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Samet M, Yazdi M, Tajamolian M, Beygi M, Sheikhha MH, Hoseini SM. The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism on the Severity and Death Rate of COVID-19 in Iranian Patients. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:3568-3585. [PMID: 38145438 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to assess the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 in the Iranian population. Hence, 186 adult patients were categorized into three clinical groups based on the severity of COVID-19: 1) Outpatients or mildly symptomatic patients as control (n = 71); 2) Hospitalized patients or severe symptomatic cases (n = 53); 3) Inpatients led to ICU/death or critically ill patients needed mechanical ventilation (n = 62). The possible association of ACE I/D polymorphism with the risk of comorbidities and serum level of C-reactive protein was evaluated in two severe cases. The results showed that the frequency of D and I alleles are 69.35% and 30.65%, respectively, in the total population. The analysis of allelic frequencies via Fisher's exact test confirmed significantly higher frequency of D allele in both severe groups than that in the mild one, 78.31% in Hospitalized patients (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.46 to 4.46; p-value = 0.0011) and 74.19% in Inpatients led to ICU/death (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.43; p-value = 0.0094) compared to 58.45% in Outpatients. The results of genotype proportions displayed an association between COVID-19 severity and DD genotype. Overall, our findings in Iranian patients supported the undeniable role of the DD genotype in the intensity of the disease, comparable to other populations. Furthermore, there is no definite evidence regarding the protective effect of the I allele in our inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samet
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehran Yazdi
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Tajamolian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdi Beygi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Sheikhha
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Hoseini
- Abortion Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
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Cosarderelioglu C, Kreimer S, Plaza‐Rodriguez AI, Iglesias PA, Talbot CC, Siragy HM, Carey RM, Ubaida‐Mohien C, O'Rourke B, Ferrucci L, Bennett DA, Walston J, Abadir P. Decoding Angiotensin Receptors: TOMAHAQ-Based Detection and Quantification of Angiotensin Type-1 and Type-2 Receptors. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030791. [PMID: 37681524 PMCID: PMC10547273 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in human physiology, and its main hormone, angiotensin, activates 2 G-protein-coupled receptors, the angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors, in almost every organ. However, controversy exists about the location, distribution, and expression levels of these receptors. Concerns have been raised over the low sensitivity, low specificity, and large variability between lots of commercially available antibodies for angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors, which makes it difficult to reconciliate results of different studies. Here, we describe the first non-antibody-based sensitive and specific targeted quantitative mass spectrometry assay for angiotensin receptors. Methods and Results Using a technique that allows targeted analysis of multiple peptides across multiple samples in a single mass spectrometry analysis, known as TOMAHAQ (triggered by offset, multiplexed, accurate mass, high resolution, and absolute quantification), we have identified and validated specific human tryptic peptides that permit identification and quantification of angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors in biological samples. Several peptide sequences are conserved in rodents, making these mass spectrometry assays amenable to both preclinical and clinical studies. We have used this method to quantify angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors in postmortem frontal cortex samples of older adults (n=28) with Alzheimer dementia. We correlated levels of angiotensin receptors to biomarkers classically linked to renin-angiotensin system activation, including oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid-β load, and paired helical filament-tau tangle burden. Conclusions These robust high-throughput assays will not only catalyze novel mechanistic studies in the angiotensin research field but may also help to identify patients with an unbalanced angiotensin receptor distribution who would benefit from angiotensin receptor blocker treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal MedicineAnkara University School of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | - Simion Kreimer
- The Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics FacilityJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | | | - Pablo A. Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Helmy M. Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | | | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
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3
