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Cordone V. Biochemical and molecular determinants of the subclinical inflammatory mechanisms in Rett syndrome. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110046. [PMID: 38815782 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
To date, Rett syndrome (RTT), a genetic disorder mainly caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene, is increasingly considered a broad-spectrum pathology, instead of just a neurodevelopmental disease, due to the multitude of peripheral co-morbidities and the compromised metabolic pathways, affecting the patients. The altered molecular processes include an impaired mitochondrial function, a perturbed redox homeostasis, a chronic subclinical inflammation and an improper cholesterol metabolism. The persistent subclinical inflammatory condition was first defined ten years ago, as a previously unrecognized feature of RTT, playing a role in the pathology progress and modulation of phenotypical severity. In light of this, the present work aims at reviewing the current knowledge on the chronic inflammatory status and the altered immune/inflammatory functions in RTT, as well as investigating the emerging mechanisms underlying this condition with a special focus on the latest findings about inflammasome system, autoimmunity responses and intestinal micro- and mycobiota. On these bases, although further research is needed, future therapeutic strategies able to re-establish an adequate immune/inflammatory response could represent potential approaches for RTT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cordone
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Borghi E, Xynomilakis O, Ottaviano E, Ceccarani C, Viganò I, Tognini P, Vignoli A. Gut microbiota profile in CDKL5 deficiency disorder patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7376. [PMID: 38548767 PMCID: PMC10978852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by global developmental delay, early-onset seizures, intellectual disability, visual and motor impairments. Unlike Rett Syndrome (RTT), CDD lacks a clear regression period. Patients with CDD frequently encounter gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and exhibit signs of subclinical immune dysregulation. However, the underlying causes of these conditions remain elusive. Emerging studies indicate a potential connection between neurological disorders and gut microbiota, an area completely unexplored in CDD. We conducted a pioneering study, analyzing fecal microbiota composition in individuals with CDD (n = 17) and their healthy relatives (n = 17). Notably, differences in intestinal bacterial diversity and composition were identified in CDD patients. In particular, at genus level, CDD microbial communities were characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of Clostridium_AQ, Eggerthella, Streptococcus, and Erysipelatoclostridium, and by a decrease in Eubacterium, Dorea, Odoribacter, Intestinomonas, and Gemmiger, pointing toward a dysbiotic profile. We further investigated microbiota changes based on the severity of GI issues, seizure frequency, sleep disorders, food intake type, impairment in neuro-behavioral features and ambulation capacity. Enrichment in Lachnoclostridium and Enterobacteriaceae was observed in the microbiota of patients with more severe GI symptoms, while Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae were enriched in patients experiencing daily epileptic seizures. Our findings suggest a potential connection between CDD, microbiota and symptom severity. This study marks the first exploration of the gut-microbiota-brain axis in subjects with CDD. It adds to the growing body of research emphasizing the role of the gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders and opens doors to potential interventions that target intestinal microbes with the aim of improving the lives of patients with CDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Xynomilakis
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Epilepsy Center-Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Tognini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Caputi V, Hill L, Figueiredo M, Popov J, Hartung E, Margolis KG, Baskaran K, Joharapurkar P, Moshkovich M, Pai N. Functional contribution of the intestinal microbiome in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Rett syndrome: a systematic review of pediatric and adult studies. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1341656. [PMID: 38516317 PMCID: PMC10954784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1341656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Critical phases of neurodevelopment and gut microbiota diversification occur in early life and both processes are impacted by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown the presence of gut microbiota alterations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we performed a systematic review of alterations of the intestinal microbiota composition and function in pediatric and adult patients affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome (RETT). Methods We searched selected keywords in the online databases of PubMed, Cochrane, and OVID (January 1980 to December 2021) with secondary review of references of eligible articles. Two reviewers independently performed critical appraisals on the included articles using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program for each study design. Results Our systematic review identified 18, 7, and 3 original articles describing intestinal microbiota profiles in ASD, ADHD, and RETT, respectively. Decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes were observed in the gut microbiota of individuals affected by ASD and ADHD. Proinflammatory cytokines, short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter levels were altered in ASD and RETT. Constipation and visceral pain were related to changes in the gut microbiota in patients affected by ASD and RETT. Hyperactivity and impulsivity were negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium (phylum Firmicutes) and positively correlated with Bacteroides sp. (phylum Bacteroidetes) in ADHD subjects. Five studies explored microbiota-or diet-targeted interventions in ASD and ADHD. Probiotic treatments with Lactobacillus sp. and fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors reduced constipation and ameliorated ASD symptoms in affected children. Perinatal administration of Lactobacillus sp. prevented the onset of Asperger and ADHD symptoms in adolescence. Micronutrient supplementation improved disease symptomatology in ADHD without causing significant changes in microbiota communities' composition. Discussion Several discrepancies were found among the included studies, primarily due to sample size, variations in dietary practices, and a high prevalence of functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies employing longitudinal study designs, larger sample sizes and multi-omics technologies are warranted to identify the functional contribution of the intestinal microbiota in developmental trajectories of the human brain and neurobehavior. Systematic review registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, CRD42020158734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caputi
