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Wang G, Zhang Y, Kwong HK, Zheng M, Wu J, Cui C, Chan KWY, Xu C, Chen T. On-Site Melanoma Diagnosis Utilizing a Swellable Microneedle-Assisted Skin Interstitial Fluid Sampling and a Microfluidic Particle Dam for Visual Quantification of S100A1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306188. [PMID: 38417122 PMCID: PMC11040363 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. The delay in treatment will induce metastasis, resulting in a poor prognosis and even death. Here, a two-step strategy for on-site diagnosis of MM is developed based on the extraction and direct visual quantification of S100A1, a biomarker for melanoma. First, a swellable microneedle is utilized to extract S100A1 in skin interstitial fluid (ISF) with minimal invasion. After elution, antibody-conjugated magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) are introduced. A high expression level of S100A1 gives rise to a robust binding between MMPs and PMPs and reduces the number of free PMPs. By loading the reacted solution into the device with a microfluidic particle dam, the quantity of free PMPs after magnetic separation is displayed with their accumulation length inversely proportional to S100A1 levels. A limit of detection of 18.7 ng mL-1 for S100A1 is achieved. The animal experiment indicates that ISF-based S100A1 quantification using the proposed strategy exhibits a significantly higher sensitivity compared with conventional serum-based detection. In addition, the result is highly comparable with the gold standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, suggesting the high practicality for routine monitoring of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Yuyue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Mengjia Zheng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Chenyu Cui
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringRm 1115‐1119, Building 19W, 19 Science Park West AvenueHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Kannie W. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringRm 1115‐1119, Building 19W, 19 Science Park West AvenueHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Ting‐Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong Kong SAR999077China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi‐Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan DistrictShenzhen518057China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringRm 1115‐1119, Building 19W, 19 Science Park West AvenueHong Kong SAR999077China
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Fakhoury JW, Lara JB, Manwar R, Zafar M, Xu Q, Engel R, Tsoukas MM, Daveluy S, Mehregan D, Avanaki K. Photoacoustic imaging for cutaneous melanoma assessment: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11518. [PMID: 38223680 PMCID: PMC10785699 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Significance Cutaneous melanoma (CM) has a high morbidity and mortality rate, but it can be cured if the primary lesion is detected and treated at an early stage. Imaging techniques such as photoacoustic (PA) imaging (PAI) have been studied and implemented to aid in the detection and diagnosis of CM. Aim Provide an overview of different PAI systems and applications for the study of CM, including the determination of tumor depth/thickness, cancer-related angiogenesis, metastases to lymph nodes, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), virtual histology, and studies using exogenous contrast agents. Approach A systematic review and classification of different PAI configurations was conducted based on their specific applications for melanoma detection. This review encompasses animal and preclinical studies, offering insights into the future potential of PAI in melanoma diagnosis in the clinic. Results PAI holds great clinical potential as a noninvasive technique for melanoma detection and disease management. PA microscopy has predominantly been used to image and study angiogenesis surrounding tumors and provide information on tumor characteristics. Additionally, PA tomography, with its increased penetration depth, has demonstrated its ability to assess melanoma thickness. Both modalities have shown promise in detecting metastases to lymph nodes and CTCs, and an all-optical implementation has been developed to perform virtual histology analyses. Animal and human studies have successfully shown the capability of PAI to detect, visualize, classify, and stage CM. Conclusions PAI is a promising technique for assessing the status of the skin without a surgical procedure. The capability of the modality to image microvasculature, visualize tumor boundaries, detect metastases in lymph nodes, perform fast and label-free histology, and identify CTCs could aid in the early diagnosis and classification of CM, including determination of metastatic status. In addition, it could be useful for monitoring treatment efficacy noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Fakhoury
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Juliana Benavides Lara
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mohsin Zafar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ricardo Engel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Maria M. Tsoukas
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Dermatology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Darius Mehregan
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Dermatology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Rasic D, Korsgaard N, Marcussen N, Precht Jensen EM. Diagnostic utility of combining PRAME and HMB-45 stains in primary melanocytic tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 67:152211. [PMID: 37717457 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologists face ongoing challenges distinguishing between benign and malignant melanocytic tumors. PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma) has a demonstrated value distinguishing between these types of lesions. However, the sensitivity of single immunohistochemistry is variable. HMB-45 is another valuable marker, but on its own, has a limited ability in setting of primary melanocytic tumors. This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a dual panel combining PRAME and HMB-45 in the assessment of primary melanocytic tumors. METHODS 259 tumors, of which 141 were benign nevi, 31 dysplastic nevi (either