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Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Marx-Rattner R, Powell L, Xue QL, Tian J, Oh ES, Ferrucci L, Dincer P, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Angiotensin receptor blocker use is associated with upregulation of the memory-protective angiotensin type 4 receptor (AT 4R) in the postmortem brains of individuals without cognitive impairment. GeroScience 2023; 45:371-384. [PMID: 35969296 PMCID: PMC9886717 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported primary dementia-protective benefits of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARB) are believed, at least in part, to arise from systemic effects on blood pressure. However, there is a specific and independently regulated brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Brain RAS acts mainly through three receptor subtypes; AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R. The AT1R promotes inflammation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. AT2R increases nitric oxide. AT4R is essential for dopamine and acetylcholine release. It is unknown whether ARB use is associated with changes in the brain RAS. Here, we compared the impact of treatment with ARB on not cognitively impaired individuals and individuals with Alzheimer's dementia using postmortem frontal-cortex samples of age- and sex-matched participants (70-90 years old, n = 30 in each group). We show that ARB use is associated with higher brain AT4R, lower oxidative stress, and amyloid-β burden in NCI participants. In AD, ARB use was associated with lower brain AT1R but had no impact on inflammation, oxidative stress, or amyloid-β burden. Our results may suggest a potential role for AT4R in the salutary effects for ARB on the brains of not cognitively impaired older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claudene J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center On Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pervin Dincer
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Saleh N, Cosarderelioglu C, Vajapey R, Walston J, Abadir PM. Losartan Mitigates Oxidative Stress in the Brains of Aged and Inflamed IL-10-/- Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1784-1788. [PMID: 35486382 PMCID: PMC9434460 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system are closely linked, and their crosstalk commonly contributes to age-related physical and cognitive decline. The primary dementia-protective benefits of Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers are believed to arise from systemic effects on blood pressure. However, there is an independently regulated brain-specific renin-angiotensin system. Here, we examined the impact of 4 weeks of oral Losartan treatment on the brains of aged (100 weeks old) IL-10-/- mice, an animal model of chronic inflammation and frailty. Our data show that aged IL-10-/- mice have higher AT1R and Nitrotyrosine (oxidative stress marker) levels in their frontal cortex tissue but not in cerebellar or hippocampal tissue compared to age- and sex-matched wild type mice. Losartan treatment for 4 weeks is associated with lower AT1R protein level, Nitrotyrosine, and Tau protein in the frontal cortex of aged IL-10-/- mice. Our results highlight the impact of Losartan, an AT1R blocker commonly prescribed for treating high blood pressure, on the brain-specific angiotensin system and AT1R-linked downstream effects such as brain oxidative stress damage and Tau burden in a frailty mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaneen Saleh
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Ozdener MH, Mahavadi S, Mummalaneni S, Lyall V. Relationship between ENaC Regulators and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Receptor (ACE2) Expression in Cultured Adult Human Fungiform (HBO) Taste Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:2703. [PMID: 35807883 PMCID: PMC9268489 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the α, β, and γ subunits of ENaC, human salt-sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs) also express the δ-subunit. At present, it is not clear if the expression and function of the ENaC δ-subunit in human salt-sensing TRCs is also modulated by the ENaC regulatory hormones and intracellular signaling effectors known to modulate salt responses in rodent TRCs. Here, we used molecular techniques to demonstrate that the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1), the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), and components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are expressed in δ-ENaC-positive cultured adult human fungiform (HBO) taste cells. Our results suggest that RAAS components function in a complex with ENaC and TRPV1 to modulate salt sensing and thus salt intake in humans. Early, but often prolonged, symptoms of COVID-19 infection are the loss of taste, smell, and chemesthesis. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 contains a receptor-binding domain, which is responsible for recognizing and binding to the ACE2 receptor, a component of RAAS. Our results show that the binding of a mutated S1 protein to ACE2 decreases ACE2 expression in HBO cells. We hypothesize that changes in ACE2 receptor expression can alter the balance between the two major RAAS pathways, ACE1/Ang II/AT1R and ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MASR1, leading to changes in ENaC expression and responses to NaCl in salt-sensing human fungiform taste cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Biology, Center for Biomedical Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