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lee Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Figueiredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jelena Popov
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily Hartung
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- New York University Pain Research Center, New York, NY, United States
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kanish Baskaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Papiha Joharapurkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michal Moshkovich
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Bloemendaal M, Vlaming P, de Boer A, Vermeulen-Kalk K, Bouman A, Kleefstra T, Arias Vasquez A. The role of the gut microbiota in patients with Kleefstra syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2023; 192:124-138. [PMID: 36630271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Kleefstra Syndrome (KS) is a rare monogenetic syndrome, caused by haploinsufficiency of the euchromatic histone methyl transferase 1 (EHMT1) gene, an important regulator of neurodevelopment. The clinical features of KS include intellectual disability, autistic behavior and gastrointestinal problems. The gut microbiota, an important modifier of the gut-brain-axis, may constitute an unexplored mechanism underlying clinical KS variation. We investigated the gut microbiota composition of 23 individuals with KS (patients) and 40 of their family members, to test whether (1) variation in the gut microbiota associates with KS diagnosis and (2) variation within the gut microbiota relates with KS syndrome symptoms. Both alpha and beta diversity of patients were different from their family members. Genus Coprococcus 3 was lower in abundance in patients compared to family members. Moreover, abundance of genus Merdibacter was lower in patients versus family members, but only in participants reporting intestinal complaints. Within the patient group, behavioral problems explained 7% of beta diversity variance. Also, within this group, we detected higher levels of Atopobiaceae - uncultured and Ruminococcaceae Subdoligranulum associated with higher symptom severity. These significant signatures in the gut microbiota composition in patients with KS suggest that microbiota differences are part of the KS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Bloemendaal
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Vlaming
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke de Boer
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Vermeulen-Kalk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arianne Bouman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Damiani F, Cornuti S, Tognini P. The gut-brain connection: Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota on neuroplasticity and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109491. [PMID: 36924923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of brain circuits to reorganize and change the properties of the network, resulting in alterations in brain function and behavior. It is traditionally believed that neuroplasticity is influenced by external stimuli, learning, and experience. Intriguingly, there is new evidence suggesting that endogenous signals from the body's periphery may play a role. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms living in harmony with their host, may be able to influence plasticity through its modulation of the gut-brain axis. Interestingly, the maturation of the gut microbiota coincides with critical periods of neurodevelopment, during which neural circuits are highly plastic and potentially vulnerable. As such, dysbiosis (an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition) during early life may contribute to the disruption of normal developmental trajectories, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. This review aims to examine the ways in which the gut microbiota can affect neuroplasticity. It will also discuss recent research linking gastrointestinal issues and bacterial dysbiosis to various neurodevelopmental disorders and their potential impact on neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Cornuti
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Tognini
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Unique Features of the Gut Microbiome Characterized in Animal Models of Angelman Syndrome. mSystems 2023; 8:e0060822. [PMID: 36598241 PMCID: PMC9948700 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00608-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large subset of patients with Angelman syndrome (AS) suffer from concurrent gastrointestinal (GI) issues, including constipation, poor feeding, and reflux. AS is caused by the loss of ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A) gene expression in the brain. Clinical features of AS, which include developmental delays, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and seizures, are primarily due to the deficient expression or function of the maternally inherited UBE3A allele. The association between neurodevelopmental delay and GI disorders is part of the increasing evidence suggesting a link between the brain and the gut microbiome via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. To investigate the associations between colonization of the gut microbiota in AS, we characterized the fecal microbiome in three animal models of AS involving maternal deletions of Ube3A, including mouse, rat, and pig, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Overall, we identified changes in bacterial abundance across all three animal models of AS. Specific bacterial groups were significantly increased across all animal models, including Lachnospiraceae Incertae sedis, Desulfovibrios sp., and Odoribacter, which have been correlated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Taken together, these findings suggest that specific changes to the local environment in the gut are driven by a Ube3a maternal deletion, unaffected by varying housing conditions, and are prominent and detectable across multiple small and large animal model species. These findings begin to uncover the underlying mechanistic causes of GI disorders in AS patients and provide future therapeutic options for AS patients. IMPORTANCE Angelman syndrome (AS)-associated gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms significantly impact quality of life in patients. In AS models in mouse, rat, and pig, AS animals showed impaired colonization of the gut microbiota compared to wild-type (healthy) control animals. Common changes in AS microbiomes across all three animal models may play a causal effect for GI symptoms and may help to identify ways to treat these comorbidities in patients in the future.
