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Hass R, von der Ohe J, Luo T. Human mesenchymal stroma/stem-like cell-derived taxol-loaded EVs/exosomes transfer anti-tumor microRNA signatures and express enhanced SDF-1-mediated tumor tropism. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:506. [PMID: 39420354 PMCID: PMC11488203 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes from human mesenchymal stroma/stem-like cells (MSC) represents valuable cell-free carriers for the delivery of regenerative and medicinal compounds. METHODS EVs/exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation from four individual MSC as controls and after treatment with a sub-lethal concentration of 10 mM taxol for 24 h, respectively. The isolated EVs/exosomes were characterized and quantified by nano-tracking-analysis and by Western blots. MicroRNAs (miRs) were isolated from the different EVs/exosome populations and expression levels were quantified by qPCR using 1246 miR templates. Cytotoxic effects of the different MSC-derived taxol-loaded EVs/exosomes were determined in five different GFP-transduced cancer cell lines and quantified by a fluoroscan assay with a GFP-detecting fluorimeter. The presence of stroma cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) in MSC-derived EVs/exosomes and its enhanced expression in the vesicles after taxol treatment of MSC was quantified by a specific ELISA. RESULTS EVs/exosomes isolated from four individual taxol-treated MSC displayed a larger size and higher yields as the control EVs/exosomes and were used as anti-tumor therapeutic vehicles. Application of each of the four MSC-derived taxol-loaded EVs/exosome populations revealed significant cytotoxic effects in cell lines of five different tumor entities (carcinomas of lung, breast, ovar, colon, astrocytoma) in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression analysis of 1246 miRs in these taxol-loaded EVs/exosomes as compared to the corresponding MSC-derived control EVs/exosomes unraveled a taxol-mediated up-regulation of 11 miRs with predominantly anti-tumorigenic properties. Moreover, various constitutively expressed protein levels were unanimously altered in the MSC cultures. Taxol treatment of the different MSC revealed an up-regulation of tetraspanins and a 2.2-fold to 5.4-fold increased expression of SDF-1 among others. Treatment of cancer cells with MSC-derived taxol-loaded EVs/exosomes in the presence of a neutralizing SDF-1 antibody significantly abolished the cytotoxic effects between 20.3% and 27%. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested a taxol-mediated increase of anti-cancer properties in MSC that enhance the tropism of derived EVs/exosomes to tumors, thereby specifically focusing the therapeutic effects of the delivered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Mirgh D, Sonar S, Ghosh S, Adhikari MD, Subramaniyan V, Gorai S, Anand K. Landscape of exosomes to modified exosomes: a state of the art in cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30807-30829. [PMID: 39328877 PMCID: PMC11426072 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that naturally originate from endosomes. They play a significant role in cellular communication. Tumor-secreted exosomes play a crucial role in cancer development and significantly contribute to tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis by intracellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are a promising biomarker source of cancer detection in the early stages. On the other hand, they offer revolutionary cutting-edge approaches to cancer therapeutics. Exosomes offer a cell-free approach to cancer therapeutics, which overcomes immune cell and stem cell therapeutics-based limitations (complication, toxicity, and cost of treatment). There are multiple sources of therapeutic exosomes present (stem cells, immune cells, plant cells, and synthetic and modified exosomes). This article explores the dynamic source of exosomes (plants, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells) and their modification (chimeric, hybrid exosomes, exosome-based CRISPR, and drug delivery) based on cancer therapeutic development. This review also highlights exosomes based clinical trials and the challenges and future orientation of exosome research. We hope that this article will inspire researchers to further explore exosome-based cancer therapeutic platforms for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mirgh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston USA
| | - Swarup Sonar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu 602105 India
| | - Srestha Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, Lady Brabourne College Kolkata West Bengal 700017 India
| | - Manab Deb Adhikari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal Darjeeling West Bengal India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Bandar Sunway Subang Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL USA
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Precision Medicine and Integrated Nano-Diagnostics (P-MIND) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
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Li Q, Liu J, Su R, Zhen J, Liu X, Liu G. Small extracellular vesicles-shuttled miR-23a-3p from mesenchymal stem cells alleviate renal fibrosis and inflammation by inhibiting KLF3/STAT3 axis in diabetic kidney disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112667. [PMID: 39018690 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) provide a pragmatic solution as a cell-free therapy for patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the underlying protective mechanisms of MSC-sEV remain largely unknown in DKD. Invivo and in vitro analyses demonstrated that MSC-sEV attenuated renal fibrosis and inflammation of DKD. The underlying mechanism of the MSC-sEV-induced therapeutic effect was explored by high-throughput sequencing, which identified the unique enrichment of a set of miRNAs in MSC-sEV compared with human skin fibroblasts-sEV (HSF-sEV). Vitro experiments demonstrated that the protective potential was primarily attributed to miR-23a-3p, one of the most abundant miRNAs in MSC-sEV. Further, overexpression or knockdown analyses revealed that miR-23a-3p, and its target Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) suppressed the STAT3 signaling pathway in high glucose (HG) induced HK-2 cells were essential for the renal-protective property of MSC-sEV. Moreover, we found that miR-23a-3p was packaged into MSC-sEV by RNA Binding Motif Protein X-Linked (RBMX) and transmitted to HG-induced HK-2 cells. Finally, inhibiting miR-23a-3p could mitigate the protective effects of MSC-sEV in db/db mice. These findings suggest that a systemic administration of sEV derived from MSC, have the capacity to incorporate into kidney where they can exert renal-protective potential against HG-induced injury through delivery of miR-23a-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Li
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Department of Nephrology, Multidisciplinary Innovation Center for Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, USA
| | - Rongyun Su
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Department of Nephrology, Multidisciplinary Innovation Center for Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiangchun Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Department of Nephrology, Multidisciplinary Innovation Center for Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Department of Nephrology, Multidisciplinary Innovation Center for Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong,250012, China.