| | - Shobha Mummalaneni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Vijay Lyall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Atif M, Alsrhani A, Naz F, Ullah MI, Alameen AAM, Imran M, Ejaz H. Adenosine A 2A receptor as a potential target for improving cancer immunotherapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10677-10687. [PMID: 35752699 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine nucleoside performs a wide range of actions on various human tissues by activating four cell surface receptors. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are widely expressed in the striatum, olfactory bulb, platelets, leukocytes, spleen, and thymus. They promote vasodilatation, platelet antiaggregatory effect, protection from ischemic damage, and regulation of sensorimotor neurons in basal ganglia. Adenosine signaling plays a vital part in modulating in vivo pathophysiological responses. A2ARs are potent negative regulators of the antitumor and proinflammatory actions of activated T cells. This axis offers several therapeutic targets, the most important of which are A2ARs, HIF-1α, and CD39/CD73. Downregulation of this axis increases the effectiveness of modern immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer, such as αCTLA-4/αPD-1. These discoveries have led to a promising novel role of antagonists of A2AR in blocking angiogenesis in immunotherapy of cancer. A small molecule, AZD4635, strongly inhibits A2AR, lowering cancer volume and increasing anticancer immunity. Deletion of A2AR with CRISPR/Cas9 in both human and murine CAR T cells produces a substantial increase in the efficiency of these cells. This review asserts that inhibition of the adenosinergic pathway can boost antitumor immunity, and this axis should be a target for future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrah Naz
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Ali Mohammed Alameen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Marx-Rattner R, Powell L, Xue QL, Tian J, Salib J, Oh ES, Ferrucci L, Dincer P, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Higher Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Levels and Activity in the Postmortem Brains of Older Persons with Alzheimer's Dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:664-672. [PMID: 34914835 PMCID: PMC8974324 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a key risk factor in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) development and progression. The primary dementia-protective benefits of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers are believed to arise from systemic effects on blood pressure. However, a brain-specific renin-angiotensin system (b-RAS) exists, which can be altered by AT1R blockers. Brain RAS acts mainly through 3 angiotensin receptors: AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R. Changes in these brain angiotensin receptors may accelerate the progression of AD. Using postmortem frontal cortex brain samples of age- and sex-matched cognitively normal individuals (n = 30) and AD patients (n = 30), we sought to dissect the b-RAS changes associated with AD and assess how these changes correlate with brain markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as amyloid-β and paired helical filament tau pathologies. Our results show higher protein levels of the pro-inflammatory AT1R and phospho-ERK (pERK) in the brains of AD participants. Brain AT1R levels and pERK correlated with higher oxidative stress, lower cognitive performance, and higher tangle and amyloid-β scores. This study identifies molecular changes in b-RAS and offers insight into the role of b-RAS in AD-related brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudene J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy Salib
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pervin Dincer
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Portales AE, Mustafá ER, McCarthy CI, Cornejo MP, Couto PM, Gironacci MM, Caramelo JJ, Perelló M, Raingo J. ACE2 internalization induced by a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein is modulated by angiotensin II type 1 and bradykinin 2 receptors. Life Sci 2022; 293:120284. [PMID: 35038454 PMCID: PMC8758573 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) recently identified as the membrane receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we aim to study whether two receptors from RAS, the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) and the bradykinin 2 receptor (B2R) modulate ACE2 internalization induced by a recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Also, we investigated the impact of ACE2 coexpression on AT1R and B2R functionality. MATERIALS AND METHODS To study ACE2 internalization, we assessed the distribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in HEK293T cells coexpressing GFP-tagged ACE2 and AT1R, or B2R, or AT1R plus B2R in presence of RBD alone or in combination with AT1R or B2R ligands. To estimate ACE2 internalization, we classified GFP signal distribution as plasma membrane uniform GFP (PMU-GFP), plasma membrane clustered GFP (PMC-GFP) or internalized GFP and calculated its relative frequency. Additionally, we investigated the effect of ACE2 coexpression on AT1R and B2R inhibitory action on voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV2.2) currents by patch-clamp technique. KEY FINDINGS RBD induced ACE2-GFP internalization in a time-dependent manner. RBD-induced ACE2-GFP internalization was increased by angiotensin II and reduced by telmisartan in cells coexpressing AT1R. RBD-induced ACE2-GFP internalization was strongly inhibited by B2R co-expression. This effect was mildly modified by bradykinin and rescued by angiotensin II in presence of AT1R. ACE2 coexpression impacted on B2R- and AT1R-mediated inhibition of CaV2.2 currents. SIGNIFICANCE Our work contributes to understand the role of RAS modulators in the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estefanía Portales
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio Román Mustafá
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Inés McCarthy
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Monserrat Couto
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Mariela Mercedes Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Julio Javier Caramelo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina..