low- or high grade dysplasia), and further 87 malignant melanomas, were retrieved from the department's archives and assessed by two experienced dermatopathologists. New sections were stained with PRAME and HMB-45, respectively. For PRAME, a nuclear, and for HMB-45, a cytoplasmic staining, was considered positive and scored as described in the literature on a scale from 0 to 4+. Only dermal component was assessed on HMB-45 stain. RESULTS PRAME was diffusely expressed in only 1 benign nevus, with focal expression in further 28 compared to 22 diffusely and 103 focally HMB-45-positive benign nevi. 5 high-grade dysplastic nevi showed diffuse PRAME expression in epidermal component, with varying degree of positivity in adjacent dermal compartment, and further 8 dysplastic nevi showed only focal expression. HMB-45 was diffusely expressed in only 2, with focal expression in 23, and no apparent positivity in remaining 6 dysplastic nevi. In invasive melanoma group, PRAME stained >75 % cells in 64/87 tumors, however, 10/87 melanomas were completely negative. HMB-45 was captured diffusely in 49/87 melanomas, 32 showed patchy expression, and 6 tumors were blank negative. Diffuse 4+ PRAME positivity showed superior sensitivity and specificity of 73,6 % and 96,5 %, respectively, compared to HMB-45, 56,3 % and 86,0 %, respectively. No nevi showed double 4+ positivity, however, the sensitivity for double positivity was only 49,4 %. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the superiority of PRAME over HMB-45 in the differential diagnosis of melanocytic tumors. However, combined staining can significantly increase specificity, rendering a benign diagnosis more unlikely in a double 4+ diffuse positivity setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Rasic
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark.
| | - Niels Korsgaard
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital South West Jutland, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark.
| | - Eva Magrethe Precht Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark.
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Bershawy R, Hafez HS, El-Sakka SS, Hammad A, Soliman MH. The anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity screening of pyridazinone-based analogs against human epidermoid skin cancer with detailed mechanistic analyses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37916672 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2273985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
3(2H)-Pyridazinone derivatives based on 4-biphenyl, naphtha-2-yl, pyridine, or piperidine moiety were synthesized and characterized using I-R and 1HNMR spectra. The activity and cytotoxicity of some synthesized compounds on the skin epidermoid cancer cell proliferation and progression were investigated. The pyridazine isomer with pyridine revealed a significant decrease in the level of nitric oxide p < 0.01 than the activity of caffeine phenecyl ester. The activity of the three active isomers recorded significant activity for their total antioxidant content that triggers their ability for the scavenging the oxygen free radicals significantly p < 0.01. Moreover, revealing the pharmaceutical activity of the isomers as anti-inflammatory agents, IL-6, IL10, and IL12 have been decreased by variable significant values. Additionally, the active isomers revealed variable actions on the skin cancer cell to induce apoptosis using annexin V-FITC/PI. Pyridine was the highest isomer to induce late apoptosis and necrosis for the skin cancer cells against the use of cisplatin. Importantly, Molecular modeling experiments including docking and dynamic simulations were done for the most active 3 analogs to explore the ligand binding and stability leading to exploring the structure-activity relationship with biological target PARP1 which showed a good binding propensity to pyridazine binding site which supports the in vitro data. In conclusion, the pyridazine moieties with piperdine, naphthayl, and pyridine have pharmacological activities against skin cancer epidermoid by triggering action in inhibition of the proliferation and progression with an up-regulated apoptotic mechanism that evades the emergence of cisplatin resistance among different cancer cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Bershawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Hani S Hafez
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Sahar S El-Sakka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ali Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
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Muccioli S, Brillo V, Varanita T, Rossin F, Zaltron E, Velle A, Alessio G, Angi B, Severin F, Tosi A, D'Eletto M, Occhigrossi L, Falasca L, Checchetto V, Ciaccio R, Fascì A, Chieregato L, Rebelo AP, Giacomello M, Rosato A, Szabò I, Romualdi C, Piacentini M, Leanza L. Transglutaminase Type 2-MITF axis regulates phenotype switching in skin cutaneous melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:704. [PMID: 37898636 PMCID: PMC10613311 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the deadliest form of skin cancer due to its high heterogeneity that drives tumor aggressiveness. Melanoma plasticity consists of two distinct phenotypic states that co-exist in the tumor niche, the proliferative and the invasive, respectively associated with a high and low expression of MITF, the master regulator of melanocyte lineage. However, despite efforts, melanoma research is still far from exhaustively dissecting this phenomenon. Here, we discovered a key function of Transglutaminase Type-2 (TG2) in regulating melanogenesis by modulating MITF transcription factor expression and its transcriptional activity. Importantly, we demonstrated that TG2 expression affects melanoma invasiveness, highlighting its positive value in SKCM. These results suggest that TG2 may have implications in the regulation of the phenotype switching by promoting melanoma differentiation and impairing its metastatic potential. Our findings offer potential perspectives to unravel melanoma vulnerabilities via tuning intra-tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muccioli
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Velle
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Angi
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Anna Tosi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Amelia Fascì
