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Wang L, Liu L, Zhao J, Li C, Wu H, Zhao H, Wu Q. Granule-bound starch synthase in plants: Towards an understanding of their evolution, regulatory mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111843. [PMID: 37648115 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Amylose content (AC) is a significant quality trait in starchy crops, affecting their processing and application by the food and non-food industries. Therefore, fine-tuning AC in these crops has become a focus for breeders. Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is the core enzyme that directly determines the AC levels. Several excellent reviews have summarized key progress in various aspects of GBSS research in recent years, but they mostly focus on cereals. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of GBSS research in monocots and dicots, focusing on the molecular characteristics, evolutionary relationships, expression patterns, molecular regulation mechanisms, and applications. We also discuss future challenges and directions for controlling AC in starchy crops, and found simultaneously increasing both the PTST and GBSS gene expression levels may be an effective strategy to increase amylose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Linling Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Zhu X, Zhang M, Wang B, Song X, Wang X, Wei X. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of metabolite changes in two quinoa genotypes under drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:503. [PMID: 37858063 PMCID: PMC10588040 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinoa is an important economic crop, drought is one of the key factors affecting quinoa yield. Clarifying the adaptation strategy of quinoa to drought is conducive to cultivating drought-tolerant varieties. At present, the study of quinoa on drought stress-related metabolism and the identification of related metabolites are still unknown. As a direct feature of biochemical functions, metabolites can reveal the biochemical pathways involved in drought response. RESULT Here, we studied the physiological and metabolic responses of drought-tolerant genotype L1 and sensitive genotype HZ1. Under drought conditions, L1 had higher osmotic adjustment ability and stronger root activity than HZ1, and the relative water content of L1 was also higher than that of HZ1. In addition, the barrier-to- sea ratio of L1 is significantly higher than that of HZ1. Using untargeted metabolic analysis, a total of 523, 406, 301 and 272 differential metabolites were identified in L1 and HZ1 on day 3 and day 9 of drought stress. The key metabolites (amino acids, nucleotides, peptides, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates) accumulated differently in quinoa leaves. and HZ1 had the most DEMs in Glycerophospholipid metabolism (ko00564) and ABC transporters (ko02010) pathways. CONCLUSION These results provide a reference for characterizing the response mechanism of quinoa to drought and improving the drought tolerance of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xinrong Song
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Li J, Zhang C, Luo X, Zhang T, Zhang X, Liu P, Yang W, Lei Y, Tang S, Kang L, Huang L, Li T, Wang Y, Chen W, Yuan H, Qin P, Li S, Ma B, Tu B. Fine mapping of the grain chalkiness quantitative trait locus qCGP6 reveals the involvement of Wx in grain chalkiness formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad112. [PMID: 36964899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain chalkiness is an important index of rice appearance quality and is negatively associated with rice processing and eating qualities. However, the genetic mechanism underlying chalkiness formation is largely unknown. To identify the genetic basis of chalkiness, 410 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from two representative indica rice varieties, Shuhui498 (R498) and Yihui3551 (R3551), were used to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL). The two parental lines and RILs were grown in three locations in China under three controlled fertilizer application level. Analyses indicated that chalkiness was significantly affected by genotype, the environment, and the interaction between the two, and that heritability was high. Several QTLs were isolated, including the two stable QTLs, i.e., qCGP6 and qCGP8. Fine mapping and candidate gene verification of qCGP6 showed that Wx may play a key role in chalkiness formation. Chromosomal segment substitution lines (CSSLs) and near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying the Wxa or Wxin allele produced more chalky grain than the R498 parent. A similar result was also observed in the 3611 background. Notably, the effect of the Wx genotype on rice chalkiness was shown to be dependent on environmental conditions and Wx alleles exhibited different sensitivities to shading treatment. Using CRISPR/Cas9, the Wxa promoter region was successfully edited, down-regulating Wx alleviates chalkiness formation in NILR498-Wxa. This study developed a new strategy for synergistic improvement of eating and appearance qualities in rice, and created a novel Wx allele with great potential in breeding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110101, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pin Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuekun Lei
- Chengdu Juannong Intelligent Agriculture Technology Development Co., Ltd
| | - Siwen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liangzhu Kang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Niu L, Liu L, Zhang J, Scali M, Wang W, Hu X, Wu X. Genetic Engineering of Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds for Efficient Enzymatic Digestion of Starch during Bioethanol Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043927. [PMID: 36835340 PMCID: PMC9967003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize accumulates large amounts of starch in seeds which have been used as food for human and animals. Maize starch is an importantly industrial raw material for bioethanol production. One critical step in bioethanol production is degrading starch to oligosaccharides and glucose by α-amylase and glucoamylase. This step usually requires high temperature and additional equipment, leading to an increased production cost. Currently, there remains a lack of specially designed maize cultivars with optimized starch (amylose and amylopectin) compositions for bioethanol production. We discussed the features of starch granules suitable for efficient