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Samanta S, Biswas P, O'Bannon BC, Powers DC. β-Phenethylamine Synthesis: N-Pyridinium Aziridines as Latent Dual Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406335. [PMID: 38699820 PMCID: PMC11262962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
β-Phenethylamines are widely represented in biologically and pharmacologically active organic small molecules. Here, we introduce N-pyridinium aziridines as latent dual electrophiles for the synthesis of β-phenethylamines. Bromide-promoted ring opening generates β-halopyridinium amines. Selective Ni-catalyzed C-C cross-coupling between organozinc nucleophiles and the benzylic C-Br electrophile affords a diverse family of β-functionalized phenethylaminopyridinium salts, and coupling is stereoconvergent in the presence of chiral ligands. Subsequent Ni-catalyzed reductive N-N bond activation within the β-functionalized phenethylaminopyridinium salts furnishes the products of formal olefin carboamination. Other reductive N-N cleavage reactions are demonstrated to provide access to free primary amines, alkylated amines, heterocycles, and products derived from N-centered radical chemistry. The developed reaction sequence can be implemented in the context of complex molecules and natural product derivatives. Together, the described results provide a general and modular synthesis of β-phenethylamines and significantly expand the utility of N-pyridinium aziridines as linchpins in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Promita Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Braeden C O'Bannon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
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Kim OH, Jeon KO, Kim G, Jang CG, Yoon SS, Jang EY. The neuropharmacological properties of α-pyrrolidinobutiothiophenone, a new synthetic cathinone, in rodents; role of the dopaminergic system. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38772548 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α-Pyrrolidinobutiothiophenone (α-PBT) is a chemical derivative of cathinone, a structural analogue of amphetamine. Until now, there have been a few previous neurochemical or neurobehavioural studies on the abuse potential of α-PBT. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the abuse potential of α-PBT by measuring psychomotor, rewarding, and reinforcing properties and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rodents using locomotor activity, conditioned place preference, self-administration, and drug discrimination studies. To clarify the underlying neuropharmacological mechanisms, we measured dopamine levels and neuronal activation in the dorsal striatum. In addition, we investigated the role of the dopamine D1 receptor or D2 receptors in α-PBT-induced hyperlocomotor activity, conditioned place preference, and the methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effect of α-PBT in rodents. KEY RESULTS α-PBT promoted hyperlocomotor activity in mice. α-PBT induced drug-paired place preference in mice and supported self-administration in rats. In a drug discrimination experiment, α-PBT fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats. Furthermore, α-PBT increased dopamine levels and c-Fos expression in the dorsal striatum of mice, which was associated with these behaviours. Finally, pretreatment with the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 or the D2 receptors antagonist eticlopride significantly attenuated acute or repeated α-PBT-induced hyperlocomotor activity, place preference, and the methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rodents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that α-PBT has abuse potential at the highest dose tested via enhanced dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum of rodents. The results provide scientific evidence for the legal restrictions of the recreational use of α-PBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Williams BM, Steed ND, Woolley JT, Moedl AA, Nelson CA, Jones GC, Burris MD, Arias HR, Kim OH, Jang EY, Hone AJ, McIntosh JM, Yorgason JT, Steffensen SC. Catharanthine Modulates Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Nicotine Psychomotor Effects via Inhibition of α6-Nicotinic Receptors and Dopamine Transporters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1738-1754. [PMID: 38613458 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids, also known as coronaridine congeners, have shown promise in the treatment of alcohol and opioid use disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of catharanthine and 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) on dopamine (DA) transmission and cholinergic interneurons in the mesolimbic DA system, nicotine-induced locomotor activity, and nicotine-taking behavior. Utilizing ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the nucleus accumbens core of male mice, we found that catharanthine or 18-MC differentially inhibited evoked DA release. Catharanthine inhibition of evoked DA release was significantly reduced by both α4 and α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) antagonists. Additionally, catharanthine substantially increased DA release more than vehicle during high-frequency stimulation, although less potently than an α4 nAChR antagonist, which confirms previous work with nAChR antagonists. Interestingly, while catharanthine slowed DA reuptake measured via FSCV ex vivo, it also increased extracellular DA in striatal dialysate from anesthetized mice in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Superfusion