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Tao Q, Liu S, Zhang J, Jiang J, Jin Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Lin S, Zeng X, Li X, Tao G, Chen H. Clinical applications of smart wearable sensors. iScience 2023; 26:107485. [PMID: 37636055 PMCID: PMC10448028 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart wearable sensors are electronic devices worn on the body that collect, process, and transmit various physiological data. Compared to traditional devices, their advantages in terms of portability and comfort have made them increasingly important in the medical field. This review takes a unique clinical physician's standpoint, diverging from conventional sensor-type-based classifications, and provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse clinical applications of wearable sensors in recent years. In this review, we categorize these applications according to different diseases, encompassing skin diseases and injuries, cardiovascular diseases, abnormal human motion, as well as endocrine and metabolic disorders. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives hindering the development of sensors for clinical use, emphasizing the critical need for interdisciplinary collaboration between medical and engineering professionals. Overall, this review would serve as an important reference for the future direction of sensor devices in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Suwen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zilin Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqiong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiying Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Guangming Tao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
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Azimi A, Fernandez-Peñas P. Molecular Classifiers in Skin Cancers: Challenges and Promises. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4463. [PMID: 37760432 PMCID: PMC10526380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are common and heterogenous malignancies affecting up to two in three Australians before age 70. Despite recent developments in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, the mortality rate and costs associated with managing patients with skin cancers remain high. The lack of well-defined clinical and histopathological features makes their diagnosis and classification difficult in some cases and the prognostication difficult in most skin cancers. Recent advancements in large-scale "omics" studies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging-omics, have provided invaluable information about the molecular and visual landscape of skin cancers. On many occasions, it has refined tumor classification and has improved prognostication and therapeutic stratification, leading to improved patient outcomes. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent advancements in omics approaches and appraises their limitations and potential for better classification and stratification of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azimi
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Peñas
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Wan Y, Shen J, Hong Y, Liu J, Shi T, Cai J. Mapping knowledge landscapes and emerging trends of the biomarkers in melanoma: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2022. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1181164. [PMID: 37427124 PMCID: PMC10327294 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1181164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a skin tumor with a high mortality rate, and early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key to reduce its mortality rate. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid for biomarker identification for early diagnosis, prognosis prediction and prognosis evaluation of melanoma. However, there is still a lack of a report that comprehensively and objectively evaluates the research status of melanoma biomarkers. Therefore, this study aims to intuitively analyze the research status and trend of melanoma biomarkers through the methods of bibliometrics and knowledge graph. Objective This study uses bibliometrics to analyze research in biomarkers in melanoma, summarize the field's history and current status of research, and predict future research directions. Method Articles and Reviews related to melanoma biomarkers were retrieved by using Web of Science core collection subject search. Bibliometric analysis was performed in Excel 365, CiteSpace, VOSviewer and Bibliometrix (R-Tool of R-Studio). Result A total of 5584 documents from 2004 to 2022 were included in the bibliometric analysis. The results show that the number of publications and the frequency of citations in this field are increasing year by year, and the frequency of citations has increased rapidly after 2018. The United States is the most productive and influential country in this field, with the largest number of publications and institutions with high citation frequency. Caroline Robert, F. Stephen Hodi, Suzanne L. Topalian and others are authoritative authors in this field, and The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of Clinical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Research are the most authoritative journals in this field. Biomarkers related to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of melanoma are hot topics and cutting-edge hotspots in this field. Conclusion For the first time, this study used the bibliometric method to visualize the research in the field of melanoma biomarkers, revealing the trends and frontiers of melanoma biomarkers research, which provides a useful reference for scholars to find key research issues and partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Lee J, Beirami MJ, Ebrahimpour R, Puyana C, Tsoukas M, Avanaki K. Optical coherence tomography confirms non-malignant pigmented lesions in phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica using a support vector machine learning algorithm. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13377. [PMID: 37357662 PMCID: PMC10228288 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PPK), an epidermal nevus syndrome, is characterized by the coexistence of nevus spilus and nevus sebaceus. Within the nevus spilus, an extensive range of atypical nevi of different morphologies may manifest. Pigmented lesions may fulfill the ABCDE criteria for melanoma, which may prompt a physician to perform a full-thickness biopsy. MOTIVATION Excisions result in pain, mental distress, and physical disfigurement. For patients with a significant number of nevi with morphologic atypia, it may not be physically feasible to biopsy a large number of lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that may be used to visualize non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study, we used OCT to image pigmented lesions with morphologic atypia in a patient with PPK and assessed their quantitative optical properties compared to OCT cases of melanoma. We implement a support vector machine learning algorithm with Gabor wavelet transformation algorithm during post-image processing to extract optical properties and calculate attenuation coefficients. RESULTS The algorithm was trained and tested to extract and classify textural data. CONCLUSION We conclude that implementing this post-imaging machine learning algorithm to OCT images of pigmented lesions in PPK has been able to successfully confirm benign optical properties. Additionally, we identified remarkable differences in attenuation coefficient values and tissue optical characteristics, further defining separating benign features of pigmented lesions in PPK from malignant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lee
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Illinois‐ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mohammad Javad Beirami
- Center for Cognitive ScienceInstitute for Convergence Science and Technology (ICST)Sharif University of TechnologyTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Ebrahimpour
- Center for Cognitive ScienceInstitute for Convergence Science and Technology (ICST)Sharif University of TechnologyTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Computer EngineeringShahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
- School of Cognitive SciencesInstitute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)TehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Carolina Puyana
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Illinois‐ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Maria Tsoukas
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Illinois‐ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Illinois‐ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois‐ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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10
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Bolovan LM, Ceausu M, Stanciu AE, Panait ME, Busca A, Hotnog CM, Bleotu C, Gales LN, Georgescu MT, Prunoiu VM, Brasoveanu LI, Voinea SC. Correlation Studies between S100 Protein Level and Soluble MIA or Tissue MelanA and gp100 (HMB45) Expression in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:898. [PMID: 37373887 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) originates from melanocytes and causes 90% of skin cancer deaths; therefore, the comparison of different soluble and tissue markers could be valuable in the detection of melanoma progression and therapy monitoring. The present study is focused on the potential correlations between soluble S100B and MIA protein levels in different melanoma stages or with tissue expression of S100, gp100 (HMB45), and MelanA biomarkers. (2) Methods: Soluble S100B and MIA levels were evaluated by means of immunoassay methods in blood samples from 176 patients with CM, while tissue expressions of S100, MelanA, and gp100 (HMB45) were detected by means of immunohistochemistry in 76 melanomas. (3) Results: Soluble S100B correlated with MIA in stages III (r = 0.677, p < 0.001) and IV (r = 0.662, p < 0.001) but not in stages I and II; however, 22.22% and 31.98% of stage I and II patients, respectively, had high values for at least one of the two soluble markers. S100 tissue expression correlated with both MelanA (r = 0.610, p < 0.001) and HMB45 (r = 0.476, p < 0.01), while HMB45 and MelanA also significantly positively correlated (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Blood levels of S100B and MIA corroborated with melanoma tissue markers expression could help to improve the stratification process for patients with a high risk of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucica Madalina Bolovan
- Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Ceausu
- Pathology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Elena Stanciu
- Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Elena Panait
- Cancer Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonela Busca
- Cancer Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Mia Hotnog
- Center of Immunology, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentia Nicoleta Gales
- Oncology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 252 Fundeni Ave, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Teodor Georgescu
- Oncology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 252 Fundeni Ave, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgiliu Mihail Prunoiu
- Oncological Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncological Surgery Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lorelei Irina Brasoveanu
- Center of Immunology, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Oncological Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncological Surgery Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Pop AM, Monea M, Olah P, Moraru R, Cotoi OS. The Importance of Immunohistochemistry in the Evaluation of Tumor Depth of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061020. [PMID: 36980327 PMCID: PMC10046945 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) is the most aggressive skin malignancy, with an increasing incidence and significant mortality. Tumoral invasion, expressed as Breslow thickness, is routinely assessed on hematoxylin and eosin (HE), although this stain may sometimes underestimate the tumoral depth. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of the immunohistochemical (IHC) markers S-100, SOX10, Melan-A, and HMB-45 with HE for the evaluation of the Breslow thickness and staging of PCM. This retrospective study included 46 cases of PCM diagnosed between 2015 and 2022; for each case, the Breslow thickness using HE, S-100, SOX10, Melan-A, and HMB-45 was measured and the appropriate T category was recorded. The highest values of the Breslow thickness were observed for S-100. However, S-100, SOX10, and Melan-A provided statistically significant higher values of the Breslow thickness compared to HE, but no difference was noted between HMB-45 and HE. S-100 was most frequently involved in increasing the T category (26.1%), the majority of cases being upstaged from T1a to T1b. The IHC markers S-100, SOX10, and Melan-A contributed to better evaluation of the melanoma invasion, especially in thin melanomas, but their impact on staging and consecutive treatment remains to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Maria Pop
- Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Monica Monea
- Department of Odontology and Oral Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Peter Olah
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Raluca Moraru
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Department of Plastic Surgery, County Clinical Hospital Mureș, 540103 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
- Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Department of Pathology, County Clinical Hospital Mureș, 540011 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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12
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Tiong J, Simpson I, Grodski S, Lee JC. Primary adrenal melanoma. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:764-765. [PMID: 36006806 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tiong
- Monash University Endocrine Surgery Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Simpson
- Department of Pathology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Grodski
- Monash University Endocrine Surgery Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James C Lee
- Monash University Endocrine Surgery Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Teh R, Azimi A, Pupo GM, Ali M, Mann GJ, Fernández-Peñas P. Genomic and proteomic findings in early melanoma and opportunities for early diagnosis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:104-116. [PMID: 36373875 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overdiagnosis of early melanoma is a significant problem. Due to subtle unique and overlapping clinical and histological criteria between pigmented lesions and the risk of mortality from melanoma, some benign pigmented lesions are diagnosed as melanoma. Although histopathology is the gold standard to diagnose melanoma, there is a demand to find alternatives that are more accurate and cost-effective. In the current "omics" era, there is gaining interest in biomarkers to help diagnose melanoma early and to further understand the mechanisms driving tumor progression. Genomic investigations have attempted to differentiate malignant melanoma from benign pigmented lesions. However, genetic biomarkers of early melanoma diagnosis have not yet proven their value in the clinical setting. Protein biomarkers may be more promising since they directly influence tissue phenotype, a result of by-products of genomic mutations, posttranslational modifications and environmental factors. Uncovering relevant protein biomarkers could increase confidence in their use as diagnostic signatures. Currently, proteomic investigations of melanoma progression from pigmented lesions are limited. Studies have previously characterised the melanoma proteome from cultured cell lines and clinical samples such as serum and tissue. This has been useful in understanding how melanoma progresses into metastasis and development of resistance to adjuvant therapies. Currently, most studies focus on metastatic melanoma to find potential drug therapy targets, prognostic factors and markers of resistance. This paper reviews recent advancements in the genomics and proteomic fields and reports potential avenues, which could help identify and differentiate melanoma from benign pigmented lesions and prevent the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Teh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ali Azimi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gulietta M Pupo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marina Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pablo Fernández-Peñas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Melanoma Management: From Epidemiology to Treatment and Latest Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194652. [PMID: 36230575 PMCID: PMC9562203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a major public health issue that claims the lives of thousands of people every year. Furthermore, the outlook for the coming years is not encouraging with increasing morbidity and mortality trends. This review aims to offer an updated overview of various aspects related to cutaneous melanoma, from epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, prevention, diagnosis and staging. Moreover, conventional treatments currently available as well as the latest advances in clinical trials regarding new drugs and/or combinations, including nanotechnology-based strategies are also reviewed. Abstract Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, whose morbidity and mortality indicators show an increasing trend worldwide. In addition to its great heterogeneity, melanoma has a high metastatic potential, resulting in very limited response to therapies currently available, which were restricted to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for many years. Advances in knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease have allowed the development of new therapeutic classes, such as immune checkpoint and small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, despite the incontestable progress in the quality of life and survival rates of the patients, effectiveness is still far from desired. Some adverse side effects and resistance mechanisms are the main barriers. Thus, the search for better options has resulted in many clinical trials that are now investigating new drugs and/or combinations. The low water solubility of drugs, low stability and rapid metabolism limit the clinical potential and therapeutic use of some compounds. Thus, the research of nanotechnology-based strategies is being explored as the basis for the broad application of different types of nanosystems in the treatment of melanoma. Future development focus on challenges understanding the mechanisms that make these nanosystems more effective.