enzymatic digestion. Thus far, great advances have been made in molecular characterization of the key proteins involved in starch metabolism in maize seeds. The review explores how these proteins affect starch metabolism pathway, especially in controlling the composition, size and features of starch. We highlight the roles of key enzymes in controlling amylose/amylopectin ratio and granules architecture. Based on current technological process of bioethanol production using maize starch, we propose that several key enzymes can be modified in abundance or activities via genetic engineering to synthesize easily degraded starch granules in maize seeds. The review provides a clue for developing special maize cultivars as raw material in the bioethanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuli Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Fan P, Xu J, Wang Z, Liu G, Zhang Z, Tian J, Wei H, Zhang H. Phenotypic differences in the appearance of soft rice and its endosperm structural basis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1074148. [PMID: 36818874 PMCID: PMC9929301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1074148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In view of the significant differences among genotypes in the appearance of soft rice, it is necessary to conduct research on the differences in the appearance quality of soft rice and their mechanisms. It can provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of superior appearance varieties at a later stage. In order to clarify the differences in appearance phenotypes between different soft rice genotypes and structural basis of endosperm structures behind the differences, four soft rice varieties were selected in this study, including two varieties with good-appearance and two varieties with cloudy appearance. The differences in appearance phenotypes and endosperm structure in mature grains of soft rice with different appearance phenotypes were scientifically analyzed. The development process of their endosperm differences at the filling stage was investigated. The results show that the difference in the rice appearance of soft rice varieties mainly lay in the chalk-free seed transparency and chalkiness. These differences were caused by two completely different types of endosperm structure. Fewer and smaller starch grain cavities were responsible for higher chalk-free transparency of soft rice grains, denser starch granules arrangement caused lower chalkiness of soft rice grains. Ten days after flowering, the starch granules in the back and heart of good-appearance soft rice were already significantly fuller and more closely packed than those of cloudy soft rice. At the same time, the number and area of starch granule holes were significantly smaller than those of cloudy soft rice. This difference gradually increased until maturity. Therefore, based on appearance evaluation, soft rice with good-appearance should have higher transparency and lower chalkiness. The endosperm starch granules should be full and tightly arranged. The number of starch grain cavities and the area should be smaller. These differences develop in the early stages of grouting and gradually increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiyan Wei
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Wei, ; Hongcheng Zhang,
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Li Y, Zhu W, Xiang Q, Kim J, Dufresne C, Liu Y, Li T, Chen S. Creation of a Plant Metabolite Spectral Library for Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032249. [PMID: 36768571 PMCID: PMC9916794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale high throughput metabolomic technologies are indispensable components of systems biology in terms of discovering and defining the metabolite parts of the system. However, the lack of a plant metabolite spectral library limits the metabolite identification of plant metabolomic studies. Here, we have created a plant metabolite spectral library using 544 authentic standards, which increased the efficiency of identification for untargeted metabolomic studies. The process of creating the spectral library was described, and the mzVault library was deposited in the public repository for free download. Furthermore, based on the spectral library, we describe a process of creating a pseudo-targeted method, which was applied to a proof-of-concept study of Arabidopsis leaf extracts. As authentic standards become available, more metabolite spectra can be easily incorporated into the spectral library to improve the mzVault package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Qingyuan Xiang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Scientific Training Institute, West Palm Beach, FL 32407, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence:
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Applications and Prospects of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Base Editing in Plant Breeding. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:918-935. [PMID: 36826004 PMCID: PMC9955079 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 system (Cas9) has been used at length to optimize multiple aspects of germplasm resources. However, large-scale genomic research has indicated that novel variations in crop plants are attributed to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Therefore, substituting single bases into a plant genome may produce desirable traits. Gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 techniques frequently results in insertions-deletions (indels). Base editing allows precise single-nucleotide changes in the genome in the absence of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and donor repair templates (DRTs). Therefore, BEs have provided a new way of thinking about genome editing, and base editing techniques are currently being utilized to edit the genomes of many different organisms. As traditional breeding techniques and modern molecular breeding technologies complement each other, various genome editing technologies have emerged. How to realize the greater potential of BE applications is the question we need to consider. Here, we explain various base editings such as CBEs, ABEs, and CGBEs. In addition, the latest applications of base editing technologies in agriculture are summarized, including crop yield, quality, disease, and herbicide resistance. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of base editing technologies are presented. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of BE in crop breeding to further improve BE and make the most of its value.
