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Tanpichai S, Thongdeelerd C, Chantaramanee T, Boonmahitthisud A. Property enhancement of epoxidized natural rubber nanocomposites with water hyacinth-extracted cellulose nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123741. [PMID: 36806770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely used as reinforcement in various polymer matrices; however, limited studies of the use of CNFs in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) have been reported. Here, we successfully prepared CNF-reinforced ENR nanocomposites with superior mechanical performance. CNFs were disintegrated from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) using high-pressure homogenization, and ENR nanocomposites with CNFs were fabricated by initial mixing and hot pressing. The crosslink densities of the nanocomposites with CNFs were higher than that of the neat ENR. Due to stronger interfacial interactions between the hydroxyl groups of the CNFs and the functional groups of the ENR, stress could be efficiently transferred from the ENR matrix to the stiff CNFs, resulting in a significant increase in the mechanical properties. Compared with those of the neat ENR, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the ENR nanocomposites were improved by 80 and 39 %, respectively, with the incorporation of 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) CNFs, whereas no loss in elongation at break was observed. The introduction of CNFs also improved the oil resistance of the nanocomposites. Therefore, CNFs could be the potential reinforcing agent in the ENR nanocomposites used in the various engineering applications of the rubber material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachok Tanpichai
- Learning Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; Cellulose and Bio-based Nanomaterials Research Group, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Chutidech Thongdeelerd
- Program of Petrochemical and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tamonwan Chantaramanee
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Green Materials for Industrial Application, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Sowińska-Baranowska A, Maciejewska M. Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2988. [PMID: 37109824 PMCID: PMC10143961 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40-60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35-42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR.
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Samant L, Goel A, Mathew J, Jose S, Thomas S. Effect of surface treatment on flax fiber reinforced natural rubber green composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lata Samant
- Department of Clothing and Textiles Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar India
| | - Alka Goel
- Department of Clothing and Textiles Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar India
| | - Jessen Mathew
- School of Energy Materials Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - Seiko Jose
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
- Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry Division ICAR – Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Avikanagar Rajasthan India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
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Bélanger N, Prasher S, Dumont MJ. Tailoring biochar production for use as a reinforcing bio-based filler in rubber composites: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bélanger
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Shiv Prasher
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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Tirgarian B, Yadegari H, Bagheri A, Neshagaran E, Mardani M, Farmani J. Reduced-fat chocolate spreads developed by water-in-oleogel emulsions. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sowińska-Baranowska A, Maciejewska M, Duda P. The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147968. [PMID: 35887318 PMCID: PMC9323199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity.
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Dominguez-Candela I, Gomez-Caturla J, Cardona S, Lora-García J, Fombuena V. Novel compatibilizers and plasticizers developed from epoxidized and maleinized chia oil in composites based on PLA and chia seed flour. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Plants as Biofactories to Produce Food, Medicines, and Materials for a True Green Revolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105827. [PMID: 35628636 PMCID: PMC9145824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Olejnik O, Masek A. Natural Phenolic Compounds as Modifiers for Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Silica Hybrids. Molecules 2022; 27:2214. [PMID: 35408613 PMCID: PMC9000673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica is a popular filler, but in epoxidized natural rubber, can act as a cross-linking agent. Unfortunately, a high amount of silica is necessary to obtain satisfactory tensile strength. Moreover, a high amount of silica in ENR/silica hybrids is associated with low elongation at break. In our paper, we propose natural phenolic compounds, including quercetin, tannic acid, and gallic acid as natural and safe additional crosslinkers dedicated to ENR/silica hybrids to obtain bio-elastomers with improved mechanical properties. Therefore, toxic crosslinkers, such as peroxides or harmful accelerators can be eliminated. The impact of selected natural phenolic compounds on crosslinking effect, mechanical properties, color, and chemical structure of ENR/silica composite have been analyzed. The obtained results indicated that only 3 phr of selected natural phenolic compounds is able to improve crosslinking effect as well as mechanical properties of ENR/silica hybrids. Moreover, some of the prepared materials tend to regain mechanical properties after reprocessing. Such materials containing only natural and safe ingredients have a chance of becoming novel elastomeric biomaterials dedicated to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Masek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
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Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-Printing Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234132. [PMID: 34883635 PMCID: PMC8659210 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In outdoor environments, the action of the Sun through its ultraviolet radiation has a degrading effect on most materials, with polymers being among those affected. In the past few years, 3D printing has seen an increased usage in fabricating parts for functional applications, including parts destined for outdoor use. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-B on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from the commonly used polymers polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate–glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a dry 24 h UV-B exposure aging treatment and were then tested against a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both the tensile and compressive strengths were determined, as well as changes in material creep characteristics. After irradiation, PLA and PETG parts saw significant decreases in both tensile strength (PLA: −5.3%; PETG: −36%) and compression strength (PLA: −6.3%; PETG: −38.3%). Part stiffness did not change significantly following the UV-B exposure and creep behavior was closely connected to the decrease in mechanical properties. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographic analysis was carried out to better understand the failure mechanism and material structural changes in tensile loaded, accelerated aged parts.