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15
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Ran R, Li L, Shi Z, Liu G, Jiang H, Fang L, Xu T, Huang J, Chen W, Chen Y. Disruption of
tp53
leads to cutaneous nevus and melanoma formation in
Xenopus tropicalis. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3554-3567. [PMID: 35981147 PMCID: PMC9533689 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, germline TP53 mutations predispose carriers to a wide spectrum of cancers, which is known as Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). To date, the association of melanomas with LFS remains unestablished. No melanomas have been reported in any P53‐modified mouse models either. In this study, we show that targeted disruption of P53 at the DNA‐binding domain in Xenopus tropicalis recapitulates LFS, with the formation of soft‐tissue sarcomas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, 19% of the 14‐month‐old tp53Δ7/Δ7 homozygotes and 18% of tp53+/Δ7 heterozygotes spontaneously developed small nevi and non‐invasive melanomas. Large invasive melanomas were also observed in other older homozygous mutants, with about 7.9% penetrance. Our data suggest that more dermatologic investigation of LFS patients should be able to settle the association of melanoma with LFS in epidemiology. Our model is also valuable for further investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying melanoma progression upon germline alteration of the tp53 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rensen Ran
- School of Life Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Lanxin Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Zhaoying Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Liangchen Fang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Jixuan Huang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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16
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Hernandez S, Lazcano R, Serrano A, Powell S, Kostousov L, Mehta J, Khan K, Lu W, Solis LM. Challenges and Opportunities for Immunoprofiling Using a Spatial High-Plex Technology: The NanoString GeoMx ® Digital Spatial Profiler. Front Oncol 2022; 12:890410. [PMID: 35847846 PMCID: PMC9277770 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.890410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the tumor microenvironment through immunoprofiling has become an essential resource for the understanding of the complex immune cell interactions and the assessment of biomarkers for prognosis and prediction of immunotherapy response; however, these studies are often limited by tissue heterogeneity and sample size. The nanoString GeoMx® Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) is a platform that allows high-plex profiling at the protein and RNA level, providing spatial and temporal assessment of tumors in frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded limited tissue sample. Recently, high-impact studies have shown the feasibility of using this technology to identify biomarkers in different settings, including predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in different tumor types. These studies showed that compared to other multiplex and high-plex platforms, the DSP can interrogate a higher number of biomarkers with higher throughput; however, it does not provide single-cell resolution, including co-expression of biomarker or spatial information at the single-cell level. In this review, we will describe the technical overview of the platform, present current evidence of the advantages and limitations of the applications of this technology, and provide important considerations for the experimental design for translational immune-oncology research using this tissue-based high-plex profiling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharia Hernandez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rossana Lazcano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alejandra Serrano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven Powell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Larissa Kostousov
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jay Mehta
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khaja Khan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Liu Z, Wang H, Sun C, He Y, Xia T, Wang J, Xiong X, Zhang Q, Yang S, Liu L. ZWZ-3, a Fluorescent Probe Targeting Mitochondria for Melanoma Imaging and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829684. [PMID: 35281928 PMCID: PMC8905922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased drug resistance and metastasis of melanoma resulted in poor prognosis of patients. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel hemicyanine-based fluorescent probe ZWZ-3, and investigated its application for melanoma imaging and treatment both in vitro and in vivo. ZWZ-3 preferentially accumulated in melanoma cells via a process that depended on the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP), which targeted mitochondria on the hemicyanine cationic nitrogen. In addition, we investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of ZWZ-3 in melanoma. In vitro studies showed that ZWZ-3 promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species and induced mitochondrial-mediated cell apoptosis by upregulating Bax and activating caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP. Importantly, ZWZ-3 also induced autophagy by upregulating LC-3II and Atg5 and downregulating P62. It significantly suppressed tumor growth of A375 xenograft tumor in mice without notable side effects. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that ZWZ-3 induced apoptosis and inhibited tumor cell proliferation. Thus, ZWZ-3 represents a novel theranostic agent that can be used to effectively targeting, detecting, and treating melanoma. It could also help monitoring disease progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjin Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Changzhen Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanmin He
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tong Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianv Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingbi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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18