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4
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Wang L, Chen J, Song J, Xiang Y, Yang M, Xia L, Yang J, Hou X, Chen L, Wang L. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway enhances exosome production by hucMSCs and improves their capability to promote diabetic wound healing. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:373. [PMID: 38926800 PMCID: PMC11201861 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of stem cell-derived exosomes (Exos) as therapeutic vehicles is receiving increasing attention. Exosome administration has several advantages over cell transplantation, thus making exosomes promising candidates for large-scale clinical implementation and commercialization. However, exosome extraction and purification efficiencies are relatively low, and therapeutic heterogeneity is high due to differences in culture conditions and cell viability. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a priming procedure to enhance the production and therapeutic effects of exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs). After preconditioning hucMSCs with agonists/inhibitors that target the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we assessed both the production of exosomes and the therapeutic efficacy of the optimized exosomes in the context of diabetic wound healing, hoping to provide a safer, more stable and more effective option for clinical application. RESULTS The Wnt signalling pathway agonist CHIR99021 increased exosome production by 1.5-fold without causing obvious changes in the characteristics of the hucMSCs or the size of the exosome particles. Further studies showed that CHIR99021 promoted the production of exosomes by facilitating exocytosis. This process was partly mediated by SNAP25. To further explore whether CHIR99021 changed the cargo that was loaded into the exosomes and its therapeutic effects, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of exosomes from primed and control hucMSCs. The results showed that CHIR99021 significantly upregulated the expression of proteins that are associated with cell migration and wound healing. Animal experiments confirmed that, compared to control hucMSC-derived exosomes, CHIR99021-pretreated hucMSC-derived exosomes (CHIR-Exos) significantly accelerated wound healing in diabetic mice, enhanced local collagen deposition, promoted angiogenesis, and reduced chronic inflammation. Subsequent in vitro experiments confirmed that the CHIR-Exos promoted wound healing by facilitating cell migration, inhibiting oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and preventing cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt agonist CHIR99021 significantly increased exosome secretion by hucMSCs, which was partly mediated by SNAP25. Notably, CHIR99021 treatment also significantly increased the exosomal levels of proteins that are associated with wound healing and cell migration, resulting in enhanced acceleration of wound healing. All of these results suggested that pretreatment of hucMSCs with CHIR99021 not only promoted exosome production but also improved the exosome therapeutic efficacy, thus providing a promising option for large-scale clinical implementation and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yingyue Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Longqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Abdel-Tawab MS, Fouad H, Sedeak AY, Doudar NA, Rateb EE, Faruk E, Reyad HR. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells versus curcumin on sonic hedgehog signaling in experimental model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:740. [PMID: 38874802 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a fundamental signaling pathway that controls tissue reconstruction, stem cell biology, and differentiation and has a role in gut tissue homeostasis and development. Dysregulation of SHH leads to the development of HCC. METHODS, AND RESULTS The present study was conducted to compare the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and curcumin on SHH molecular targets in an experimental model of HCC in rats. One hundred rats were divided equally into the following groups: control group, HCC group, HCC group received MSCs, HCC group received curcumin, and HCC group received MSCs and curcumin. Histopathological examinations were performed, and gene expression of SHH signaling target genes (SHH, PTCH1, SMOH, and GLI1) was assessed by real-time PCR in rat liver tissue. Results showed that SHH target genes were significantly upregulated in HCC-untreated rat groups and in MSC-treated groups, with no significant difference between them. Administration of curcumin with or without combined administration of MSCs led to a significant down-regulation of SHH target genes, with no significant differences between both groups. As regards the histopathological examination of liver tissues, both curcumin and MSCs, either through separate use or their combined use, led to a significant restoration of normal liver pathology. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SHH signaling is upregulated in the HCC experimental model. MSCs do not inhibit the upregulated SHH target genes in HCC. Curcumin use with or without MSCs administration led to a significant down-regulation of SHH signaling in HCC and a significant restoration of normal liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Sayed Abdel-Tawab
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Hanan Fouad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, POB 12613, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, POB 43711, Attaka, Suez Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Yahia Sedeak
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Noha A Doudar
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Enas Ezzat Rateb
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman Faruk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hoda Ramadan Reyad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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6
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Zhang H, Song Q, Shang K, Li Y, Jiang L, Yang L. Tspan protein family: focusing on the occurrence, progression, and treatment of cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:187. [PMID: 38649381 PMCID: PMC11035590 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tetraspanins (Tspan) protein family, also known as the tetraspanin family, contains 33 family members that interact with other protein molecules such as integrins, adhesion molecules, and T cell receptors by forming dimers or heterodimers. The Tspan protein family regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, tissue differentiation, and immune response. More and more studies have shown that Tspan proteins are involved in tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thrombosis, tumor stem cell, and exosome signaling. Some drugs and microRNAs can inhibit Tspan proteins, thus providing new strategies for tumor therapy. An in-depth understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the Tspan protein family, which can promote or inhibit tumor development, will provide new strategies for targeted interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qinghang Song
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kaiwen Shang
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liangqian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Jóźwicka TM, Erdmańska PM, Stachowicz-Karpińska A, Olkiewicz M, Jóźwicki W. Exosomes-Promising Carriers for Regulatory Therapy in Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:923. [PMID: 38473285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, together with apoptotic bodies form a diverse group of nanoparticles that play a crucial role in intercellular communication, participate in numerous physiological and pathological processes. In the context of cancer, they can allow the transfer of bioactive molecules and genetic material between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells, thus promoting such processes as angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding how EVs, especially exosomes, influence tumor progression and modulation of the microenvironment. The key mechanisms include exosomes inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, polarizing macrophages toward protumoral phenotypes, and suppressing antitumor immunity. The therapeutic potential of engineered exosomes is highlighted, including their loading with drugs, RNA therapeutics, or tumor antigens to alter the tumor microenvironment. Current techniques for their isolation, characterization, and engineering are discussed. Ongoing challenges include improving exosome loading efficiency, optimizing biodistribution, and enhancing selective cell targeting. Overall, exosomes present promising opportunities to understand tumorigenesis and develop more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies by exploiting the natural intercellular communication networks in tumors. In the context of oncology, regulatory therapy provides the possibility of reproducing the original conditions that are unfavorable for the existence of the cancer process and may thus be a feasible alternative to population treatments. We also review current access to the technology enabling regulatory intervention in the cancer process using exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Jóźwicka
