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Luca AC, David SG, David AG, Țarcă V, Pădureț IA, Mîndru DE, Roșu ST, Roșu EV, Adumitrăchioaiei H, Bernic J, Cojocaru E, Țarcă E. Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2056. [PMID: 37895437 PMCID: PMC10608492 DOI: 10.3390/life13102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood as fatty streaks-an accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall. Over time, a more complex lesion develops into an atheroma and characteristic fibrous plaques. Atherosclerosis alone is rarely fatal; it is the further changes that render fibrous plaques vulnerable to rupture; plaque rupture represents the most common cause of coronary thrombosis. The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Costina Luca
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.L.); (D.E.M.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Simona Georgiana David
- Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (S.G.D.); (A.G.D.); (I.-A.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Alexandru Gabriel David
- Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (S.G.D.); (A.G.D.); (I.-A.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Viorel Țarcă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana-Alexandra Pădureț
- Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (S.G.D.); (A.G.D.); (I.-A.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.L.); (D.E.M.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Solange Tamara Roșu
- Nursing Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Eduard Vasile Roșu
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.L.); (D.E.M.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Heidrun Adumitrăchioaiei
- Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (S.G.D.); (A.G.D.); (I.-A.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Jana Bernic
- Discipline of Pediatric Surgery, “Nicolae Testemițanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2025 Chisinau, Moldova;
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I—Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Surgery II Department—Pediatric Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Liu L, Hu J, Lei H, Qin H, Wang C, Gui Y, Xu D. Regulatory T Cells in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07463-y. [PMID: 37184744 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is linked to immune-inflammatory injury, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in suppressing immune-inflammatory responses. However, the precise role of Tregs in pathological cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on the role and mechanisms of Tregs in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and explore their perspectives and challenges as a new therapeutic approach. RESULTS Treg cells may play an important protective role in pressure overload (hypertension, aortic stenosis), myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity), acute myocarditis, cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, storage diseases), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Although some challenges remain, the safety and efficacy of Treg-based therapies have been confirmed in some clinical trials, and engineered antigen-specific Treg cells may have better clinical application prospects due to stronger immunosuppressive function and stability. CONCLUSION Targeting the immune-inflammatory response via Treg-based therapies might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yajun Gui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Poznyak AV, Sukhorukov VN, Eremin II, Nadelyaeva II, Gutyrchik NA, Orekhov AN. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 as a Modifier of Lipid Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020503. [PMID: 36831039 PMCID: PMC9953442 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being the most common treatment strategy in the management of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease, classical statin therapy has certain disadvantages, including numerous side effects. In addition, a regimen with daily administration of the drug is hard to comply with. Thus, there is a need for modern and more efficient therapeutic strategies in CVD treatment. There is extensive evidence indicating that PCSK9 promotes atherogenesis through a variety of mechanisms. Thus, new treatment methods can be developed that prevent or alleviate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by targeting PCSK9. Comprehensive understanding of its atherogenic properties is a necessary precondition for the establishment of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will summarize the available data on the role of PCSK9 in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In the last section, we will consider existing PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya I. Eremin
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 2, Abrikosovsky Lane, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina I. Nadelyaeva
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 2, Abrikosovsky Lane, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Gutyrchik
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 2, Abrikosovsky Lane, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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4
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-based hydroxyl and superoxide radical production for oxidative stress biological simulations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Lee S, Affandi J, Waters S, Price P. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:13-24. [PMID: 36622943 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are often asymptomatic in healthy adults but can be severe in people with a compromised immune system. While several studies have demonstrated associations between cardiovascular disease in older adults and HCMV seropositivity, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We review evidence published within the last 5 years establishing how HCMV can contribute directly and indirectly to the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. We also discuss associations between HCMV infection and cardiovascular outcomes in populations with a high or very high burden of HCMV, including patients with renal or autoimmune disease, transplant recipients, and people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacquita Affandi
- Curtin School of Population Health; Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Waters
- Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Wang B, Hou X, Sun Y, Lei C, Yang S, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Song L. Interleukin-17A influences the vulnerability rather than the size of established atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1104-1115. [PMID: 36133421 PMCID: PMC9462543 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A plays a role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE–/–) mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce atherosclerosis, followed by the treatment with exogenous recombinant IL-17A or the neutralizing antibody to confirm the impact of IL-17A on the established atherosclerotic plaques. We found that both the stimulation of IL-17A and blockage of endogenous IL-17 via antibody did not affect the size of the established plaques. However, IL-17A significantly increased the vulnerability of plaques characterized by the accumulation of lipids and T cells with a concurrent decrease in the number of smooth muscle cells. In addition, the blockage by IL-17 neutralizing antibody attenuated plaque vulnerability. Furthermore, we found that although IL-17A did not affect the efferocytosis of macrophages to apoptotic cells, it promoted the apoptosis of macrophages in the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vitro. Also, IL-17A upregulated chemokines MCP-1 and CXCL-10 expression in the plaques. Our data indicated that IL-17A controlled both SMC and macrophage accumulation and the apoptosis within the plaque, which may further weaken the aorta wall. This study suggests that IL-17A may be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xitan Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Lei
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingming Jiang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining City, 272067, Shandong Province, China
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Liu X, Su J, Zhou H, Zeng Z, Li Z, Xiao Z, Zhao M. Collagen VI antibody reduces atherosclerosis by activating monocyte/macrophage polarization in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109100. [PMID: 35932614 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) has been regarded as an autoimmune disease. However, studies on immunotherapy against AS are limited. We previously found that IgG in AS patients serum binding to alpha 5 and 6 chain of collagen VI (COL6A5 or COL6A6) was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects, here we tried to identify whether they are AS-protective, and tried to develop human antibodies against them. ApoE-/- mice were immunized with COL6A5 or COL6A6 and COL6A6 was found a protective antigen against atherosclerosis. A phage display human single-chain antibody (scFv) library was constructed and COL6A6-specific scFv was obtained, and cloned into a modified pcDNA3 vector to express full-length human antibodies. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks and administered three weekly injections of CVI monoclonal antibody (mAb) or isotype control antibody, CVI mAb was found to be able to reduce plaque area by 45 % via aorta oil red O staining. Flowcytometry method predicted that CVI mAb induced monocyte/macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Furthermore, CVI mAb induced decreases of pro-inflammatory cytokines of MCP-1and IL-1β, and increases of IL-4 and IL-10 levels in animal serum by using theLuminexassay. Overall, we found a novel atherosclero-related antigen - Collagen VI, and its protective fragment - Collagen VI alpha 6 chain (COL6A6) and proved that humanized antibody against COL6A6 therapy regresses atherosclerosis and induces monocyte/macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 in ApoE-/- mice animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jinyu Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Cardiovascular changes after pneumonia in a dual disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11124. [PMID: 35778475 PMCID: PMC9249762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual inflammation in cardiovascular organs is thought to be one of the catalysts for the increased risk of cardiovascular complications seen following pneumonia. To test this hypothesis, we investigated changes in plaque characteristics and inflammatory features in ApoE−/− mouse aorta and heart following pneumonia. Male ApoE−/− mice were fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks before intranasal inoculation with either Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (test group) or phosphate buffered saline (control group). Mice were sacrificed at 2-, 7- and 28-days post-challenge. Changes in plaque burden and characteristics in aortic root and thoracic aorta were characterized by Oil red O and Trichrome stains. Inflammatory changes were investigated by FDG-PET imaging and immunofluorescence staining. We found TIGR4-infected mice present with increased plaque presence in the aortic root and thoracic aorta at 2- and 28-days post-inoculation, respectively. Aortic wall remodelling was also more pronounced in mice challenged with pneumococci at 28 days post-inoculation. Aortic root plaques of infected mice had reduced collagen and smooth muscle cells, consistent with an unstable plaque phenotype. Pneumonia alters plaque burden, plaque characteristics, and aortic wall remodelling in ApoE−/− mice. These effects caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4, may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular complications seen in survivors of this infection.
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Zhang C, Sun Y, Yang C, Wang Q, Lu Y. Single-cell sequencing of mouse heart cellular heterogeneity in hypercholesterolemia reveals the mechanism of myocardial damage. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e951. [PMID: 35859355 PMCID: PMC9301086 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caihui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Ambulatory Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Wang C, Deng H, Liu F, Yin Q, Xia L. The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis: focus on immune cells. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13174. [PMID: 35474231 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) play important roles in multiple organ function, homeostasis and several diseases. More recently, increasing evidences have suggested that the compositional and functional alterations of GM play a crucial role in the accumulation of foam cells and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in atherosclerosis. In particular, the effects of bacterial components and metabolites on innate and adaptive immune cells have been explored as the underlying mechanisms. Understanding the effects of GM and metabolites on immunoregulation are important for clinical therapy for atherosclerosis. Herein, we summarize the potential role of the GM (such as bacterial components lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) and GM-derived metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide and bile acids) in the immunopathology of atherosclerosis. Based on that, we further discuss the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GM-directed dietary bioactive factors such as dietary fibers, dietary polyphenols and probiotics. Because of drug-induced adverse events in anti-inflammatory therapies, personalized dietary interventions would be potential therapies for atherosclerosis, and the interactions between GM-derived products and immune cells should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hualing Deng
- Operating room, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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11
