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Nagit RE, Rezus E, Cianga P. Exploring the Pathogenesis of Spondylarthritis beyond HLA-B27: A Descriptive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6081. [PMID: 38892265 PMCID: PMC11172491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spondylarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that encompasses damage to the axial or peripheral skeleton, accompanied by specific extra-articular symptoms. Within this group, Ankylosing Spondylitis stands out as the hallmark member. Although the heritability of Ankylosing Spondylitis is estimated to be over 95%, only a portion of the heritability has been explained, with HLA-B27 accounting for 20.1% of it; therefore, ongoing research endeavors are currently concentrated on investigating the potential participation of different entities in the development of the disease. Genome-wide association studies have led to significant advances in our understanding of the genetics of SpA. In this descriptive review, we delve into the pathogenesis of Spondylarthritis beyond HLA-B27. We summarize the latest research on the potential participation of various entities in the development of the disease, including other genetic loci, immune dysregulation, microbiota, and environmental factors. The multifactorial nature of SpA and the complex interplay of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors are being increasingly recognized; therefore, it is of paramount importance to consider a holistic approach to comprehend the pathogenesis of SpA in order to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra-Elena Nagit
- Immunology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Elena Rezus
- Rheumatology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Petru Cianga
- Immunology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
- Immunology Laboratory, “St. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
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2
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Țiburcă L, Zaha DC, Jurca MC, Severin E, Jurca A, Jurca AD. The Role of Aminopeptidase ERAP1 in Human Pathology-A Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1651-1667. [PMID: 38534723 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are a group of enzymatic proteins crucial for protein digestion, catalyzing the cleavage of amino acids at the N-terminus of peptides. Among them are ERAP1 (coding for endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1), ERAP2 (coding for endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2), and LNPEP (coding for leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase). These genes encoding these enzymes are contiguous and located on the same chromosome (5q21); they share structural homology and functions and are associated with immune-mediated diseases. These aminopeptidases play a key role in immune pathology by cleaving peptides to optimal sizes for binding to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and contribute to cellular homeostasis. By their ability to remove the extracellular region of interleukin 2 and 6 receptors (IL2, IL6) and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF), ERAP1 and ERAP2 are involved in regulating the innate immune response and, finally, in blood pressure control and angiogenesis. The combination of specific genetic variations in these genes has been linked to various conditions, including autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases and cancer, as well as hematological and dermatological disorders. This literature review aims to primarily explore the impact of ERAP1 polymorphisms on its enzymatic activity and function. Through a systematic examination of the available literature, this review seeks to provide valuable insights into the role of ERAP1 in the pathogenesis of various diseases and its potential implications for targeted therapeutic interventions. Through an exploration of the complex interplay between ERAP1 and various disease states, this review contributes to the synthesis of current biomedical research findings and their implications for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Țiburcă
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universității Street 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Dana Carmen Zaha
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universității Street 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Maria Claudia Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universității Street 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bihor, 65-67, Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
| | - Emilia Severin
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu 37 Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universității Street 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexandru Daniel Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universității Street 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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3
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Raja A, Kuiper JJW. Evolutionary immuno-genetics of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase II (ERAP2). Genes Immun 2023; 24:295-302. [PMID: 37925533 PMCID: PMC10721543 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) is a proteolytic enzyme involved in adaptive immunity. The ERAP2 gene is highly polymorphic and encodes haplotypes that confer resistance against lethal infectious diseases, but also increase the risk for autoimmune disorders. Identifying how ERAP2 influences susceptibility to these traits requires an understanding of the selective pressures that shaped and maintained allelic variation throughout human evolution. Our review discusses the genetic regulation of haplotypes and diversity in naturally occurring ERAP2 allotypes in the global population. We outline how these ERAP2 haplotypes evolved during human history and highlight the presence of Neanderthal DNA sequences in ERAP2 of modern humans. Recent evidence suggests that human adaptation during the last ~10,000 years and historic pandemics left a significant mark on the ERAP2 gene that determines susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosha Raja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas J W Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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4