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Vincent D, Bui A, Ezernieks V, Shahinfar S, Luke T, Ram D, Rigas N, Panozzo J, Rochfort S, Daetwyler H, Hayden M. A community resource to mass explore the wheat grain proteome and its application to the late-maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) problem. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad084. [PMID: 37919977 PMCID: PMC10627334 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) is a wheat genetic defect causing the synthesis of high isoelectric point alpha-amylase following a temperature shock during mid-grain development or prolonged cold throughout grain development, both leading to starch degradation. While the physiology is well understood, the biochemical mechanisms involved in grain LMA response remain unclear. We have applied high-throughput proteomics to 4,061 wheat flours displaying a range of LMA activities. Using an array of statistical analyses to select LMA-responsive biomarkers, we have mined them using a suite of tools applicable to wheat proteins. RESULTS We observed that LMA-affected grains activated their primary metabolisms such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; TCA cycle, along with DNA- and RNA- binding mechanisms; and protein translation. This logically transitioned to protein folding activities driven by chaperones and protein disulfide isomerase, as well as protein assembly via dimerisation and complexing. The secondary metabolism was also mobilized with the upregulation of phytohormones and chemical and defence responses. LMA further invoked cellular structures, including ribosomes, microtubules, and chromatin. Finally, and unsurprisingly, LMA expression greatly impacted grain storage proteins, as well as starch and other carbohydrates, with the upregulation of alpha-gliadins and starch metabolism, whereas LMW glutenin, stachyose, sucrose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-glucose were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is not only the first proteomics study tackling the wheat LMA issue but also the largest plant-based proteomics study published to date. Logistics, technicalities, requirements, and bottlenecks of such an ambitious large-scale high-throughput proteomics experiment along with the challenges associated with big data analyses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - AnhDuyen Bui
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Vilnis Ezernieks
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Saleh Shahinfar
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Timothy Luke
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Doris Ram
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nicholas Rigas
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
| | - Joe Panozzo
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
- Centre for Agricultural Innovation, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Hans Daetwyler
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Center Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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The Physicochemical Properties of Starch Are Affected by Wxlv in Indica Rice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123089. [PMID: 34945643 PMCID: PMC8701004 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylose largely determines rice grain quality profiles. The process of rice amylose biosynthesis is mainly driven by the waxy (Wx) gene, which also affects the diversity of amylose content. The present study assessed the grain quality profiles, starch fine structure, and crystallinity characteristics of the near-isogenic lines Q11(Wxlv), NIL(Wxa), and NIL(Wxb) in the indica rice Q11 background containing different Wx alleles. Q11(Wxlv) rice contained a relatively higher amylose level but very soft gel consistency and low starch viscosity, compared with rice lines carrying Wxa and Wxb. In addition, starch fine structure analysis revealed a remarkable decrease in the relative area ratio of the short amylopectin fraction but an increased amylose fraction in Q11(Wxlv) rice. Chain length distribution analysis showed that Q11(Wxlv) rice contained less amylopectin short chains but more intermediate chains, which decreased the crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity, compared with those of NIL(Wxa) and NIL(Wxb) rice. Additionally, the starches in developing grains showed different accumulation profiles among the three rice lines. Moreover, significant differences in starch gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics were observed between near-isogenic lines, which were caused by variation in starch fine structure. These findings revealed the effects of Wxlv on rice grain quality and the fine structure of starch in indica rice.
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Plant Proteomic Research 4.0: Frontiers in Stress Resilience. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413362. [PMID: 34948158 PMCID: PMC8708930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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