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Patrycja Maria Erdmańska
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stachowicz-Karpińska
- Department of Lung Diseases, Tuberculosis and Sarcoidosis, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Center, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olkiewicz
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Tecnologia Química, Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Wojciech Jóźwicki
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Pathology, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Center, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Song Y, Song Q, Hu D, Sun B, Gao M, Liang X, Qu B, Suo L, Yin Z, Wang L. The potential applications of artificially modified exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in tumor therapy. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1299384. [PMID: 38250549 PMCID: PMC10798044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1299384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have tumor-homing ability and play critical roles in tumor treatment, but their dual influences on tumor progression limit their therapeutic applications. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exosomes) exhibit great potential in targeted tumor treatment due to their advantages of high stability, low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, long circulation time and homing characteristics. Furthermore, the artificial modification of MSC-exosomes could amplify their advantages and their inhibitory effect on tumors and could overcome the limit of tumor-promoting effect. In this review, we summarize the latest therapeutic strategies involving artificially modified MSC-exosomes in tumor treatment, including employing these exosomes as nanomaterials to carry noncoding RNAs or their inhibitors and anticancer drugs, and genetic engineering modification of MSC-exosomes. We also discuss the feasibility of utilizing artificially modified MSC-exosomes as an emerging cell-free method for tumor treatment and related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Song
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quanlin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Daosheng Hu
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Binwen Sun
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingwei Gao
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangnan Liang
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Boxin Qu
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lida Suo
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zeli Yin
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Gschwendtberger T, Thau-Habermann N, von der Ohe J, Luo T, Hass R, Petri S. Protective effects of EVs/exosomes derived from permanently growing human MSC on primary murine ALS motor neurons. Neurosci Lett 2023; 816:137493. [PMID: 37774774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the neuroprotective potential of mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC) as well as of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes has been intensively explored. This included preclinical evaluation regarding treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as the fatal motor neuron disease amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Several studies have reported that MSC-derived exosomes can stimulate tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation. MSC release EVs and trophic factors and thereby modify cell-to-cell communication. These cell-free products may protect degenerating motor neurons (MNs) and represent a potential therapeutic approach for ALS. In the present study we investigated the effects of exosomes derived from a permanently growing MSC line on both, wild type and ALS (SOD1G93A transgenic) primary motor neurons. Following application in a normal and stressed environment we could demonstrate beneficial effects of MSC exosomes on neurite growth and morphology indicating the potential for further preclinical evaluation and clinical therapeutic development. Investigation of gene expression profiles detected transcripts of several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes in MSC exosomes. Characterization of their microRNA (miRNA) content revealed miRNAs capable of regulating antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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Szyposzynska A, Bielawska-Pohl A, Murawski M, Sozanski R, Chodaczek G, Klimczak A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles from Adipose Tissue: Unraveling Their Impact on Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells and Their Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15862. [PMID: 37958844 PMCID: PMC10647545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derivatives can be promising tools in oncology including ovarian cancer treatment. This study aimed to determine the effect of HATMSC2-MVs (microvesicles derived from human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue origin) on the fate and behavior of primary ovarian cancer cells. Human primary ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells were isolated from two sources: post-operative tissue of ovarian cancer and ascitic fluid. The phenotype of cells was characterized using flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of HATMSC2-MVs on the biological activity of primary cells was analyzed in 2D (proliferation, migration, and cell survival) and 3D (cell survival) models. We demonstrated that HATMSC2-MVs internalized into primary ovarian cancer cells decrease the metabolic activity and induce the cancer cell death and are leading to decreased migratory activity of tumor cells. The results suggests that the anti-cancer effect of HATMSC2-MVs, with high probability, is contributed by the delivery of molecules that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p21, tumor suppressor p53, executor caspase 3) and proapoptotic regulators (bad, BIM, Fas, FasL, p27, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2), and their presence has been confirmed by apoptotic protein antibody array. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to inhibit primary OvCa cells growth and apoptosis induction after exposure of OvCa cells on HATMSC2-MVs treatment; however, further studies are needed to clarify their anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szyposzynska
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Marek Murawski
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-599 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafal Sozanski
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-599 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Łukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
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11
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Cai F, Chen W, Zhao R, Liu Y. The capacity of exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells to enhance wound healing in diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1063458. [PMID: 37808198 PMCID: PMC10551633 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1063458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow healing and nonhealing of diabetic wounds have long posed challenges for clinical practitioners. In the presence of elevated glucose levels, the body's regulatory mechanisms undergo alterations that impede normal wound healing processes, including cell proliferation, cytokine release, and growth factor activity. Consequently, the advancement of stem cell technology has sparked growing interest in utilizing stem cells and their derivatives as potential therapeutic agents to enhance diabetic wound healing. This paper aims to provide an academic review of the therapeutic effects of adipose-derived stem cell-EXOs (ADSC-EXOs) in diabetic wound healing. As a cell-free therapy, exosomes (EXOs) possess a multitude of proteins and growth factors that have been shown to be advantageous in promoting wound healing and mitigating the potential risks associated with stem cell therapy. By examining the current knowledge on ADSC-EXOs, this review seeks to offer insights and guidance for the potential application of EXOs in the treatment of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, and Wound Repair Surgery, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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12