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Khoshbakht S, Başkurt D, Vural A, Vural S. Behçet's Disease: A Comprehensive Review on the Role of HLA-B*51, Antigen Presentation, and Inflammatory Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16382. [PMID: 38003572 PMCID: PMC10671634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex, recurring inflammatory disorder with autoinflammatory and autoimmune components. This comprehensive review aims to explore BD's pathogenesis, focusing on established genetic factors. Studies reveal that HLA-B*51 is the primary genetic risk factor, but non-HLA genes (ERAP1, IL-10, IL23R/IL-12RB2), as well as innate immunity genes (FUT2, MICA, TLRs), also contribute. Genome-wide studies emphasize the significance of ERAP1 and HLA-I epistasis. These variants influence antigen presentation, enzymatic activity, and HLA-I peptidomes, potentially leading to distinct autoimmune responses. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify studies exploring the association between HLA-B*51 and BD and further highlighted the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in BD. Dysregulations in Th1/Th2 and Th17/Th1 ratios, heightened clonal cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells, and reduced T regulatory cells characterize BD's complex immune responses. Various immune cell types (neutrophils, γδ T cells, natural killer cells) further contribute by releasing cytokines (IL-17, IL-8, GM-CSF) that enhance neutrophil activation and mediate interactions between innate and adaptive immunity. In summary, this review advances our understanding of BD pathogenesis while acknowledging the research limitations. Further exploration of genetic interactions, immune dysregulation, and immune cell roles is crucial. Future studies may unveil novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, offering improved management for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khoshbakht
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (S.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Defne Başkurt
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
| | - Atay Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (S.K.); (A.V.)
- Department of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Seçil Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (S.K.); (A.V.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
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5
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Blander JM, Yee Mon KJ, Jha A, Roycroft D. The show and tell of cross-presentation. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:33-114. [PMID: 37996207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the culmination of complex subcellular processes that allow the processing of exogenous proteins and the presentation of resultant peptides on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8 T cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a cell type that uniquely specializes in cross-presentation, mainly in the context of viral or non-viral infection and cancer. DCs have an extensive network of endovesicular pathways that orchestrate the biogenesis of an ideal cross-presentation compartment where processed antigen, MHC-I molecules, and the MHC-I peptide loading machinery all meet. As a central conveyor of information to CD8 T cells, cross-presentation allows cross-priming of T cells which carry out robust adaptive immune responses for tumor and viral clearance. Cross-presentation can be canonical or noncanonical depending on the functional status of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which in turn influences the vesicular route of MHC-I delivery to internalized antigen and the cross-presented repertoire of peptides. Because TAP is a central node in MHC-I presentation, it is targeted by immune evasive viruses and cancers. Thus, understanding the differences between canonical and noncanonical cross-presentation may inform new therapeutic avenues against cancer and infectious disease. Defects in cross-presentation on a cellular and genetic level lead to immune-related disease progression, recurrent infection, and cancer progression. In this chapter, we review the process of cross-presentation beginning with the DC subsets that conduct cross-presentation, the signals that regulate cross-presentation, the vesicular trafficking pathways that orchestrate cross-presentation, the modes of cross-presentation, and ending with disease contexts where cross-presentation plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Programs, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Kristel Joy Yee Mon
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Atimukta Jha
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dylan Roycroft
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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Tedeschi V, Paldino G, Alba J, Molteni E, Paladini F, Scrivo R, Congia M, Cauli A, Caccavale R, Paroli M, Di Franco M, Tuosto L, Sorrentino R, D’Abramo M, Fiorillo MT. ERAP1 and ERAP2 Haplotypes Influence Suboptimal HLA-B*27:05-Restricted Anti-Viral CD8+ T Cell Responses Cross-Reactive to Self-Epitopes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13335. [PMID: 37686141 PMCID: PMC10488187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27 family of alleles is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the axial and peripheral joints, yet some HLA-B*27 variants not associated with AS have been shown. Since no major differences in the ligandome of associated compared to not-associated alleles have emerged, a plausible hypothesis is that the quantity rather than the quality of the presented epitopes makes the difference. In addition, the Endoplasmic Reticulum AminoPeptidases (ERAPs) 1 and 2, playing a crucial role in shaping the HLA class I epitopes, act as strong AS susceptibility factors, suggesting that an altered peptidome might be responsible for the activation of pathogenic CD8+ T cells. In this context, we have previously singled out a B*27:05-restricted CD8+ T cell response against pEBNA3A (RPPIFIRRL), an EBV peptide lacking the B*27 classic binding motif. Here, we show that a specific ERAP1/2 haplotype negatively correlates with such response in B*27:05 subjects. Moreover, we prove that the B*27:05 allele successfully presents peptides with the same suboptimal N-terminal RP motif, including the self-peptide, pDYNEIN (RPPIFGDFL). Overall, this study underscores the cooperation between the HLA-B*27 and ERAP1/2 allelic variants in defining CD8+ T cell reactivity to suboptimal viral and self-B*27 peptides and prompts further investigation of the B*27:05 peptidome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Giorgia Paldino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Josephine Alba