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Zablocka T, Nikolajeva A, Kreismane M, Pjanova D, Isajevs S. Addressing the importance of melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in disease progression and clinicopathological characteristics. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:255. [PMID: 34671473 PMCID: PMC8521388 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary cutaneous melanoma are considered to represent the host's antitumor immunological response; however, whether there are associations between TIL grade and histopathological characteristics and disease survival remains controversial. BRAF mutational status has been established as a routine screening method in advanced malignant melanoma, and worse prognosis rates have been demonstrated in patients harboring BRAF mutations. However, the general impact of BRAF mutational status on survival and histopathological characteristics is still debated. The aim of the present study was to compare the value of the assessment of TIL grade in stages I-II nodular and superficial spreading melanoma and BRAF mutational status, and its influence on clinicopathological characteristics. Altogether, 85 patients at stage IA-IIC who underwent melanoma surgical treatment at the Riga East University Hospital between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively enrolled in the study. The histopathological characteristics were assessed according to the current World Health Organization and The American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition guidelines. The current study showed that patients with melanoma with high TIL grade had significantly better progression-free survival than patients with low TIL grade (hazard ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.3-11.2; P<0.0001). BRAF mutations were observed in 52 patients (61.2%). BRAF mutational status in melanoma was associated with Clark invasion level (P=0.045), patient age (P=0.02) and TIL (P=0.04). The assessment of TIL grade in stage I-II melanoma demonstrated prognostic significance value and may help improve risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Zablocka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Pathology, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, LV-1005 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Nikolajeva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Madara Kreismane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Isajevs
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Pathology, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, LV-1005 Riga, Latvia
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19
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Matias M, Pinho JO, Penetra MJ, Campos G, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval. Cells 2021; 10:3088. [PMID: 34831311 PMCID: PMC8621991 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta O Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Penetra
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Zhang Y, Long J, Ren J, Huang X, Zhong P, Wang B. Potential Molecular Biomarkers of Vestibular Schwannoma Growth: Progress and Prospects. Front Oncol 2021; 11:731441. [PMID: 34646772 PMCID: PMC8503266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.731441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VSs, also known as acoustic neuromas) are relatively rare benign brain tumors stem from the Schwann cells of the eighth cranial nerve. Tumor growth is the paramount factor for neurosurgeons to decide whether to choose aggressive treatment approach or careful follow-up with regular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as surgery and radiation can introduce significant trauma and affect neurological function, while tumor enlargement during long-term follow-up will compress the adjacent nerves and tissues, causing progressive hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. Recently, with the deepening research of VS biology, some proteins that regulate merlin conformation changes, inflammatory cytokines, miRNAs, tissue proteins and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) components have been proposed to be closely related to tumor volume increase. In this review, we discuss advances in the study of biomarkers that associated with VS growth, providing a reference for exploring the growth course of VS and determining the optimal treatment strategy for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Jęśkowiak I, Wiatrak B, Szeląg A, Mączyński M. Preclinical Study of Immunological Isoxazole Derivatives as a Potential Support for Melanoma Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010920. [PMID: 34681580 PMCID: PMC8535817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm derived from melanocyte precursors with a high metastatic potential. Responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy for melanoma remain weak, underlining the urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of melanoma. (2) Methods: The viability of NHDF and A375 cell cultures after the administration of the tested isoxazole derivatives was assessed after 24-h and 48-h incubation periods with the test compounds in the MTT test. ROS and NO scavenging analyses, a glycoprotein-P activity analysis, a migration assay, a test of apoptosis, and a multiple-criteria decision analysis were also performed. (3) Results: All compounds that were tested resulted in a slower migration of melanoma neoplastic cells. The mechanism of the antitumor activity of the tested compounds was confirmed-i.e., the pro-apoptotic activity of the compounds in A375 cell cultures. Compound O7K qualified for further research. (4) Conclusions: All the tested compounds inhibited the formation of melanoma metastases and demonstrated the ability to reduce the risk of developing drug resistance in the tumor. The MCDA results showed that O7K showed the strongest antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jęśkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (B.W.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (B.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (B.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcin Mączyński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Str., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