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Wang L, Wang D, Ye Z, Xu J. Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Systems in Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300552. [PMID: 37080941 PMCID: PMC10265081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are transport vesicles secreted by living cells and released into the extracellular environment. Recent studies have shown that EVs serve as "messengers" in intercellular and inter-organismal communication, in both normal and pathological processes. EVs, as natural nanocarriers, can deliver bioactivators in therapy with their endogenous transport properties. This review article describes the engineering EVs of sources, isolation method, cargo loading, boosting approach, and adjustable targeting of EVs. Furthermore, the review summarizes the recent progress made in EV-based delivery systems applications, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver, kidney, nervous system diseases, and COVID-19 and emphasizes the obstacles and challenges of EV-based therapies and possible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
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Donoso-Meneses D, Figueroa-Valdés AI, Khoury M, Alcayaga-Miranda F. Oral Administration as a Potential Alternative for the Delivery of Small Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030716. [PMID: 36986578 PMCID: PMC10053447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have burst into biomedicine as a natural therapeutic alternative for different diseases. Considered nanocarriers of biological origin, various studies have demonstrated the feasibility of their systemic administration, even with repeated doses. However, despite being the preferred route of physicians and patients, little is known about the clinical use of sEVs in oral administration. Different reports show that sEVs can resist the degradative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, accumulating regionally in the intestine, where they are absorbed for systemic biodistribution. Notably, observations demonstrate the efficacy of using sEVs as a nanocarrier system for a therapeutic payload to obtain a desired biological (therapeutic) effect. From another perspective, the information to date indicates that food-derived vesicles (FDVs) could be considered future nutraceutical agents since they contain or even overexpress different nutritional compounds of the foods from which they are derived, with potential effects on human health. In this review, we present and critically analyze the current information on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of sEVs when administered orally. We also address the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote intestinal absorption and that command the therapeutic effects that have been observed. Finally, we analyze the potential nutraceutical impact that FDVs would have on human health and how their oral use could be an emerging strategy to balance nutrition in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Donoso-Meneses
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Aliosha I. Figueroa-Valdés
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago 7550101, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620157, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago 7550101, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620157, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Muhammad SA, Jaafaru MS, Rabiu S. A Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Extracellular Vesicles as Nanosystems for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1168-1188. [PMID: 36594882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While the efficacy of anticancer drugs is hampered by low bioavailability and systemic toxicity, the uncertainty remains whether encapsulation of these drugs into natural nanovesicles such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) could improve controlled drug release and efficacy for targeted tumor therapy. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis for studies reporting the efficacy of EVs as nanosystems to deliver drugs and nucleic acid, protein, and virus (NPV) to tumors using the random-effects model. The electronic search of articles was conducted through Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Clinical Trials Registry from inception up till September 2022. The pooled summary estimate and 95% confidence interval of tumor growth inhibition, survival, and tumor targeting were obtained to assess the efficacy. The search yielded a total of 119 studies that met the inclusion criteria having only 1 clinical study. It was observed that the drug-loaded EV was more efficacious than the free drug in reducing tumor volume and weight with the standardized mean difference (SMD) of -1.99 (95% CI: -2.36, -1.63; p < 0.00001) and -2.12 (95% CI: -2.48, -1.77; p < 0.00001). Similarly, the mean estimate of tumor volume and weight for NPV were the following: SMD: -2.30, 95% CI: -3.03, -1.58; p < 0.00001 and SMD: -2.05, 95% CI: -2.79, -1.30; p < 0.00001. Treatment of tumors with EV-loaded anticancer agents also prolonged survival (HR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.22, p < 0.00001). Furthermore, EVs significantly delivered drugs to tumors as revealed by the higher concentration at the tumor site (SMD: -2.73, 95% CI: -3.77, -1.69; p < 0.00001). This meta-analysis revealed that EV-loaded drugs and NPV performed significantly better in tumor growth inhibition with improved survival than the free anticancer agents, suggesting EVs as safe nanoplatforms for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Alhaji Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, 840104 Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Sani Jaafaru
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq
| | - Sulaiman Rabiu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, 840104 Sokoto, Nigeria
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15
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Dittmar T, Hass R. Extracellular Events Involved in Cancer Cell-Cell Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416071. [PMID: 36555709 PMCID: PMC9784959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion among different cell populations represents a rare process that is mediated by both intrinsic and extracellular events. Cellular hybrid formation is relayed by orchestrating tightly regulated signaling pathways that can involve both normal and neoplastic cells. Certain important cell merger processes are often required during distinct organismal and tissue development, including placenta and skeletal muscle. In a neoplastic environment, however, cancer cell fusion can generate new cancer hybrid cells. Following survival during a subsequent post-hybrid selection process (PHSP), the new cancer hybrid cells express different tumorigenic properties. These can include elevated proliferative capacity, increased metastatic potential, resistance to certain therapeutic compounds, and formation of cancer stem-like cells, all of which characterize significantly enhanced tumor plasticity. However, many parts within this multi-step cascade are still poorly understood. Aside from intrinsic factors, cell fusion is particularly affected by extracellular conditions, including an inflammatory microenvironment, viruses, pH and ionic stress, hypoxia, and exosome signaling. Accordingly, the present review article will primarily highlight the influence of extracellular events that contribute to cell fusion in normal and tumorigenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (R.H.); Tel.: +49-2302-926165 (T.D.); +49-5115-326070 (R.H.)
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (R.H.); Tel.: +49-2302-926165 (T.D.); +49-5115-326070 (R.H.)