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Emanuele Molteni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (R.S.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Rossana Scrivo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (R.S.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Mattia Congia
- Rheumatology Unit, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Rheumatology Unit, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Rosalba Caccavale
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Surgical Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sapienza University of Rome c/o Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy; (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Marino Paroli
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Surgical Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sapienza University of Rome c/o Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy; (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Di Franco
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (R.S.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
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7
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Hamilton F, Mentzer AJ, Parks T, Baillie JK, Smith GD, Ghazal P, Timpson NJ. Variation in ERAP2 has opposing effects on severe respiratory infection and autoimmune disease. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:691-702. [PMID: 36889308 PMCID: PMC10119032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ERAP2 is an aminopeptidase involved in immunological antigen presentation. Genotype data in human samples from before and after the Black Death, an epidemic due to Yersinia pestis, have marked changes in allele frequency of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2549794, with the T allele suggested to be deleterious during this period, while ERAP2 is also implicated in autoimmune diseases. This study explored the association between variation at ERAP2 and (1) infection, (2) autoimmune disease, and (3) parental longevity. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of these outcomes were identified in contemporary cohorts (UK Biobank, FinnGen, and GenOMICC). Effect estimates were extracted for rs2549794 and rs2248374, a haplotype tagging SNP. Additionally, cis expression and protein quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for ERAP2 were used in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Consistent with decreased survival in the Black Death, the T allele of rs2549794 showed evidence of association with respiratory infection (odds ratio; OR for pneumonia 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.05). Effect estimates were larger for more severe phenotypes (OR for critical care admission with pneumonia 1.08; 95% CI 1.02-1.14). In contrast, opposing effects were identified for Crohn disease (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.82-0.90). This allele was shown to associate with decreased ERAP2 expression and protein levels, independent of haplotype. MR analyses suggest that ERAP2 expression may be mediating disease associations. Decreased ERAP2 expression is associated with severe respiratory infection with an opposing association with autoimmune diseases. These data support the hypothesis of balancing selection at this locus driven by autoimmune and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Hamilton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Infection Science, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Tom Parks
- Wellcome Centre For Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Paldino G, Fierabracci A. Shedding new light on the role of ERAP1 in Type 1 diabetes: A perspective on disease management. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103291. [PMID: 36740089 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a multifactorial organ specific autoimmune disease which originates from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets by autoreactive CD8+ T lymphocytes. The autoimmune responses are raised against autoantigenic peptides presented in the context of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules. Peptides are generated in the cytoplasm of the beta cell by degradation through the proteasome activity and other proteases. Proteolytic intermediate protein fragments are then vehicled into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by transporters associated with antigen processing TAP1 and TAP2. In the ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) shape the intermediate proteins to produce the optimal peptide size for loading into the MHC class I molecules. Subsequently complexes are shuttled to the cell surface for antigen presentation. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified different SNPs of ERAP1 associated to several autoimmune diseases and in particular the T1D-related ERAP1 SNP rs30187 encoding for K528R ERAP1. An association between the ER stress and the increased exposure of beta cells to the immune system has been hypothesized to further contribute to the etiopathogenesis. In particular in a recent study by Thomaidou et al. 2020 (doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-0984) the posttranscriptional regulation of ERAP1 is shown to shaping the recognition of the preproinsulin (PPI) signal peptide by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In the light of foregoing ERAP1 inhibitors could potentially prevent the activation of epitope-specific autoimmune-promoting T cells and their cytokine production; further regulating ERAP1 expression at posttranscriptional level under stress conditions of the beta cells could help to reverse autoimmune process through limiting epitope-presentation to autoreactive T cells. In this article we provide a perspective on the role of ERAP1 as implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by reviewing studies reported in literature and discussing our own experimental evidence.
