important tactic for causing extinction following an effective initial therapy. Thus, information, from the scale of cells within tumors to that of species within ecosystems, can be used to identify vulnerabilities to extinction and opportunities for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Whelan
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center
& Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center &
Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Avdieiev
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center
& Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt
Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center
& Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt
Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional
Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL,
USA
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