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Shi K, Li L, Wang Z, Chen H, Chen Z, Fang S. Identifying microbe-disease association based on graph convolutional attention network: Case study of liver cirrhosis and epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1124315. [PMID: 36741060 PMCID: PMC9892757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the microbiota and the human host can affect the physiological functions of organs (such as the brain, liver, gut, etc.). Accumulating investigations indicate that the imbalance of microbial community is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases. Thus, the identification of potential links between microbes and diseases can provide insight into the pathogenesis of diseases. In this study, we propose a deep learning framework (MDAGCAN) based on graph convolutional attention network to identify potential microbe-disease associations. In MDAGCAN, we first construct a heterogeneous network consisting of the known microbe-disease associations and multi-similarity fusion networks of microbes and diseases. Then, the node embeddings considering the neighbor information of the heterogeneous network are learned by applying graph convolutional layers and graph attention layers. Finally, a bilinear decoder using node embedding representations reconstructs the unknown microbe-disease association. Experiments show that our method achieves reliable performance with average AUCs of 0.9778 and 0.9454 ± 0.0038 in the frameworks of Leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) and 5-fold cross validation (5-fold CV), respectively. Furthermore, we apply MDAGCAN to predict latent microbes for two high-risk human diseases, i.e., liver cirrhosis and epilepsy, and results illustrate that 16 and 17 out of the top 20 predicted microbes are verified by published literatures, respectively. In conclusion, our method displays effective and reliable prediction performance and can be expected to predict unknown microbe-disease associations facilitating disease diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China,*Correspondence: Kai Shi,
| | - Lin Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Huazhou Chen
- College of Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatric Department & Department of Child Primary Care, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuanfeng Fang
- Department of Children Health Care, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Shuanfeng Fang,
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Gkougka D, Mitropoulos K, Tzanakaki G, Panagouli E, Psaltopoulou T, Thomaidis L, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Gut microbiome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1507-1519. [PMID: 35354932 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND This systematic review aims to examine the associations between features of gut microbiome and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) risk or severity in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS Eligible studies were identified in PubMed and Google Scholar databases until December 31, 2020. RESULTS The search identified a total of 1197 items, of which 11 were included in this systematic review. The findings regarding alpha, beta diversity, bacterial phyla, orders and families were inconclusive. At the genus level an increased abundance of Odoribacter (two studies) and Eggerthella (two studies) was found in ADHD; on the contrary, decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium (three studies) was noted, whereas one study suggested its inverse association with ADHD severity and hyperactivity. One study indicated that Bacteroides species also correlated with levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity. At the species level, a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, but higher of Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides uniformis was reported. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review highlights associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD. Potential mechanisms differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. IMPACT The existence of correlations between features of gut microbiome and ADHD manifestation or its severity in children, adolescents and young adults. Associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD are highlighted. Potential mechanisms seem to differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. As correlations between gut microbiome features and ADHD seem to exist, additional studies are needed for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Gkougka
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mitropoulos
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Tzanakaki
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Dietary Polyphenols as Prospective Natural-Compound Depression Treatment from the Perspective of Intestinal Microbiota Regulation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217637. [PMID: 36364464 PMCID: PMC9657699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on human health have been confirmed. Current studies have shown that dietary polyphenols are important for maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal microenvironment. Moreover, the corresponding metabolites of dietary polyphenols can effectively regulate intestinal micro-ecology and promote human health. Although the pathogenesis of depression has not been fully studied, it has been demonstrated that dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis may be its main pathological basis. This review discusses the interaction between dietary polyphenols and intestinal microbiota to allow us to better assess the potential preventive effects of dietary polyphenols on depression by modulating the host gut microbiota.