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Kuiper JJ, Prinz JC, Stratikos E, Kuśnierczyk P, Arakawa A, Springer S, Mintoff D, Padjen I, Shumnalieva R, Vural S, Kötter I, van de Sande MG, Boyvat A, de Boer JH, Bertsias G, de Vries N, Krieckaert CL, Leal I, Vidovič Valentinčič N, Tugal-Tutkun I, El Khaldi Ahanach H, Costantino F, Glatigny S, Mrazovac Zimak D, Lötscher F, Kerstens FG, Bakula M, Viera Sousa E, Böhm P, Bosman K, Kenna TJ, Powis SJ, Breban M, Gul A, Bowes J, Lories RJ, Nowatzky J, Wolbink GJ, McGonagle DG, Turkstra F. EULAR study group on ‘MHC-I-opathy’: identifying disease-overarching mechanisms across disciplines and borders. Ann Rheum Dis 2023:ard-2022-222852. [PMID: 36987655 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-222852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The ‘MHC-I (major histocompatibility complex class I)-opathy’ concept describes a family of inflammatory conditions with overlapping clinical manifestations and a strong genetic link to the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway. Classical MHC-I-opathies such as spondyloarthritis, Behçet’s disease, psoriasis and birdshot uveitis are widely recognised for their strong association with certain MHC-I alleles and gene variants of the antigen processing aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 that implicates altered MHC-I peptide presentation to CD8+T cells in the pathogenesis. Progress in understanding the cause and treatment of these disorders is hampered by patient phenotypic heterogeneity and lack of systematic investigation of the MHC-I pathway.Here, we discuss new insights into the biology of MHC-I-opathies that strongly advocate for disease-overarching and integrated molecular and clinical investigation to decipher underlying disease mechanisms. Because this requires transformative multidisciplinary collaboration, we introduce the EULAR study group on MHC-I-opathies to unite clinical expertise in rheumatology, dermatology and ophthalmology, with fundamental and translational researchers from multiple disciplines such as immunology, genomics and proteomics, alongside patient partners. We prioritise standardisation of disease phenotypes and scientific nomenclature and propose interdisciplinary genetic and translational studies to exploit emerging therapeutic strategies to understand MHC-I-mediated disease mechanisms. These collaborative efforts are required to address outstanding questions in the etiopathogenesis of MHC-I-opathies towards improving patient treatment and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jw Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg C Prinz
- University Hospital, department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Piotr Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Ludwik Hirszfeld Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Akiko Arakawa
- University Hospital, department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | | | - Dillon Mintoff
- Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
- Department of Pathology, University of Malta Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Msida, Malta
| | - Ivan Padjen
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb Department of Internal Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Russka Shumnalieva
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Seçil Vural
- School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ina Kötter
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bad Bramdsted Hospital, Bad Bramstedt, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marleen G van de Sande
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC) | Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayşe Boyvat
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joke H de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Iraklio, Greece
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity-Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niek de Vries
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC) | Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Lm Krieckaert
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center (ARC)| Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Reade Hoofdlocatie Dr Jan van Breemenstraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudeos das Ciencias da Visão, Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nataša Vidovič Valentinčič
- University Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanane El Khaldi Ahanach
- Departement of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Félicie Costantino
- Service de Rheumatology, Hospital Ambroise-Pare, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabian Lötscher
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Floor G Kerstens
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center (ARC)| Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Reade Hoofdlocatie Dr Jan van Breemenstraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marija Bakula
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb Department of Internal Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elsa Viera Sousa
- Rheumatology Research Unit Molecular João Lobo Antunes, University of Lisbon Medical Faculty, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatology DepartmentSanta Maria Centro Hospital, Academic Medical Centre of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Böhm
- Patientpartner, German League against Rheumatism, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kees Bosman
- Patientpartner, Nationale Vereniging ReumaZorg, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony J Kenna
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews School of Medicine, St Andrews, UK
| | - Maxime Breban
- Service de Rheumatology, Hospital Ambroise-Pare, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Division of Rheumatology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - John Bowes
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rik Ju Lories