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22
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de Franca MNF, Isidório RG, Bonifacio JHO, Dos Santos EWP, Santos JF, Ottoni FM, de Lucca Junior W, Scher R, Alves RJ, Corrêa CB. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of glycosidic derivatives of lawsone in melanoma cancer cell. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:662. [PMID: 34078316 PMCID: PMC8173884 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a malignant cancer that affects melanocytes and is considered the most aggressive skin-type cancer. The prevalence for melanoma cancer for the last five year is about one million cases. The impact caused of this and other types of cancer, revel the importance of research into potential active compounds. The natural products are an important source of compounds with biological activity and research with natural products may enable the discovery of compounds with potential activity in tumor cells. Methods The Sulforhodamine B was used to determine cell density after treatment with lawsone derivatives. Apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometer. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescence using the Phalloidin/FITC and DAPI stains. The clonogenic and wound healing assays were used to analyze reduction of colonies formation and migratory capacity of melanoma cells, respectability. Results In pharmacological screening, seven compounds derived from lawsone were considered to have high cytotoxic activity (GI > 75%). Three compounds were selected to assess the inhibitory concentration for 50% of cells (IC50), and the compound 9, that has IC50 5.3 μM in melanoma cells, was selected for further analyses in this cell line. The clonogenic assay showed that the compound is capable of reducing the formation of melanoma colonies at 10.6 μM concentration. The compound induced apoptotic morphological changes in melanoma cells and increased by 50% the cells dying from apoptosis. Also, this compound reduced the migratory capacity of melanoma cells. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the evaluated lawsone derivatives have potential activity on tumor cells. The compound 9 is capable of inducing cell death by apoptosis in melanoma cells (B16F10). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08404-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nobre Farias de Franca
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil.,Graduate program in health sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Raquel Geralda Isidório
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Oliveira Bonifacio
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - Edmilson Willian Propheta Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil.,Graduate program in health sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jileno Ferreira Santos
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - Flaviano Melo Ottoni
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Waldecy de Lucca Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience of Sergipe, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Scher
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil. .,Graduate program in health sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
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23
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Wang C, Guo L, Wang G, Ye T, Wang B, Xiao J, Liu X. In-vivo imaging of melanoma with simultaneous dual-wavelength acoustic-resolution-based photoacoustic/ultrasound microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3772-3778. [PMID: 33983310 DOI: 10.1364/ao.412609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a common, highly fatal skin cancer. Photoacoustic imaging can achieve highly sensitive and high-contrast detection of melanin molecules in tissues, also inheriting the high penetration depth and high spatial resolution characteristics of ultrasound imaging, thus it is a very promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for early melanoma. In this work, we built an acoustic-resolution-based photoacoustic microscopy system, using 1064 nm/532 nm pulsed light to observe melanoma in the back of a mouse with simultaneous photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging. Through the fusion of multi-modal images, accurate positioning of melanoma and its surrounding normal tissues were realized. This work will further promote the application of photoacoustic imaging in the clinical diagnosis of early melanoma.
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24
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Kratkiewicz K, Manwar R, Zhou Y, Mozaffarzadeh M, Avanaki K. Technical considerations in the Verasonics research ultrasound platform for developing a photoacoustic imaging system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1050-1084. [PMID: 33680559 PMCID: PMC7901326 DOI: 10.1364/boe.415481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging functional and molecular imaging technology that has attracted much attention in the past decade. Recently, many researchers have used the vantage system from Verasonics for simultaneous ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. This was the motivation to write on the details of US/PA imaging system implementation and characterization using Verasonics platform. We have discussed the experimental considerations for linear array based PAI due to its popularity, simple setup, and high potential for clinical translatability. Specifically, we describe the strategies of US/PA imaging system setup, signal generation, amplification, data processing and study the system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kratkiewicz
- Wayne State University, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- These authors have contributed
equally
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of
Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- These authors have contributed
equally
| | - Yang Zhou
- Wayne State University, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Moein Mozaffarzadeh
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department
of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of
Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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