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Salzer U, Müller A, Zhou Q, Nieters A, Grundmann S, Wehr C. Susceptibility to infections and adaptive immunity in adults with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:1195-1205. [PMID: 35032103 PMCID: PMC8934962 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Heart failure (HF) is a systemic inflammatory disorder with infections being an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We asked if HF patients have a higher susceptibility to infections compared with the general population and if a subtle secondary immunodeficiency facilitates infectious complications. Methods and results In a cohort of 92 patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, we analysed recirculating lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulin levels, and specific antibody titres against pneumococcal antigens. We quantified susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract with a validated questionnaire and compared it to the general population. Susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract was comparable in HF patients and the general population. Hypogammaglobulinaemia was present in 16% of HF patients, but anti‐pneumococcal titres showed no evidence of specific secondary antibody deficiency. Relative lymphopaenia in our HF cohort was due to B lymphocytopenia with a relative reduction in naive B‐cells and expansion of memory B‐cells while CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes as well as NK‐cell counts were comparable between HF and healthy donors. The intake of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin (CD10) inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan was associated with increased B‐lymphocyte counts, possibly by an increased output of CD10+ transitional B lymphocytes from the bone marrow. Conclusion Despite a reduction of B lymphocytes in HF and mild hypogammaglobulinaemia, patients showed no evidence of secondary immunodeficiency or increased susceptibility to infections. The relevance of B‐cell lymphopenia in HF patients and modulation of B‐cell counts under ARNI treatment remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisa Müller
- Department of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhou
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Wehr
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Bai Y, Liu X, Chen Q, Chen T, Jiang N, Guo Z. Myricetin ameliorates ox-LDL-induced HUVECs apoptosis and inflammation via lncRNA GAS5 upregulating the expression of miR-29a-3p. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19637. [PMID: 34608195 PMCID: PMC8490408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial cell dysfunction is a significant event in the progression of atherosclerosis. Even Myricetin (Myr) has been exhibited strong antioxidant potency, the effect on atherosclerosis is still elusive. HUVECs were subjected to ox-LDL, before which cells were preconditioned with Myr. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were carried out to assess the impacts of ox-LDL and Myr on HUVECs. The expression of EndMT markers was determined by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. In addition, the relationship of GAS5 and miR-29a-3p was evaluated by RNA Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Myr preconditioning prevented ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, inflammatory response, and EndMT. GAS5 was upregulated in response to ox-LDL while it was down-regulated by Myr preconditioning. GAS5 over-expression attenuates Myr protective effects against ox-LDL–mediated HUVEC injury. Besides, miR-29a-3p is a target of GAS5 and down-regulated miR-29a-3p could further reduce the effects of GAS5 in ox-LDL–mediated HUVEC. Furthermore, Myr inactivated the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in ox-LDL-treated HUVEC by down-regulating GAS5 or upregulating miR-26a-5p. Myr possessed an anti-inflammatory and anti-EndMT function against ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury by regulating the GAS5/miR-29a-3p, indicating that Myr may have an important therapeutic function for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Bai
- Chest hospital, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300222, China.,Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xiankun Liu
- Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Chen
- Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Tongyun Chen
- Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Tianjin chest hospital, Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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13
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Imaging Inflammation in Patients and Animals: Focus on PET Imaging the Vulnerable Plaque. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102573. [PMID: 34685553 PMCID: PMC8533866 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) describes a range of conditions associated with the rupture of high-risk or vulnerable plaque. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is associated with many changes in its microenvironment which could potentially cause rapid plaque progression. Present-day PET imaging presents a plethora of radiopharmaceuticals designed to image different characteristics throughout plaque progression. Improved knowledge of atherosclerotic disease pathways has facilitated a growing number of pathophysiological targets for more innovative radiotracer design aimed at identifying at-risk vulnerable plaque and earlier intervention opportunity. This paper reviews the efficacy of PET imaging radiotracers 18F-FDG, 18F-NaF, 68Ga-DOTATATE, 64Cu-DOTATATE and 68Ga-pentixafor in plaque characterisation and risk assessment, as well as the translational potential of novel radiotracers in animal studies. Finally, we discuss our murine PET imaging experience and the challenges encountered.
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Kuan R, Agrawal DK, Thankam FG. Treg cells in atherosclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4897-4910. [PMID: 34117978 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis involves both innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an overview of the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in atherosclerotic diseases. Treg cells and their inhibitory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, have been identified in atherosclerotic lesions and to inhibit progression through lipoprotein metabolism modulation. Treg cells have also been found to convert to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and promote atherosclerosis progression. Treg cell involvement in different stages of atherosclerotic progression and Treg cell-mediated modulation of plaque development occurs via inflammation suppression and atheroma formation has been focused. Moreover, existing knowledge suggests that Treg cells are likely involved in the pathology of other specific circumstances including in-stent restenosis, neointimal hyperplasia, vessel graft failure, and ischemic arterial injury; however, there remain gaps regarding their specific contribution. Hence, advancements in the knowledge regarding Treg cells in diverse aspects of atherosclerosis offer translational significance for the management of atherosclerosis and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuan
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA.
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