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Zhou C, Gong S, Xiang S, Liang L, Hu X, Huang R, Liao Z, Ma Y, Xiao Z, Qiu J. Changes and significance of gut microbiota in children with focal epilepsy before and after treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:965471. [PMID: 36405958 PMCID: PMC9671114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.965471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To better understand the alterations in gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in children with focal epilepsy, and to further investigate the changes in the related gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in these children before and after treatment. Methods Ten patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in Hunan Children’s Hospital from April, 2020 to October, 2020 were recruited into the case group. The case group was further divided into a pre-treatment subgroup and a post-treatment subgroup. Additionally, 14 healthy children of the same age were recruited into a control group. The microbial communities were analyzed using 16s rDNA sequencing data. Metastas and LEfSe were used to identify different bacteria between and within groups. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database was used to KEGG enrichment analysis. Results There were significant differences in α diversity among the pre-treatment, post-treatment, and control groups. Besides, the differences in gut microbiota composition in 3 groups were identified by principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), which showed a similar composition of the pre-treatment and post-treatment subgroups. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the pre-treatment subgroup was significantly higher than that in the control group, which decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment and showed no significant difference between the control group. In terms of the genus level, Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Collinsella, and Megamonas were enriched in the pre-treatment subgroup, while Faecalibacterium and Anaerostipes were enriched in the control group. The relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Collinsella, and Megamonas was reduced significantly after a three-month treatment. Despite some genera remaining significantly different between the post-treatment subgroup and control group, the number of significantly different genera decreased from 9 to 4 through treatment. Notably, we found that the carbohydrate metabolism, especially succinate, was related to focal epilepsy. Conclusion Children with focal epilepsy compared with healthy controls were associated with the statistically significant differences in the gut microbiota and carbohydrate metabolism. The differences were reduced and the carbohydrate metabolism improved after effective treatment. Our research may provide new directions for understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of focal epilepsy and better alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changci Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuaizheng Gong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shiting Xiang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiwen Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Xiao, ; Jun Qiu,
| | - Jun Qiu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Xiao, ; Jun Qiu,
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Lu C, Rong J, Fu C, Wang W, Xu J, Ju XD. Overall Rebalancing of Gut Microbiota Is Key to Autism Intervention. Front Psychol 2022; 13:862719. [PMID: 35712154 PMCID: PMC9196865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear etiology, and due to the lack of effective treatment, ASD patients bring enormous economic and psychological burden to families and society. In recent years, many studies have found that children with ASD are associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and the composition of intestinal microbiota (GM) is different from that of typical developing children. Thus, many researchers believe that the gut-brain axis may play an important role in the occurrence and development of ASD. Indeed, some clinical trials and animal studies have reported changes in neurological function, behavior, and comorbid symptoms of autistic children after rebalancing the composition of the GM through the use of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics or microbiota transfer therapy (MMT). In view of the emergence of new therapies based on the modulation of GM, characterizing the individual gut bacterial profile evaluating the effectiveness of intervention therapies could help provide a better quality of life for subjects with ASD. This article reviews current studies on interventions to rebalance the GM in children with ASD. The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum may be an effective strain for the probiotic treatment of ASD. However, the greater effectiveness of MMT treatment suggests that it may be more important to pay attention to the overall balance of the patient's GM. Based on these findings, a more thorough assessment of the GM is expected to contribute to personalized microbial intervention, which can be used as a supplementary treatment for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Rong
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Changxing Fu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenshi Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xing-Da Ju
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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12