- Department of Rheumatology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Nowatzky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU Langone Behçet's Disease Program, NYU Langone Ocular Rheumatology Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerrit Jan Wolbink
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center (ARC)| Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Franktien Turkstra
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center (ARC)| Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Reade Hoofdlocatie Dr Jan van Breemenstraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Klunk J, Vilgalys TP, Demeure CE, Cheng X, Shiratori M, Madej J, Beau R, Elli D, Patino MI, Redfern R, DeWitte SN, Gamble JA, Boldsen JL, Carmichael A, Varlik N, Eaton K, Grenier JC, Golding GB, Devault A, Rouillard JM, Yotova V, Sindeaux R, Ye CJ, Bikaran M, Dumaine A, Brinkworth JF, Missiakas D, Rouleau GA, Steinrücken M, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Poinar HN, Barreiro LB. Evolution of immune genes is associated with the Black Death. Nature 2022; 611:312-319. [PMID: 36261521 PMCID: PMC9580435 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the strongest selective pressures driving human evolution1,2. This includes the single greatest mortality event in recorded history, the first outbreak of the second pandemic of plague, commonly called the Black Death, which was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis3. This pandemic devastated Afro-Eurasia, killing up to 30-50% of the population4. To identify loci that may have been under selection during the Black Death, we characterized genetic variation around immune-related genes from 206 ancient DNA extracts, stemming from two different European populations before, during and after the Black Death. Immune loci are strongly enriched for highly differentiated sites relative to a set of non-immune loci, suggesting positive selection. We identify 245 variants that are highly differentiated within the London dataset, four of which were replicated in an independent cohort from Denmark, and represent the strongest candidates for positive selection. The selected allele for one of these variants, rs2549794, is associated with the production of a full-length (versus truncated) ERAP2 transcript, variation in cytokine response to Y. pestis and increased ability to control intracellular Y. pestis in macrophages. Finally, we show that protective variants overlap with alleles that are today associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, providing empirical evidence for the role played by past pandemics in shaping present-day susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Klunk
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology, Biology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tauras P Vilgalys
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Xiaoheng Cheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mari Shiratori
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julien Madej
- Yersinia Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Beau
- Yersinia Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Derek Elli
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Maria I Patino
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Redfern
- Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, London, UK
| | - Sharon N DeWitte
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Julia A Gamble
- Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jesper L Boldsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Unit of Anthropology (ADBOU), University of Southern Denmark, Odense S, Denmark
| | - Ann Carmichael
- History Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nükhet Varlik
- Department of History, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Katherine Eaton
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology, Biology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Grenier
- Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Brian Golding
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology, Biology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Marie Rouillard
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vania Yotova
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renata Sindeaux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matin Bikaran
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica F Brinkworth
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthias Steinrücken
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Hendrik N Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology, Biology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Artamonova OG, Karamova AE, Chikin VV, Kubanov AA. HLA-B27 and its role of the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2022. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review presents the characteristics of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 as a factor contributing to the development of psoriatic arthritis. HLA-B27 is a class I surface antigen encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B locus located on chromosome 6. The main function is to present antigenic peptides to the CD8+ T-cells. HLA-B27 is the most important genetic biomarker for psoriatic arthritis, as it provides phenotypic differentiation in the patient population. The prevalence of HLA-B27 in various population groups are presented. The structural features of the HLA-B27 molecule are described. The characteristics of methods for detecting HLA-B27 status and determining its subtypes are given. The main mechanisms of the HLA-B27 polymorphism influence on the development of psoriatic arthritis are considered, and hypotheses are analyzed that explain the pathogenic effect of HLA-B27: the arthritogenic peptide hypothesis, the misfolding hypothesis, the HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimer formation hypothesis. The features of the clinical manifestations and course of HLA-B27-positive psoriatic arthritis are presented, allowing the use of HLA-B27 to predict the development of psoriatic joint damage.