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Prasad R, Conde J. Bioinspired soft nanovesicles for site-selective cancer imaging and targeted therapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1792. [PMID: 35318815 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication within the heterogeneous solid tumor environment plays a significant role in the uncontrolled metastasis of cancer. To inhibit the metastasis and growth of cancer cells, various chemically designed and biologically derived nanosized biomaterials have been applied for targeted cancer therapeutics applications. Over the years, bioinspired soft nanovesicles have gained tremendous attention for targeted cancer therapeutics due to their easy binding with tumor microenvironment, natural targeting ability, bio-responsive nature, better biocompatibility, high cargo capacity for multiple therapeutics agents, and long circulation time. These cell-derived nanovesicles guard their loaded cargo molecules from immune clearance and make them site-selective to cancer cells due to their natural binding and delivery abilities. Furthermore, bioinspired soft nanovesicles prevent cell-to-cell communication and secretion of cancer cell markers by delivering the therapeutics agents predominantly. Cell-derived vesicles, namely, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and so forth have been recognized as versatile carriers for therapeutic biomolecules. However, low product yield, poor reproducibility, and uncontrolled particle size distribution have remained as major challenges of these soft nanovesicles. Furthermore, the surface biomarkers and molecular contents of these vesicles change with respect to the stage of disease and types. Here in this review, we have discussed numerous examples of bioinspired soft vesicles for targeted imaging and cancer therapeutic applications with their advantages and limitations. Importance of bioengineered soft nanovesicles for localized therapies with their clinical relevance has also been addressed in this article. Overall, cell-derived nanovesicles could be considered as clinically relevant platforms for cancer therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gilazieva Z, Ponomarev A, Rizvanov A, Solovyeva V. The Dual Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Carcinogenesis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060813. [PMID: 35741334 PMCID: PMC9220333 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that play the role of intermediaries between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) because they have the ability to transport lipids, transcription factors, mRNA, and proteins. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major component of the TME and may have different effects on tumor progression using EVs. This review includes information about various studies which have reported that EVs from MSCs can have either antitumor or pro-tumor effects, depending on both the tumor type and developmental stage. It provides an overview of the published data on EV MSCs and their effect on tumor cells. In addition, the use of EV MSCs for the development of new methods for treating oncological diseases is described. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play an important role in tumor progression. MSCs remodel the extracellular matrix, participate in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, promote the spread of metastases, and inhibit antitumor immune responses in the TME; however, there are also data pertaining to the antitumor effects of MSCs. MSCs activate the cell death mechanism by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, angiogenesis receptors, and proapoptotic proteins. One of the main ways in which MSCs and TME interact is through the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by cells. Currently, data on the effects of both MSCs and their EVs on tumor cells are rather contradictory. Various studies have reported that EVs from MSCs can have either antitumor or pro-tumor effects, depending on both the tumor type and developmental stage. In this review, we discuss published data on EV MSCs and their effect on tumor cells. The molecular composition of vesicles obtained from MSCs is also presented in the review. In addition, the use of EV MSCs for the development of new methods for treating oncological diseases is described.
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Xie S, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis, Cargo-Sorting Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:498. [PMID: 35629824 PMCID: PMC9144303 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. The study of EVs has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ≈100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. Different molecular families have been shown to be involved in the formation of exosomes and subsequent secretion of exosomes, which largely leads to the complexity of the form, structure and function of exosomes. In addition, because of their low immunogenicity and ability to transfer a variety of bioactive components to recipient cells, exosomes are regarded as effective drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the known mechanisms of exosomes biogenesis, cargo loading, exosomes release and bioengineering, which is of great importance for further exploration into the clinical applications of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Li Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
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Yang Y, Liu S, He C, Lv T, Zeng L, Zhang F, Chen H, Zhao RC. LncRNA LYPLAL1-AS1 rejuvenates human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell senescence via transcriptional MIRLET7B inactivation. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:45. [PMID: 35449031 PMCID: PMC9022335 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) senescence is a phenotype of aging. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as potential key regulators of senescence. However, the role of lncRNAs in MSC senescence remains largely unknown. Results We performed transcriptome analysis in senescent human adipose-derived MSCs (hADSCs) and identified that the lncRNA LYPLAL1 antisense RNA1 (LYPLAL1-AS1) was significantly downregulated in senescent hADSCs. LYPLAL1-AS1 expression in peripheral blood was lower in middle-aged healthy donors than in young adult donors, and correlated negatively with age. Knockdown of LYPLAL1-AS1 accelerated hADSC senescence, while LYPLAL1-AS1 overexpression attenuated it. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) sequencing indicated that LYPLAL1-AS1 bound to the MIRLET7B promoter region and suppressed its transcription activity, as demonstrated by dual-luciferase assay. miR-let-7b, the transcript of MIRLET7B, was upregulated during hADSC senescence and was regulated by LYPLAL1-AS1. Furthermore, miR-let-7b mimics promoted hADSC senescence, while the inhibitors repressed it. Finally, LYPLAL1-AS1 overexpression reversed miR-let-7b-induced hADSC senescence. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that LYPLAL1-AS1 rejuvenates hADSCs through the transcriptional inhibition of MIRLET7B. Our work provides new insights into the mechanism of MSC senescence and indicates lncRNA LYPLAL1-AS1 and miR-let-7b as potential therapeutic targets in aging. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00782-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing, China
| | - Suying Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Chengmei He
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Taibiao Lv
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Allegra A, Petrarca C, Di Gioacchino M, Casciaro M, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Exosome-Mediated Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Solid and Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071128. [PMID: 35406692 PMCID: PMC8997895 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin containing cytokines, RNAs, growth factors, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They have been identified as fundamental intercellular communication controllers in several diseases and an enormous volume of data confirmed that exosomes could either sustain or inhibit tumor onset and diffusion in diverse solid and hematological malignancies by paracrine signaling. Thus, exosomes might constitute a promising cell-free tumor treatment alternative. This review focuses on the effects of exosomes in the treatment of tumors, by discussing the most recent and promising data from in vitro and experimental in vivo studies and the few existing clinical trials. Exosomes are extremely promising as transporters of drugs, antagomir, genes, and other therapeutic substances that can be integrated into their core via different procedures. Moreover, exosomes can augment or inhibit non-coding RNAs, change the metabolism of cancer cells, and modify the function of immunologic effectors thus modifying the tumor microenvironment transforming it from pro-tumor to antitumor milieu. Here, we report the development of currently realized exosome modifiers that offer indications for the forthcoming elaboration of other more effective methods capable of enhancing the activity of the exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
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21
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Pleiotropic Impacts on Breast Cancer Occurrence, Development, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062927. [PMID: 35328347 PMCID: PMC8954385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most devastating cancers, with high morbidity and mortality, among the female population worldwide. In BC, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stromal stem cells, play a significant role in TME formation and tumor progression. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) can deliver a diversity of molecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, etc., to target cells, and produce corresponding effects. Studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs exert both inhibitory and promotive effects in different situations and different stages of BC. Meanwhile, MSC-EVs provide novel therapeutic options for BC, such as EVs as carriers for drug delivery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the role of MSC-EVs in BC progression and application in clinical treatment, in the hope of providing a basis for further research.