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Ceccarani C, Viganò I, Ottaviano E, Redaelli MG, Severgnini M, Vignoli A, Borghi E. Is Gut Microbiota a Key Player in Epilepsy Onset? A Longitudinal Study in Drug-Naive Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:749509. [PMID: 34926315 PMCID: PMC8677705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.749509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota alterations have been recently investigated in individuals with epilepsy and in other neurological diseases as environmental factors that play a role, by acting through the gut-brain axis, in the pathological process. Most studies focus on the contribution of bacterial communities in refractory epilepsy and suggest a beneficial role of ketogenic diet in modulating the gut microbiota and seizure occurrence. However, they do not evaluate whether epilepsy itself alters the gut microbiota in these patients or if the gut microbial communities could contribute as a seizure trigger. In this pilot study, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing and investigated the gut microbial communities of eight children at their seizure onset and after anti-seizure was started (one year follow-up) and we compared microbial data with seven healthy children, age- and sex-matched. In drug-naive subjects, we observed a microbial signature that shared several features with those reported in refractory epilepsy, such as an increased abundance in Akkermansia spp. and Proteobacteria and a decreased relative abundance in Faecalibacterium spp.We suggest that a bacterial-mediated proinflammatory milieu could contribute to seizure occurrence in children with new onset of epilepsy, as already reported for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy, and that it could vary during treatment in those who are drug-responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Epilepsy Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Gaia Redaelli
- Epilepsy Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano (ASST GOM) Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Chen Y, Xiao N, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhong C, Cheng Y, Du B, Li P. Semen Sojae Praeparatum alters depression-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats via intestinal microbiota. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110808. [PMID: 34863499 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A large number of Chinese medical books present that Semen Sojae Praeparatum, a fermented food, possesses antidepressant effect, but the mechanism of this antidepressant effect remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect of Semen Sojae Praeparatum on rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. The results showed that Semen Sojae Praeparatum improved depression-like behaviors (negative preference of sugar water and increased swimming immobility time and time spent in the dark zone) and effectively reduced cell morphological changes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in CUMS rats. In addition, Semen Sojae Praeparatum significantly promoted the contents of norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampus and the content of BDNF in the serum (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis results showed that Semen Sojae Praeparatum increased the abundance of genus Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008 and decreased those of genera Lactobacillus and Bacteroides. Genus Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008 was positively correlated with GABA and BDNF levels in the hippocampus; genus Lactobacillus had a positive correlation with 5-HT; and genus Bacteroides had negative correlations with 5-HT, BDNF, and NE. In addition, Semen Sojae Praeparatum considerably decreased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These results indicated that Semen Sojae Praeparatum fermented by Rhizopus chinensis 12 and Bacillus sp. DU-106 alleviated the neurotransmitter levels and structural changes in the neuronal morphology of the hippocampus associated with the modulation of gut microbiota and SCFAs. Therefore, this study confirmed that Semen Sojae Praeparatum could alter depression and provide a theoretical basis for the investigation of the relationship between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinye Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunfei Zhong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuying Cheng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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14
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Insights into the Role of the Microbiota and of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073621. [PMID: 33807238 PMCID: PMC8037970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota, acts as a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. We assessed possible ameliorative effects of butyrate, relative to other HDAC inhibitors, in in vitro and in vivo models of Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the genes encoding the histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300. In RSTS cell lines, butyrate led to the patient-specific rescue of acetylation defects at subtoxic concentrations. Remarkably, we observed that the commensal gut microbiota composition in a cohort of RSTS patients is significantly depleted in butyrate-producing bacteria compared to healthy siblings. We demonstrate that the effects of butyrate and the differences in microbiota composition are conserved in a Drosophila melanogaster mutant for CBP, enabling future dissection of the gut–host interactions in an in vivo RSTS model. This study sheds light on microbiota composition in a chromatinopathy, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions.