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12
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Xiong Y, Cai M, Xu Y, Dong P, Chen H, He W, Zhang J. Joint together: The etiology and pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996103. [PMID: 36325352 PMCID: PMC9619093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) refers to a group of diseases with inflammation in joints and spines. In this family, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a rare but classic form that mainly involves the spine and sacroiliac joint, leading to the loss of flexibility and fusion of the spine. Compared to other diseases in SpA, AS has a very distinct hereditary disposition and pattern of involvement, and several hypotheses about its etiopathogenesis have been proposed. In spite of significant advances made in Th17 dynamics and AS treatment, the underlying mechanism remains concealed. To this end, we covered several topics, including the nature of the immune response, the microenvironment in the articulation that is behind the disease's progression, and the split between the hypotheses and the evidence on how the intestine affects arthritis. In this review, we describe the current findings of AS and SpA, with the aim of providing an integrated view of the initiation of inflammation and the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
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13
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Mattorre B, Tedeschi V, Paldino G, Fiorillo MT, Paladini F, Sorrentino R. The emerging multifunctional roles of ERAP1, ERAP2 and IRAP between antigen processing and renin-angiotensin system modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1002375. [PMID: 36203608 PMCID: PMC9531115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2) and Insulin Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) are three M1 zinc metalloproteases whose role in antigen processing is the refining of peptidome either in the Endoplasmic reticulum (ERAP1 and ERAP2), or in the endosomes (IRAP). However, other novel and distinct functions are emerging. Here, we focus specifically on ERAP2. This gene has a peculiar evolutionary history, being absent in rodents and undergoing in humans to a balanced selection of two haplotypes, one of which not expressing the full length ERAP2. These observations suggest that its role in antigen presentation is not essential. An additional, less investigated role is in the regulation of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). ERAP1 and ERAP2 cleave Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Ang III and IV, which counteract the action of Ang II whereas IRAP is itself the receptor for Ang IV. We have recently reported that macrophages, independently from the haplotype, express and release a N-terminus ERAP2 “short” form which directly binds IRAP and the two molecules are co-expressed in the endosomes and on the cell membrane. This new evidence suggests that the maintenance of the ERAP2 gene in humans could be due to its activity in the regulation of the RAS system, possibly as an Ang IV agonist. Its role in the immune-mediated diseases as well as in disorders more specifically related to an imbalance of the RAS system, including hypertension, pre-eclampsia but also viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed here.
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14
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Kuśnierczyk P. To Be or Not to Be: The Case of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902567. [PMID: 35769458 PMCID: PMC9234130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To be, or not to be, that is the question. (William Shakespeare, Hamlet)
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2, respectively) play a role in trimming peptides that are too long to be bound and presented by class I HLA (HLA-I) molecules to CD8+ T cells. They may also affect the HLA-I-presented peptide repertoire by overtrimming potential epitopes. Both enzymes may also be released from the cell to cleave cytokine receptors and regulate blood pressure. Both enzymes are polymorphic, which affects their expression, specificity, and activity, resulting in their role in diseases associated with HLA-I. In this brief review, we concentrate on ERAP2, less investigated because of its lack in laboratory mice and 25% of humans, as well as a lower polymorphism. ERAP2 was found to be associated with several diseases and to influence ERAP1 effects. It was discovered recently that the defective ERAP2 gene, not encoding functional aminopeptidase, may nevertheless, during viral infections, produce a truncated protein isoform of unknown function, possibly interfering with ERAP1 and full-length ERAP2 by heterodimer formation. The disease associations of ERAP2, alone or in combination with ERAP1, are reviewed.