of catharanthine or 18-MC inhibited the firing rate of striatal cholinergic interneurons in a concentration dependent manner, which are known to potently modulate presynaptic DA release. Catharanthine or 18-MC suppressed acetylcholine currents in oocytes expressing recombinant rat α6/α3β2β3 or α6/α3β4 nAChRs. In behavioral experiments using male Sprague-Dawley rats, systemic administration of catharanthine or 18-MC blocked nicotine enhancement of locomotor activity. Importantly, catharanthine attenuated nicotine self-administration in a dose-dependent manner while having no effect on food reinforcement. Lastly, administration of catharanthine and nicotine together greatly increased head twitch responses, indicating a potential synergistic hallucinogenic effect. These findings demonstrate that catharanthine and 18-MC have similar, but not identical effects on striatal DA dynamics, striatal cholinergic interneuron activity and nicotine psychomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Williams
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nathan D Steed
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joel T Woolley
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Aubrey A Moedl
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Christina A Nelson
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Gavin C Jones
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew D Burris
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74464, United States
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Arik J Hone
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jordan T Yorgason
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Scott C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Jeon KO, Kim OH, Seo SY, Yun J, Jang CG, Lim RN, Kim TW, Yang CH, Yoon SS, Jang EY. The psychomotor, reinforcing, and discriminative stimulus effects of synthetic cathinone mexedrone in male mice and rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176466. [PMID: 38431243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The chronic use of the novel synthetic cathinone mexedrone, like other psychoactive drugs, can be considered addictive, with a high potential for abuse and the ability to cause psychological dependence in certain users. However, little is known about the neurobehavioral effects of mexedrone in association with its potential for abuse. We investigated the abuse potential for mexedrone abuse through multiple behavioral tests. In addition, serotonin transporter (SERT) levels were measured in the synaptosome of the dorsal striatum, and serotonin (5-HT) levels were measured in the dorsal striatum of acute mexedreone (50 mg/kg)-treated mice. To clarify the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the locomotor response of mexedrone, the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) was administered prior to the acute injection of mexedrone in the locomotor activity experiment in mice. Mexedrone (10-50 mg/kg) produced a significant place preference in mice and mexedrone (0.1-0.5 mg/kg/infusion) maintained self-administration behavior in rats in a dose-dependent manner. In the drug discrimination experiment, mexedrone (5.6-32 mg/kg) was fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Mexedrone increased locomotor activity, and these effects were reversed by pretreatment with M100907. Acute mexedrone significantly increased c-Fos expression in the dorsal striatum and decreased SERT levels in the synaptosome of the dorsal striatum of mice, resulting in an elevation of 5-HT levels. Taken together, our results provide the possibility that mexedrone has abuse potential, which might be mediated, at least in part, by the activation of the serotonergic system in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Seo
- Korean Medicine (KM) Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri-Na Lim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 136 Sincheondong-ro, Suseong-gu, Daegu, 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 136 Sincheondong-ro, Suseong-gu, Daegu, 42158, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Noback M, Bhakta SG, Talledo JA, Kotz JE, Benster L, Roberts BZ, Nungaray JA, Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Brigman JL, Cavanagh JF, Young JW. Amphetamine increases motivation of humans and mice as measured by breakpoint, but does not affect an Electroencephalographic biomarker. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:269-278. [PMID: 38168850 PMCID: PMC11060428 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Translation of drug targets from preclinical studies to clinical trials has been aided by cross-species behavioral tasks, but evidence for brain-based engagement during task performance is still required. Cross-species progressive ratio breakpoint tasks (PRBTs) measure motivation-related behavior and are pharmacologically and clinically sensitive. We recently advanced elevated parietal alpha power as a cross-species electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarker of PRBT engagement. Given that amphetamine increases breakpoint in mice, we tested its effects on breakpoint and parietal alpha power in both humans and mice. Twenty-three healthy participants performed the PRBT with EEG after amphetamine or placebo in a double-blind design. C57BL/6J mice were trained on PRBT with EEG (n = 24) and were treated with amphetamine or vehicle. A second cohort of mice was trained on PRBT without EEG (n = 40) and was treated with amphetamine or vehicle. In humans, amphetamine