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15
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Spichak S, Bastiaanssen TFS, Berding K, Vlckova K, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Mining microbes for mental health: Determining the role of microbial metabolic pathways in human brain health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:698-761. [PMID: 33675857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome in modulating the brain and behaviour. Indeed, the actions of microbial metabolites are key for appropriate gut-brain communication in humans. Among these metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and bile acid metabolites/pathways show strong preclinical evidence for involvement in various aspects of brain function and behaviour. With the identification of neuroactive gut-brain modules, new predictive tools can be applied to existing datasets. We identified 278 studies relating to the human microbiota-gut-brain axis which included sequencing data. This spanned across psychiatric and neurological disorders with a small number also focused on normal behavioural development. With a consistent bioinformatics pipeline, thirty-five of these datasets were reanalysed from publicly available raw sequencing files and the remainder summarised and collated. Among the reanalysed studies, we uncovered evidence of disease-related alterations in microbial metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia, anxiety and depression. Amongst studies that could not be reanalysed, many sequencing and technical limitations hindered the discovery of specific biomarkers of microbes or metabolites conserved across studies. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings. We also propose guidelines for future human microbiome analysis to increase reproducibility and consistency within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spichak
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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16
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Chandra S, Alam MT, Dey J, Sasidharan BCP, Ray U, Srivastava AK, Gandhi S, Tripathi PP. Healthy Gut, Healthy Brain: The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1142-1153. [PMID: 32282304 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200413091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nervous system (CNS) known to regulate the physiological conditions of human body, also itself gets dynamically regulated by both the physiological as well as pathological conditions of the body. These conditions get changed quite often, and often involve changes introduced into the gut microbiota which, as studies are revealing, directly modulate the CNS via a crosstalk. This cross-talk between the gut microbiota and CNS, i.e., the gut-brain axis (GBA), plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE We aim to discuss how gut microbiota, through GBA, regulate neurodegenerative disorders such as PD, AD, ALS, MS and HD. METHODS In this review, we have discussed the present understanding of the role played by the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders and emphasized the probable therapeutic approaches being explored to treat them. RESULTS In the first part, we introduce the GBA and its relevance, followed by the changes occurring in the GBA during neurodegenerative disorders and then further discuss its role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Finally, we discuss its applications in possible therapeutics of these diseases and the current research improvements being made to better investigate this interaction. CONCLUSION We concluded that alterations in the intestinal microbiota modulate various activities that could potentially lead to CNS disorders through interactions via the GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyashi Chandra
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Md Tanjim Alam
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Jhilik Dey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Baby C Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, India.,Inter-University Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices (IUCND), Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, India
| | - Upasana Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 700032, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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17
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Verduci E, Carbone MT, Borghi E, Ottaviano E, Burlina A, Biasucci G. Nutrition, Microbiota and Role of Gut-Brain Axis in Subjects with Phenylketonuria (PKU): A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3319. [PMID: 33138040 PMCID: PMC7692600 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and functioning of the gut microbiota, the complex population of microorganisms residing in the intestine, is strongly affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, among which diet is key. Important perturbations of the microbiota have been observed to contribute to disease risk, as in the case of neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, among others. Although mechanisms are not fully clarified, nutrients interacting with the microbiota are thought to affect host metabolism, immune response or disrupt the protective functions of the intestinal barrier. Similarly, key intermediaries, whose presence may be strongly influenced by dietary habits, sustain the communication along the gut-brain-axis, influencing brain functions in the same way as the brain influences gut activity. Due to the role of diet in the modulation of the microbiota, its composition is of high interest in inherited errors of metabolism (IEMs) and may reveal an appealing therapeutic target. In IEMs, for example in phenylketonuria (PKU), since part of the therapeutic intervention is based on chronic or life-long tailored dietetic regimens, important variations of the microbial diversity or relative abundance have been observed. A holistic approach, including a healthy composition of the microbiota, is recommended to modulate host metabolism and affected neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital-University of Milan, Via Lodovico Castelvetro, 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Maria Teresa Carbone
- UOS Metabolic and Rare Diseases, AORN Santobono, Via Mario Fiore 6, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Emerenziana Ottaviano
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Services, University Hospital of Padua, Via Orus 2B, 35129 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Paediatrics & Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Via Taverna Giuseppe, 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
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18
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Li PY, Fu NN, Li QY, Wang GF, Gao L, Zhang X. The Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C): A reliable and valid neurodevelopmental assessment tool in children with ASD aged 3-8 years old in Tianjin, China. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52:102144. [PMID: 32417746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reliability and validity of the Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C) for autistic children in China are unknown. Thus, it is urgent to verify the instrument's reliability and validity in this population. The aim of the study was to explore whether the GDS-C is reliable and valid for assessing neurodevelopment in autistic children. METHOD This study included 296 autistic children and 141 typically developing children from 3 to 8 years of age in China. The reliability of the scale was estimated based on its internal consistency, test-retest reliability and interrater reliability. The validity of the scale was calculated based on the construct validity, discriminate validity and criterion validity. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the general quotients (GQs) corresponding to the diagnostic classification within the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. RESULTS This study shows sufficient reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.957; test-retest reliability = 0.945 for the whole scale and 0.830-0.919 for the subscales; interrater reliability = 0.925 for the whole scale and 0.796-0.919 for the subscales). The results also provide good support for the validity of the GDS-C. In the discriminant analysis, 85.5% of the children in the autistic sample were correctly classified. The cutoff value for distinguishing autistic children from normal children within the CARS scale corresponds to a GQ of 84.83, and that for distinguishing severely autistic children from mild or moderately autistic children corresponds to a GQ of 66.60. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the GDS-C may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the neurodevelopment of autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Nan-Nan Fu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qing-Yang Li
- Department of Education, School of Educational Science, Tianjin Normal University, No. 393 Binshuixi Road, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Geng-Fu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China.