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9
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Valenzuela R, Pedrosa MA, Quijano A, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Drugs Modulating Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID-19 Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:502. [PMID: 35203711 PMCID: PMC8962306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A massive worldwide vaccination campaign constitutes the main tool against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, drug treatments are also necessary. Antivirals are the most frequently considered treatments. However, strategies targeting mechanisms involved in disease aggravation may also be effective. A major role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology and severity of COVID-19 has been suggested. The main link between RAS and COVID-19 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a central RAS component and the primary binding site for SARS-CoV-2 that facilitates the virus entry into host cells. An initial suggestion that the susceptibility to infection and disease severity may be enhanced by angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) because they increase ACE2 levels, led to the consideration of discontinuing treatments in thousands of patients. More recent experimental and clinical data indicate that ACEIs and, particularly, ARBs can be beneficial for COVID-19 outcome, both by reducing inflammatory responses and by triggering mechanisms (such as ADAM17 inhibition) counteracting viral entry. Strategies directly activating RAS anti-inflammatory components such as soluble ACE2, Angiotensin 1-7 analogues, and Mas or AT2 receptor agonists may also be beneficial. However, while ACEIs and ARBs are cheap and widely used, the second type of strategies are currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Labandeira
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Neurology Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloia Quijano
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Pandolfi S, Chirumbolo S, Ricevuti G, Valdenassi L, Bjørklund G, Lysiuk R, Doşa MD, Lenchyk L, Fazio S. Home pharmacological therapy in early COVID-19 to prevent hospitalization and reduce mortality: Time for a suitable proposal. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:225-239. [PMID: 34811895 PMCID: PMC9011697 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic is a highly dramatic concern for mankind. In Italy, the pandemic exerted its major impact throughout the period of February to June 2020. To date, the awkward amount of more than 134,000 deaths has been reported. Yet, post‐mortem autopsy was performed on a very modest number of patients who died from COVID‐19 infection, leading to a first confirmation of an immune‐thrombosis of the lungs as the major COVID‐19 pathogenesis, likewise for SARS. Since then (June–August 2020), no targeted early therapy considering this pathogenetic issue was approached. The patients treated with early anti‐inflammatory, anti‐platelet, anticoagulant and antibiotic therapy confirmed that COVID‐19 was an endothelial inflammation with immuno‐thrombosis. Patients not treated or scarcely treated with the most proper and appropriate therapy and in the earliest, increased the hospitalization rate in the intensive care units and also mortality, due to immune‐thrombosis from the pulmonary capillary district and alveoli. The disease causes widespread endothelial inflammation, which can induce damage to various organs and systems. Therapy must be targeted in this consideration, and in this review, we demonstrate how early anti‐inflammatory therapy may treat endothelia inflammation and immune‐thrombosis caused by COVID‐19, by using drugs we are going to recommend in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pandolfi
- High School of Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Neurosurgery, Villa Mafalda Health Clinics, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Valdenassi
- High School of Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Direction Board, Council for Nutritional an Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Monica Daniela Doşa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Valenzuela R, Pedrosa MA, Garrido-Gil P, Labandeira CM, Navarro G, Franco R, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Interactions between ibuprofen, ACE2, renin-angiotensin system, and spike protein in the lung. Implications for COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e371. [PMID: 33931961 PMCID: PMC8019581 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Valenzuela
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Labandeira
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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