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22
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Liao CM, Luo T, von der Ohe J, de Juan Mora B, Schmitt R, Hass R. Human MSC-Derived Exosomes Reduce Cellular Senescence in Renal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13562. [PMID: 34948355 PMCID: PMC8709122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence of renal tubular cells is associated with chronic diseases and age-related kidney disorders. Therapies to antagonize senescence are, therefore, explored as novel approaches in nephropathy. Exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC) entail the transfer of multiple bioactive molecules, exhibiting profound regenerative potential in various tissues, including therapeutic effects in kidney diseases. Here, we first demonstrate that exosomes promote proliferation and reduce senescence in aged MSC cultures. For potential therapeutic perspectives in organ rejuvenation, we used MSC-derived exosomes to antagonize senescence in murine kidney primary tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Exosome treatment efficiently reduced senescence while diminishing the transcription of senescence markers and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Concomitantly, we observed less DNA damage foci and more proliferating cells. These data provide new information regarding the therapeutic property of MSC exosomes in the development of renal senescence, suggesting a contribution to a new chapter of regenerative vehicles in senotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Ming Liao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
| | - Blanca de Juan Mora
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
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23
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da Costa VR, Araldi RP, Vigerelli H, D’Ámelio F, Mendes TB, Gonzaga V, Policíquio B, Colozza-Gama GA, Valverde CW, Kerkis I. Exosomes in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:2617. [PMID: 34685596 PMCID: PMC8533895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advances in oncology, cancer heterogeneity remains challenging to therapeutics. This is because the exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of TME-derived exosomes in cancer biology and explore the clinical potential of mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes as a cancer treatment, discussing future prospects of cell-free therapy for cancer treatment and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Rodrigues da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Fernanda D’Ámelio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Thais Biude Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Vivian Gonzaga
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Policíquio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
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24
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Hass R, von der Ohe J, Dittmar T. Cancer Cell Fusion and Post-Hybrid Selection Process (PHSP). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184636. [PMID: 34572863 PMCID: PMC8470238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of cancer cells either with other cancer cells (homotypic fusion) in local vicinity of the tumor tissue or with other cell types (e.g., macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stromal-/stem-like cells (MSC)) (heterotypic fusion) represents a rare event. Accordingly, the clinical relevance of cancer-cell fusion events appears questionable. However, enhanced tumor growth and/or development of certain metastases can originate from cancer-cell fusion. Formation of hybrid cells after cancer-cell fusion requires a post-hybrid selection process (PHSP) to cope with genomic instability of the parental nuclei and reorganize survival and metabolic functionality. The present review dissects mechanisms that contribute to a PHSP and resulting functional alterations of the cancer hybrids. Based upon new properties of cancer hybrid cells, the arising clinical consequences of the subsequent tumor heterogeneity after cancer-cell fusion represent a major therapeutic challenge. However, cellular partners during cancer-cell fusion such as MSC within the tumor microenvironment or MSC-derived exosomes may provide a suitable vehicle to specifically address and deliver anti-tumor cargo to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.D.); Tel.: +49-511-5326070 (R.H.); +49-2302-926165 (T.D.)
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZABF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.D.); Tel.: +49-511-5326070 (R.H.); +49-2302-926165 (T.D.)