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15
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Mattorre B, Caristi S, Donato S, Volpe E, Faiella M, Paiardini A, Sorrentino R, Paladini F. A Short ERAP2 That Binds IRAP Is Expressed in Macrophages Independently of Gene Variation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094961. [PMID: 35563348 PMCID: PMC9101739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 zinc metalloproteases ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP play a role in HLA-I antigen presentation by refining the peptidome either in the ER (ERAP1 and ERAP2) or in the endosomes (IRAP). They have also been entrusted with other, although less defined, functions such as the regulation of the angiotensin system and blood pressure. In humans, ERAP1 and IRAP are commonly expressed. ERAP2 instead has evolved under balancing selection that maintains two haplotypes, one of which undergoing RNA splicing leading to nonsense-mediated decay and loss of protein. Hence, likewise in rodents, wherein the ERAP2 gene is missing, about a quarter of the human population does not express ERAP2. We report here that macrophages, but not monocytes or other mononuclear blood cells, express and secrete an ERAP2 shorter form independent of the haplotype. The generation of this "short" ERAP2 is due to an autocatalytic cleavage within a distinctive structural motif and requires an acidic micro-environment. Remarkably, ERAP2 "short" binds IRAP and the two molecules are co-expressed in the endosomes as well as in the cell membrane. Of note, the same phenomenon could be observed in some cancer cells. These data prompt us to reconsider the role of ERAP2, which might have been maintained in humans due to fulfilling a relevant function in its "short" form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Mattorre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Simona Donato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Emilia Volpe
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Marika Faiella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (F.P.)
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16
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Papasavvas I, Tugal-Tutkun I, Herbort CP. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Current Immunomodulatory/Immunosuppressive Therapy of Non-Infectious and/or Immune-Mediated Choroiditis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040398. [PMID: 35455395 PMCID: PMC9031533 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-infectious choroiditis comprises immune-mediated diseases resulting from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. These conditions are sub-divided into two main groups, (1) diseases of the choriocapillaris and (2) diseases of the choroidal stroma. The purpose of this study is to expose the pathophysiology of the most common diseases of both these groups and recommend the optimal immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapy of each analyzed condition based on literature data and data from our own centers. Material and Methods: Narrative review. In the group of choriocapillaritis entities or primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs) including multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and serpiginous choroiditis (SC), as well as secondary choriocapillaritides including acute syphilitic posterior multifocal placoid chorioretinitis (ASPMPC) and tuberculosis-related SC (TB-SC), were analyzed. In the group of stromal choroidites, HLA-A29 birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease were included. For each entity a literature search, in the PubMed database, on treatment was performed and analyzed and the therapeutic attitudes of our own centers were presented. Management of immune-mediated choroiditis implies vigorous immunosuppressive therapy given in a prompt and prolonged fashion in most of these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papasavvas
- Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care (COS), Rue Charles-Monnard 6, CH-1003 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Carl P. Herbort
- Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care (COS), Rue Charles-Monnard 6, CH-1003 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss clinical and pathogenic roles of HLA-B∗51 in Behçet's syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS HLA-B∗51 remains the most important genetic factor in Behçet's syndrome, despite the recent identification of several susceptibility genes. The prevalence of HLA-B∗51 has been shown to differ among phenotype-based clinical clusters in the same patient population. HLA-B∗51 shows epistatic interaction with the susceptible allele of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP)1 encoding the Hap10 allotype, which has the lowest trimming activity of the MHC-Class I binding peptides. Subsequent molecular studies have suggested that the disease-associated Hap10 allotype is implicated in the generation and selection of the disease protective or promoting peptides loading onto HLA-B∗51, although these pathogenic peptides have yet to be identified. SUMMARY HLA-B∗51 is a hallmark of Behçet's syndrome but genetic markers are not very useful in the diagnosis of Behçet's syndrome. Rather, it is considered an important factor in determining clinical phenotypes in this heterogeneous condition. The epigenetic interaction of HLA-B∗51 with ERAP1 sheds light on pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Takeno