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Ludwiczak J, Frąckowiak S, Leluk K. Study of Thermal, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT Films with Highly Oriented MMT. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237189. [PMID: 34885343 PMCID: PMC8658248 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the properties of biodegradable polylactide (PLA), mixtures with polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) were prepared. PLA is a bio-based and renewable biodegradable material, made from starch. PBAT is a biodegradable polyester for compostable film. In order to improve the composite properties, two types of additives were implemented via melt mixing, a chain extender (CE) and montmorillonite (MMT). CE was used as an interfacial modifier to enhance the adhesion between components. Montmorillonite is a widely studied clay added to polymer nanocomposites. Due to the lamellar structure, it improves the barrier properties of materials. PLA/PBAT films were oriented in the extrusion process and the amounts of filler introduced into the PLA/PBAT nanocomposites were 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0%. The improvement in the PLA barrier properties by the addition of PBAT and 5% of MMT was confirmed as the oxygen permeability decreased almost by a factor of 3. The addition of the biodegradable polymer, chain extender, montmorillonite, and the implemented orientation process resulted in a decrease in composite viscosity and an increase in the PLA crystallinity percentage (up to 25%), and the wettability tests confirmed the synergic behavior of the selected polymer blend.
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Raju G, Khalid M, Shaban MM, Azahari B. Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Spent Coffee/ENR50 Biocomposite in Comparison to Carbon Black. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162796. [PMID: 34451334 PMCID: PMC8400960 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of spent coffee biochar (Biochar) compared to carbon black (CB) as a partial replacement for carbon black in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Particle size and elemental analysis were used to characterize the biochar and CB. Cure characteristics, tensile, thermal, and morphological properties on the effect of biochar and CB as filler were studied. It was found that incorporating 10 phr of spent coffee biochar could improve the composites’ tensile properties and thermal performance compared to carbon black. However, the addition of biochar significantly affects the maximum torque compared to CB and delays the vulcanization time. SEM study shows that biochar has a strong effect on the morphology of composite films. The FTIR graph reveals no substantial difference between compounds with biochar and CB. According to the thermal calorimetric study, the thermal stability of ENR-Biochar is higher than that of ENR-CB. Additionally, these findings suggest that the utilization of spent coffee as a sustainable biochar could be further explored, but little has been done in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasunderi Raju
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud M. Shaban
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt;
| | - Baharin Azahari
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;
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Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111677. [PMID: 34064033 PMCID: PMC8196701 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the possible influence of natural substances on the aging properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) eco-friendly elastic blends. Therefore, the ENR/PLA blends were filled with natural pro-health substances of potentially antioxidative behavior, namely, δ-tocopherol (vitamin E), curcumin, β-carotene and quercetin. In this way, the material biodeterioration potential was maintained and the material’s lifespan was prolonged while subjected to increased temperatures or high-energy UVA irradiation (340 nm). The investigation of the samples’ properties indicated that curcumin and quercetin are the most promising natural additives that may contribute to the delay of ENR/PLA degradation under the above-mentioned conditions. The efficiency of the proposed new natural anti-aging additives was proven with static mechanical analysis, color change investigation, as well as mass loss during a certain aging. The aging coefficient, which compares the mechanical properties before and after the aging process, indicated that the ENR/PLA performance after 200 h of accelerated aging might decrease only by approximately 30% with the blend loaded with quercetin. This finding paves new opportunities for bio-based and green anti-aging systems employed in polymer technology.
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