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19
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Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Cordone V, Hayek J, Valacchi G. Compromised immune/inflammatory responses in Rett syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:100-106. [PMID: 32119978 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in X-linked gene methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), a key transcriptional regulator, account for most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT), a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder with no known cure. Despite extensive research to elucidate MeCP2 functions, the mechanisms underlying RTT pathophysiology are still unclear. In addition to a variety of neurological symptoms, RTT also includes a plethora of additional phenotypical features including altered lipid metabolism, redox imbalance, immune dysfunction and mitochondrial abnormalities that explain its multisystemic nature. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the potential role of dysregulated inflammatory and immune responses in RTT. The findings show that abnormalities of humoral and cell-mediated immunity together with chronic low-grade inflammation in multiple organs represent not only clinical manifestations of RTT but rather can contribute to its development and deteriorating course. A future research challenge could be to target therapeutically immune dysfunction as a novel means for RTT management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Dept. of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Cordone
- Dept. of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University General Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA; Dept. of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy; Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Kandeel WA, Meguid NA, Bjørklund G, Eid EM, Farid M, Mohamed SK, Wakeel KE, Chirumbolo S, Elsaeid A, Hammad DY. Impact of Clostridium Bacteria in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Anthropometric Measurements. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:897-907. [PMID: 32130666 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current research has shown that gut microbiota may play a fundamental role in neurological activity, behavior, mood, cognition, and possibly for the onset as well as the severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies emphasized the possible correlation between Clostridium spp., gut colonization, and possible development or exacerbating of ASD in affected children. The aim of the present study was to investigate how Clostridia gut colonization can have an impact on the neurological outcome and anthropometric values in ASD children. The present study included 60 children (30 ASD and 30 neurotypical controls) of both sexes aged from 2 to 8 years. Children with ASD were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), as well as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was used to determine Clostridium presence in the stools of the enrolled subjects. The number of Clostridium spp. (Clostridium paraputri, Clostridium bolteae, and Clostridium perfringens) found in the stools of ASD children was greater than neurotypical children. Children with ASD had two types of Clostridium (Clostridium diffiicile and Clostridium clostridiioforme) not found in neurotypical children, whereas neurotypical children yielded only one species (Clostridium tertium) not found in the ASD children. The present study emphasizes the potential correlation between gut colonization of Clostridia and the probability of developing or exacerbating ASD among Egyptian children. If Clostridium bacteria play a potential role in the etiology of ASD, this may open the possibility for effective treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs DepartmentNational Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Ehab M Eid
- Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maisa Farid
- Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa K Mohamed
- Biological Anthropology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled E Wakeel
- Biological Anthropology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Amal Elsaeid
- Research on Children with Special Needs DepartmentNational Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa Y Hammad
- Biological Anthropology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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21
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Murakami M, Tognini P. The Circadian Clock as an Essential Molecular Link Between Host Physiology and Microorganisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:469. [PMID: 32039048 PMCID: PMC6987142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies in the past decade has led to a tremendous growth in knowledge about the role played by microorganisms on our body health. Trillions of microbes live in close symbiosis with their host, and have impacts on various aspects of host physiology as well as predisposition to disease. This is a consequence of the direct interaction between host cells and microbes or their signaling molecules, such as metabolites, which can reach and exert their effects in distal tissues. Among the essential factors modulating the human body's ecosystem of symbionts, the circadian clock might be one of the key regulators. The endogenous clock is a highly conserved timekeeper able to align organismal physiology to the daily cycle, thus maximizing survival and fitness. Circadian rhythms coordinate whole-body biological processes synchronizing cellular biochemical reactions, tissue function and finally controlling systemic homeostasis. Intriguingly, growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the host circadian cycle governs the structure of the gut microbiota community and its diurnal rhythmicity, whereas the microbes contribute to maintenance of clock function. In this review, we will give an overview of the multisystem aspects of microbiome-host interactions in the context of circadian rhythmicity. In particular, the effect of the interaction clock-microbial communities on immune system function and metabolic homeostasis will be discussed. Finally, the possible implication of daily rhythm on the gut-microbiome-brain axis will be analyzed, focusing on the reciprocal effects of clock disruption and microbiota alterations on brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paola Tognini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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