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School, Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Kubanov AA, Chikin VV, Karamova AE, Znamenskaya LF, Artamonova OG, Verbenko DA. Genetic markers for psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis. Part II: HLA genes. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis often leads to the development of severe outcomes ankylosis, deformities of the affected joints with severe impairment of their functions and disability. Early identification of patients with psoriasis with an increased risk of developing psoriatic arthritis for the purpose of its timely diagnosis and early initiation of therapy can prevent the development of severe disease outcomes. It is believed that the genes of the HLA system make the greatest individual genetic contribution to the formation of a predisposition to hereditary diseases with polygenic inheritance. The literature review considers the polymorphisms of the genes of the HLA system, associated with the development of psoriatic arthritis, in patients with psoriasis. The HLA alleles that contribute to the development of psoriatic arthritis and its individual forms have been identified. HLA alleles have been identified, which have a protective effect against the development of psoriatic arthritis.
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19
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Joyce S, Ternette N. Know thy immune self and non-self: Proteomics informs on the expanse of self and non-self, and how and where they arise. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000143. [PMID: 34310018 PMCID: PMC8865197 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the adaptive immune response to a variety of infections and cancers. Initiation of a T cell mediated immune response requires antigen recognition in a process termed MHC (major histocompatibility complex) restri ction. A T cell antigen is a composite structure made up of a peptide fragment bound within the antigen‐binding groove of an MHC‐encoded class I or class II molecule. Insight into the precise composition and biology of self and non‐self immunopeptidomes is essential to harness T cell mediated immunity to prevent, treat, or cure infectious diseases and cancers. T cell antigen discovery is an arduous task! The pioneering work in the early 1990s has made large‐scale T cell antigen discovery possible. Thus, advancements in mass spectrometry coupled with proteomics and genomics technologies make possible T cell antigen discovery with ease, accuracy, and sensitivity. Yet we have only begun to understand the breadth and the depth of self and non‐self immunopeptidomes because the molecular biology of the cell continues to surprise us with new secrets directly related to the source, and the processing and presentation of MHC ligands. Focused on MHC class I molecules, this review, therefore, provides a brief historic account of T cell antigen discovery and, against a backdrop of key advances in molecular cell biologic processes, elaborates on how proteogenomics approaches have revolutionised the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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HLA-A29 Birdshot Retinochoroiditis in Its 5th Decade: Selected Glimpses into the Intellectual Meanderings and Progresses in the Knowledge of a Long-Time Misunderstood Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071291. [PMID: 34359373 PMCID: PMC8305470 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appraisal of HLA-A29 birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) was fraught with pitfalls and misunderstandings. Progress in investigational methods has led to better knowledge and management of the disease. Our aim was to assess some of the steps that have led to better characterisation of the clinical entity of BRC. We performed a literature search analysing the relevant progress in disease origin, investigational and imaging methods, clinicopathology and classification, diagnostic criteria and management. Following developments were judged essential in the better appraisal and understanding of the disease: (1) new immunopathological hypotheses regarding the role of endoplasmic reticulum peptidases, (2) the essential importance of HLA testing, (3) relevant imaging modalities among which indocyanine green angiography is crucial, (4) diagnostic criteria that allow early diagnosis and (5) need of an early prolonged, as well as aggressive treatment combining more than one immunosuppressive agent. Based on these findings it is now possible to better define BRC, an indolent however severe disease, unlike thought before, involving the choroidal stroma and the retina independently and concomitantly that can be diagnosed early thanks to indocyanine green angiography and should be treated early and relentlessly.
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