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25
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Romano E, Netti PA, Torino E. A High Throughput Approach Based on Dynamic High Pressure for the Encapsulation of Active Compounds in Exosomes for Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9896. [PMID: 34576059 PMCID: PMC8470411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, endogenous nanocarrier-exosomes have received considerable scientific interest as drug delivery systems. The unique proteo-lipid architecture allows the crossing of various natural barriers and protects exosomes cargo from degradation in the bloodstream. However, the presence of this bilayer membrane as well as their endogenous content make loading of exogenous molecules challenging. In the present work, we will investigate how to promote the manipulation of vesicles curvature by a high-pressure microfluidic system as a ground-breaking method for exosomes encapsulation. Exosomes isolated from Uppsala 87 Malignant Glioma (U87-MG) cell culture media were characterized before and after the treatment with high-pressure homogenization. Once their structural and biological stability were validated, we applied this novel method for the encapsulation in the lipidic exosomal bilayer of the chemotherapeutic Irinotecan HCl Trihydrate-CPT 11. Finally, we performed in vitro preliminary test to validate the nanobiointeraction of exosomes, uptake mechanisms, and cytotoxic effect in cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
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26
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Muralikumar M, Manoj Jain S, Ganesan H, Duttaroy AK, Pathak S, Banerjee A. Current understanding of the mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer and aging. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 31:e00658. [PMID: 34377681 PMCID: PMC8327488 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being widely researched upon for several years with translational application in regenerative medicine. Many studies acknowledged trophic factors from MSCs, attenuating dreadful ailments. The beneficial properties of MSCs are attributed to their secretion of paracrine factors as extracellular vesicles/ exosomes in the tissue microenvironment. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles involved in genetic material transportation and intercellular communication. Exosomes have been recently reported to play a role in cell-free therapy in treating many diseases like cancer and aging and are reported in regulating tumor cell fate. This review highlights the recent advances and current understanding in assessing mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for possible cell-free therapy. The sources and composition of exosomes, drug delivery effectiveness, immunomodulatory property, therapeutic advances in cancer, and aging targeting exosomes as cargo or its effect to moderate the tissue microenvironment are also discussed. We summarize the regenerative mechanisms induced by MSCs derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makalakshmi Muralikumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samatha Manoj Jain
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harsha Ganesan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Foo JB, Looi QH, Chong PP, Hassan NH, Yeo GEC, Ng CY, Koh B, How CW, Lee SH, Law JX. Comparing the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells and their Secretory Products in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2616807. [PMID: 34422061 PMCID: PMC8378970 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2616807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy involves the transplantation of human cells to replace or repair the damaged tissues and modulate the mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression in the body. Nowadays, many different types of cell-based therapy are developed and used to treat a variety of diseases. In the past decade, cell-free therapy has emerged as a novel approach in regenerative medicine after the discovery that the transplanted cells exerted their therapeutic effect mainly through the secretion of paracrine factors. More and more evidence showed that stem cell-derived secretome, i.e., growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles, can repair the injured tissues as effectively as the cells. This finding has spurred a new idea to employ secretome in regenerative medicine. Despite that, will cell-free therapy slowly replace cell therapy in the future? Or are these two modes of treatment still needed to address different diseases and conditions? This review provides an indepth discussion about the values of stem cells and secretome in regenerative medicine. In addition, the safety, efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages of using these two modes of treatment in regenerative medicine are also critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qi Hao Looi
- My Cytohealth Sdn Bhd, Bandar Seri Petaling, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pan Pan Chong
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hidayah Hassan
- National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Genieve Ee Chia Yeo
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiew Yong Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benson Koh
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sau Har Lee
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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28
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Storti G, Scioli MG, Kim BS, Terriaca S, Fiorelli E, Orlandi A, Cervelli V. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Adipose Tissue and Extracellular Vesicles in Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Bridge toward Metastatic Diffusion or a New Therapeutic Opportunity? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082117. [PMID: 34440886 PMCID: PMC8392703 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest malignancies among women. Approximately 75% of the patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with advanced disease that already has metastasis, particularly to the omentum. The omentum constitutes the ideal soil for ovarian cancer metastasis due to a complex intraperitoneal milieu that favors and supports the whole metastatic process. Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ADSCs) are part of this microenvironment and foster tumor progression via sustained paracrine secretion, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Nonetheless, the preferential relationship between ADSCs, ADSC-derived EVs, and ovarian cancer cells could be exploited to use ADSCs and EVs as a vehicle for anti-cancer therapies. This review will analyze the strict relations between tumor progression, metastatic disease, and adipose tissue with its staminal components. In addition, we will describe the crosstalk and biologic relationship between ADSCs and tumor cells, the role of EVs in intercellular communication, the establishment of drug resistance, metastatic capacity, and ovarian cancer progression. We will analyze the new therapeutic opportunities in treating ovarian cancer offered by ADSCs and EVs as a vehicle for therapeutic molecules to target precisely tumor cells and limit the systemic adverse effects. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Storti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-23188514; Fax: +39-06-23188466
| | - Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sonia Terriaca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Elena Fiorelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Valerio Cervelli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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29
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Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Development and Targeted Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9962194. [PMID: 34335792 PMCID: PMC8289580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9962194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as a new drug delivery system. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied because of their tumor-homing ability and yield advantages. Considering that MSC-derived exosomes are a double-edged sword in the development, metastasis, and invasion of tumors, engineered exosomes have broad potential use. In this review, we focused on the latest development in the treatment of tumors using engineered and nonengineered MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-EXs). Nonengineered MSC-EXs exert an antitumor effect on several well-studied tumors by affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Furthermore, engineered exosomes have promising research prospects as drug-carrying tools for the transport of miRNAs, small-molecule drugs, and proteins. Although exosomes lack uniform standards in terms of definition, separation, and purification, they still have great research value because of their unique advantages, such as high biocompatibility and low toxicity. Future studies on MSC-EXs should elucidate the mechanisms underlying their anticancer effect and the safety of their application.
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Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Exosomes Promoted Hair Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:685-691. [PMID: 34173219 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some scholars have found that dermal papilla spheroid-derived exosomes could promote the development of hair follicles. However, whether adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ADSC-Exos) have a similar effect on hair growth has not been determined yet. Thus, the purpose of this article was to detect whether ADSC-Exos could promote hair regeneration. METHODS Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated from 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Then, ADSC-Exos were isolated from the ADSCs. Western blotting was used to detect specific exosome markers. The particle size and distribution of the exosomes were analyzed by NanoSight dynamic light scattering. A total of 12 nude mice were randomly divided into two groups (n = 6 each): the ADSC-Exos group and the control group. For the control group, a mixture of freshly isolated dermal cells (DCs) and epidermal cells (ECs) was grafted. For the ADSC-Exos group, a mixture of DCs, ECs, and 50 μg/ml of ADSC-Exos was grafted. Gross evaluation of the hair regeneration was carried out 2-3 weeks after the transplantation, and the graft site was harvested for histology at the third week. RESULTS The existence of exosomes derived from ADSCs was evidenced by CD63, ALX1, and CD9 expression. Two or three weeks after the grafting, the number of regenerated hairs in the ADSC-Exos group was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). Histologically, the terminal hairs were remarkable in the ADSC-Exos group, whereas the hair follicles observed in the control group were comparatively immature. The ADSC-Exos group had a higher number of regenerated follicles than the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the skin tissues in the ADSC-Exos group had higher PDGF and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions and lower transforming growth factor beta 1 levels than those in the control group. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that ADSC-Exos could promote in vivo hair follicle regeneration.