increased breakpoint. In mice, during concomitant EEG, 1 mg/kg of amphetamine significantly decreased breakpoint. In cohort 2, however, 0.3 mg/kg of amphetamine increased breakpoint consistent with human findings. Increased alpha power was observed in both species as they reached breakpoint, replicating previous findings. Amphetamine did not affect alpha power in either species. Amphetamine increased effort in humans and mice. Consistent with previous reports, elevated parietal alpha power was observed in humans and mice as they performed the PRBT. Amphetamine did not affect this EEG biomarker of effort. Hence, these findings support the pharmacological predictive validity of the PRBT to measure effort in humans and mice and suggest that this EEG biomarker is not directly reflective of amphetamine-induced changes in effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Savita G Bhakta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jo A Talledo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Juliana E Kotz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Lindsay Benster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - John A Nungaray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service MIRECC, VISN 22, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service MIRECC, VISN 22, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Qiu Y, Su M, Xiao X, Zhou D, Xie L. Metabolomic profiling of Wilson disease, an inherited disorder of copper metabolism, and diseases with similar symptoms but normal copper metabolism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:282. [PMID: 37697371 PMCID: PMC10494341 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder that results in the accumulation of copper. The pathogenic mechanism is not well understood, and diagnosing the disease can be challenging, as it shares similarities with more prevalent conditions. To explore the metabolomic features of WD and differentiate it from other diseases related to copper metabolism, we conducted targeted and untargeted metabolomic profiling using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We compared the metabolomic profiles of two subgroups of WD patients, namely hepatic WD (H-WD) and neurological WD (N-WD), H-WD patients and liver cirrhosis patients (who exhibit similar symptoms but have normal copper levels), and N-WD patients and Parkinson's disease patients (who exhibit similar symptoms but have normal copper levels). RESULTS Our pairwise comparisons revealed distinct metabolomic profiles for male and female WD patients, H-WD and N-WD patients, N-WD and Parkinson's disease patients, and H-WD and liver cirrhosis patients. We then employed logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and model construction to identify candidate diagnostic biomarkers that differentiate H-WD from liver cirrhosis and N-WD from Parkinson's disease. Based on the spatial distribution of data obtained via PLS-DA analysis, we discovered variations in hydrophilic metabolites (aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; phenylalanine metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; and nicotinate and nicotinamide) and lipophilic metabolites (TG(triglyceride) (16:0_16:1_22:6), TG (16:0_16:0_22:6), and TG (16:0_16:1_22:5)) between H-WD and N-WD. Moreover, WD patients display metabolic traits that distinguish it from comparable conditions (liver cirrhosis and Parkinson's disease). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis reveals significant variations in the levels of metabolites in critical metabolic pathways and numerous lipids in WD.ROC analysis indicates that three metabolites may be considered as candidate biomarkers for diagnosing WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Qiu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingchuan Su
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xina Xiao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dingzi Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Yu W, Zhang G, Wu D, Guo L, Huang X, Ning F, Liu Y, Luo L. Identification of the botanical origins of honey based on nanoliter electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 418:135976. [PMID: 36963136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The botanical origins of honey are important for the quality control and commercialization of honey. In this research, we established a nanoliter electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Nano-ESI-MS) method to identify Castanopsis honey (CH), Eurya honey (EH), Dendropanax dentiger honey (DH), and Triadica cochinchinensis honey (TH). In total, 38 compounds were identified based on the collision-induced dissociation experiments by Nano-ESI-MS with 16 differential compounds and 7 quantified as potential differential markers. These four types of honey were distinguished from each other by their mass spectrometry data combined with multivariate analysis with three out of the 7 differential markers, i.e., phenethylamine, tricoumaroyl spermidine, and (+/-)-abscisic acid, identified as potential markers for CH, EH, and DH, respectively. Both the qualitative and quantitative results derived from Nano-ESI-MS were further verified by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Our studies provided the significant potential of the Nano-ESI-MS method in the identification of the botanical origins of different kinds of honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yu
- College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Limin Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fangjian Ning