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Giannandrea D, Citro V, Lesma E, Bignotto M, Platonova N, Chiaramonte R. Restoring Tissue Homeostasis at Metastatic Sites: A Focus on Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644109. [PMID: 33869035 PMCID: PMC8044846 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common site of cancer metastasis and the spread of cancer cells to the bone is associated with poor prognosis, pain, increased risk of fractures, and hypercalcemia. The bone marrow microenvironment is an attractive place for tumor dissemination, due to the dynamic network of non-malignant cells. In particular, the alteration of the bone homeostasis favors the tumor homing and the consequent osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reported to be involved in the metastatic process, promoting tumor invasion, escape from immune surveillance, extravasation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metastasis, but the role of EVs in bone metastases is still unclear. Current results suggest the ability of tumor derived EVs in promoting bone localization and metastasis formation, altering the physiological balance between bone destruction and new bone depositions. Moreover, EVs from the bone marrow niche may support the onset of tumor metastasis. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of EVs in the pathological alterations of homeostasis that occur during bone metastasis to show novel potential EV-based therapeutic options to inhibit metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Citro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Bignotto
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Effect of SSRI exposure on the proliferation rate and glucose uptake in breast and ovary cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1250. [PMID: 33441923 PMCID: PMC7806821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy amongst women worldwide while ovarian cancer represents the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies. Women suffering from these cancers displayed heightened rates of major depressive disorder, and antidepressant treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is frequently recommended. Recently, narrative reviews and meta-analyses showed increased recurrence risks and mortality rates in SSRI-treated women with breast and ovarian cancer. We therefore examined whether three commonly prescribed SSRIs, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram, affect proliferation or glucose uptake of human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines characterized by different malignancies and metastatic potential. SSRI treatment or serotonin stimulation with therapeutically relevant concentrations over various time periods revealed no consistent dose- or time-dependent effect on proliferation rates. A marginal, but significant increase in glucose uptake was observed in SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells upon fluoxetine or sertraline, but not citalopram treatment. In three breast cancer cell lines and in two additional ovarian cancer cell lines no significant effect of SSRIs on glucose uptake was observed. Our data suggest that the observed increase in recurrence- and mortality rates in SSRI-treated cancer patients is unlikely to be linked to antidepressant therapies.
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The Intimate Relationship Among EMT, MET and TME: A T(ransdifferentiation) E(nhancing) M(ix) to Be Exploited for Therapeutic Purposes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123674. [PMID: 33297508 PMCID: PMC7762343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intratumoral heterogeneity is considered the major cause of drug resistance and hence treatment failure in cancer patients. Tumor cells are known for their phenotypic plasticity that is the ability of a cell to reprogram and change its identity to eventually adopt multiple phenotypes. Tumor cell plasticity involves the reactivation of developmental programs, the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and an enhanced potential for retro- or transdifferentiation. A well-known transdifferentiation mechanism is the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current evidence suggests a complex interplay between EMT, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and various signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME) in shaping a tumor cell’s plasticity. The vulnerabilities exposed by cancer cells when residing in a plastic or stem-like state have the potential to be exploited therapeutically, i.e., by converting highly metastatic cells into less aggressive or even harmless postmitotic ones. Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity is considered the major cause of drug unresponsiveness in cancer and accumulating evidence implicates non-mutational resistance mechanisms rather than genetic mutations in its development. These non-mutational processes are largely driven by phenotypic plasticity, which is defined as the ability of a cell to reprogram and change its identity (phenotype switching). Tumor cell plasticity is characterized by the reactivation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and an enhanced potential for retrodifferentiation or transdifferentiation. A well-studied mechanism of phenotypic plasticity is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current evidence suggests a complex interplay between EMT, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and clues from the tumor microenvironment in cell reprogramming. A deeper understanding of the connections between stem cell, epithelial–mesenchymal, and tumor-associated reprogramming events is crucial to develop novel therapies that mitigate cell plasticity and minimize the evolution of tumor heterogeneity, and hence drug resistance. Alternatively, vulnerabilities exposed by tumor cells when residing in a plastic or stem-like state may be exploited therapeutically, i.e., by converting them into less aggressive or even postmitotic cells. Tumor cell plasticity thus presents a new paradigm for understanding a cancer’s resistance to therapy and deciphering its underlying mechanisms.
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Altered Tumor Plasticity after Different Cancer Cell Fusions with MSC. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218347. [PMID: 33172211 PMCID: PMC7664391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While cell fusion demonstrates an important pathway during tissue development and regeneration of distinct organs, this process can also contribute to pathophysiological phenotypes during tumor progression. Hybrid cell formation after heterofusion between cancer cells and various other cell types within the tumor microenvironment is observed in vitro and in vivo. In particular, mesenchymal stroma/stem-like cells (MSC) perform diverse levels of communication with cancer cells by exhibiting anti- and pro-tumorigenic effects. During these cellular interactions, MSC can eventually fuse with cancer cells. Thereby, the newly generated disparate hybrid populations display aneuploidy associated with chromosomal instability. Based upon a subsequent post-hybrid selection process (PHSP), fused cancer cells can undergo apoptosis/necroptosis, senescence, dormancy, or a proliferative state by acquisition of new properties. Consequently, PHSP-surviving hybrid cancer cells demonstrate altered functionalities within the tumor tissue. This is accompanied by changes in therapeutic responsiveness and a different metastatic behavior. Accordingly, enhanced tumor plasticity interferes with successful therapeutic interventions and aggravates patient prognoses. The present review article focusses on fusion of MSC with different human cancer cells, in particular breast cancer populations and resulting characteristics of various cancer hybrid cells. Moreover, some mechanisms of cancer cell fusion are discussed together with multiple PHSP pathways.
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