- College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yongquan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liping Luo
- College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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Tolpeznikaite E, Bartkevics V, Skrastina A, Pavlenko R, Mockus E, Zokaityte E, Starkute V, Klupsaite D, Ruibys R, Rocha JM, Santini A, Bartkiene E. Changes in Spirulina's Physical and Chemical Properties during Submerged and Solid-State Lacto-Fermentation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:75. [PMID: 36668894 PMCID: PMC9862786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain for bio-conversion of Spirulina, a cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), into an ingredient with a high concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for human and animal nutrition. For this purpose, ten different LAB strains and two different fermentation conditions (SMF (submerged) and SSF (solid state fermentation)) were tested. In addition, the concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and biogenic amines (BA) in Spirulina samples were evaluated. It was established that Spirulina is a suitable substrate for fermentation, and the lowest pH value (4.10) was obtained in the 48 h SSF with Levilactobacillus brevis. The main FA in Spirulina were methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and gamma-linolenic acid methyl ester. Fermentation conditions were a key factor toward glutamic acid concentration in Spirulina, and the highest concentration of GABA (2395.9 mg/kg) was found in 48 h SSF with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei samples. However, a significant correlation was found between BA and GABA concentrations, and the main BA in fermented Spirulina samples were putrescine and spermidine. Finally, the samples in which the highest GABA concentrations were found also displayed the highest content of BA. For this reason, not only the concentration of functional compounds in the end-product must be controlled, but also non-desirable substances, because both of these compounds are produced through similar metabolic pathways of the decarboxylation of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Tolpeznikaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Skrastina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Romans Pavlenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ernestas Mockus
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Ruibys
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-44244 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Volchegorskii IA, Rassokhina LM, Miroshnichenko IU. [Dopaminergic potential of domestic 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives and prospects for their therapeutic «retargeting»]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:21-29. [PMID: 37655406 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312308121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the assessment of the pharmacological effects of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol) from the standpoint of their dopaminergic activity. A systematic analysis of the data has been performed, allowing us to consider emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol as «normalizers of dopaminergic neurotransmission», the dopaminergic action of which in its phenotype corresponds to the effects of partial dopamine receptor agonists. The position that the dopaminergic effect, antioxidant and antidepressant potential of drugs containing 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-oxypyridine (emoxipine and mexidol) are associated with their inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) has been substantiated. A direct relationship between the stimulating effect of succinate-containing drugs (reamberin and mexidol) on MAO-B, their prooxidant activity, insulin-potentiating and antidepressant effects was analyzed. A hypothesis has been put forward on the general pathological significance of dopaminergic regulation disorders, the correction of which with the 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives can be considered as a promising strategy for improving the complex therapy of socially significant and common human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L M Rassokhina
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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10
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Kim OH, Jeon KO, Jang EY. Alpha-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT) activates the TLR-NF-κB-MAPK signaling pathway and proinflammatory cytokine production and induces behavioral sensitization in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173484. [PMID: 36272636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are chemical derivatives of cathinone, a structural analog to amphetamine. It has been shown that synthetic cathinones have abuse potentials similar to psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine and induce neuroinflammation. Among the novel synthetic cathinones, α-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT) has been known to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects in rodent models. However, it has not yet been determined whether α-PVT induces neuroinflammation in vivo. In the present study, mice were exposed to repeated saline or α-PVT (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 7 days to test changes in locomotor activity and neuroinflammation-related factors in the striatum of mice. Repeated administration of α-PVT significantly induced locomotor sensitization. In addition, repeated α-PVT administration significantly increased the number of microglial cells, accompanied by marked increases in TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR7 mRNA levels in the striatum of mice. Furthermore, acute or repeated α-PVT administration increased the levels of phosphorylated NF-κB, ERK, p38, and JNK MAPK activation and repeated α-PVT, but not acute, increased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in the striatum of mice. Finally, systemic administration of TAK-242 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or MPLA (50 μg/kg, i.p.), each an inhibitor or activator of TLR4, did not change α-PVT-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. These results suggest that the activation of TLR4 by repeated α-PVT administration may lead to neuroinflammation via TLR-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in the striatum of mice, at least without the regulation of behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sugiyama Y, Mori Y, Nara M, Kotani Y, Nagai E, Kawada H, Kitamura M, Hirano R, Shimokawa H, Nakagawa A, Minami H, Gotoh A, Sakanaka M, Iida N, Koyanagi T, Katayama T, Okamoto S, Kurihara S. Gut bacterial aromatic amine production: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and its effects on peripheral serotonin production. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2128605. [PMID: 36217238 PMCID: PMC9553188 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2128605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic luminal aromatic amines have been historically considered to be derived from dietary source, especially fermented foods; however, recent studies indicate that the gut microbiota serves as an alternative source of these amines. Herein, we show that five prominent genera of Firmicutes (Blautia, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, and Tyzzerella) have the ability to abundantly produce aromatic amines through the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). In vitro cultivation of human fecal samples revealed that a significant positive correlation between aadc copy number of Ruminococcus gnavus and phenylethylamine (PEA) production. Furthermore, using genetically engineered Enterococcus faecalis-colonized BALB/cCrSlc mouse model, we showed that the gut bacterial aadc stimulates the production of colonic serotonin, which is reportedly involved in osteoporosis and irritable bowel syndrome. Finally, we showed that human AADC inhibitors carbidopa and benserazide inhibit PEA production in En. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sugiyama
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan,Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Misaki Nara
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kotani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Emiko Nagai
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawada
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Mayu Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rika Hirano
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shimokawa
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawa
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Minami
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Aina Gotoh
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Sakanaka
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Noriho Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan,Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836, Japan,Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Japan,CONTACT Shin Kurihara Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama649-6493, Japan
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12
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Kim JS, Kim OH, Ryu IS, Kim YH, Jeon KO, Lim LN, Kim TW, Sohn S, Kim S, Seo JW, Choe ES, Jang EY. Challenge exposure to whole cigarette smoke condensate upregulates locomotor sensitization by stimulating α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173469. [PMID: 36183870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco, produces the psychomotor, rewarding, and reinforcing effects of tobacco dependence by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. The present study determined that α4β2 nAChRs regulate locomotor sensitization by altering dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after systemic challenge exposure to whole cigarette smoke condensate (WCSC). Rats were administered subcutaneous injection of WCSC (0.2 mg/kg nicotine/day) for 7 consecutive days and then re-exposed to WCSC after 3 days of withdrawal. Challenge exposure to WCSC significantly increased locomotor activity. This increase was decreased by the subcutaneous injection of the α4β2 nAChR antagonist, DHβE (3 mg/kg), but not by the intraperitoneal injection of the α7 nAChR antagonist, MLA (5 mg/kg). In parallel with a decrease in locomotor activity, blockade of α4β2 nAChRs with DHβE decreased dopamine concentration in the NAc which was elevated by challenge exposure to WCSC. These findings suggest that challenge WCSC leads to the expression of locomotor sensitization by elevating dopamine concentration via stimulation of α4β2 nAChRs expressed in neurons of the NAc in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Resources-Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Na Lim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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