Novel Biomolecules in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Galectin-7 Expression in the Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM is continuously increasing worldwide. Due to accessible diagnostic methods and a clear understanding of risk factors, GDM can be effectively diagnosed and managed. Galectins may influence immunomodulatory and inflammatory processes. This study examines the expression of galectin-7 in the placentas of women with gestational diabetes (GDM), compares it to its expression in healthy pregnancies, and evaluates the associated clinical outcomes. The placentas of 40 healthy women and 40 GDM placentas were included in the cohort. The expression level of galecin-7 was measured in the syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) and in the decidua of the placenta by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining. The evaluation was performed by an immunoreactivity score (IRS). The study results show an increased expression of galectin-7 in the SCT and the decidua of GDM placentas as compared to the placentas of the control group. Elevated levels of galectin-7 were observed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This study investigated the hypothesis that galectins are involved in pathophysiological processes of gestational diabetes. Statistical analysis of gene expression patterns confirmed that galectin-7 is indeed upregulated in GDM placentas. Further studies are needed to show the correlation of galectin-7 and the development and maintenance of gestational diabetes mellitus.

New insights into the roles of Irisin in diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic disease in the 21st century due to increased lifespan and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Extensive research indicates that exercise can play a significant role in regulating systemic metabolism by improving energy metabolism and mitigating various metabolic disorders, including DM. Irisin, a well-known exerkine, was initially reported to enhance energy expenditure by indicating the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Irisin on glucose dysmetabolism, including reducing gluconeogenesis, enhancing insulin energy expenditure, and promoting glycogenesis. Additionally, we highlight Irisin's potential to improve diabetic vascular diseases by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress, curbing inflammation, and attenuating endothelial cell aging. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of Irisin to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy by preventing cardiomyocyte loss and reducing myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Given Irisin's promising functions in managing diabetic cardiomyopathy and vascular diseases, targeting Irisin for therapeutic purposes could be a fruitful avenue for future research and clinical interventions.

The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective

During pregnancy, women undergo several metabolic changes to guarantee an adequate supply of glucose to the foetus. These metabolic modifications develop what is known as physiological insulin resistance. When this process is altered, however, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs. GDM is a multifactorial disease, and genetic and environmental factors play a crucial role in its aetiopathogenesis. GDM has been linked to both macroscopic and molecular alterations in placental tissues that affect placental physiology. This review summarizes the role of the placenta in the development of GDM from a molecular perspective, including hormonal and pro-inflammatory changes. Inflammation and hormonal imbalance, the characteristics dominating the GDM microenvironment, are responsible for placental changes in size and vascularity, leading to dysregulation in maternal and foetal circulations and to complications in the newborn. In conclusion, since the hormonal mechanisms operating in GDM have not been fully elucidated, more research should be done to improve the quality of life of patients with GDM and their future children.

Role of Nutritional Habits during Pregnancy in the Developing of Gestational Diabetes: A Single-Center Observational Clinical Study

(1) Background and Objective: Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with serious complications such as pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia and a more frequent need for cesarean section. The aim of this study is to develop a simple screening model that includes maternal age, BMI and nutritive habits in the second trimester in order to predict the risk of GDM in the population of pregnant women in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. (2) Materials and Methods: This single-center, prospective and case-control study was performed in the University Clinical Center "Dr. Dragisa Misovic Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia and included 54 women with singleton pregnancies during the second trimester from July 2023 to November 2023. We used basic demographic and socio-epidemiological data, as well as data of the present comorbidities and previous pregnancies/births. The Serbian version of the Nutritive Status Questionnaire (NSQ) was used to estimate the nutritive habits in GDM (n = 22) and non-GDM groups (n = 32). (3) Results: We observed less frequent vegetable and fruit consumption in the GDM group in comparison with the non-GDM group; meat and chicken intake was 2-3 times per week in both groups; meat products were consumed 2-3 times per week in the GDM group and 2-3 times per month in the non-GDM group; milk products were consumed once a day in 31.8% of GDM patients and twice per day in 24.1% of non-GDM patients. Sweets (cakes, ice creams, biscuits) were consumed very often (2-3 times per week) in the GDM group (36.4%), while in the non-GDM group this habit was less frequent (26.7%). Cronbach alpha and internal consistency for this instrument were very good (Cronbach alpha = 0.87). (4) Conclusions: We have found that a non-adequate intake of fruits/vegetables, dairy and whole grain, as well as an excessive intake of sugar/artificially sweetened beverages and dairy, was associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.04; 95% CI).

Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment Approach of Diabetic Retinopathy during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and gestational diabetes are major concerns worldwide. These conditions may lead to the development of severe diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy or worsen pre-existing cases. Gestational diabetes also increases the risk of diabetes for both the mother and the fetus in the future. Understanding the prevalence, evaluating risk factors contributing to pathogenesis, and identifying treatment challenges related to diabetic retinopathy in expectant mothers are all of utmost importance. Pregnancy-related physiological changes, including those in metabolism, blood flow, immunity, and hormones, can contribute to the development or worsening of diabetic retinopathy. If left untreated, this condition may eventually result in irreversible vision loss. Treatment options such as laser therapy, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, and intravitreal steroids pose challenges in managing these patients without endangering the developing baby and mother. This narrative review describes the management of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy, highlights its risk factors, pathophysiology, and diagnostic methods, and offers recommendations based on findings from previous literature.

The Role of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in the Dietary Approach of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that often develops during pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR). To ensure the well-being of both the mother and the fetus, the body undergoes multiple metabolic and immunological changes that result in peripheral IR and, under certain hereditary or acquired abnormalities, GDM in predisposed women. The adverse short- and long-term effects of GDM impact both the mother and the fetus. Nutrition seems to play an important role to prevent GDM or improve its evolution. An emphasis has been given to the proportion of carbohydrates (CHO) relative to protein and lipids, as well as dietary patterns, in GDM. The effects of CHO on postprandial glucose concentrations are reflected in the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Diets rich in GI and GL may induce or exacerbate IR, whereas diets low in GI and GL appear to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glycemic control. These positive outcomes may be attributed to direct interactions with insulin and glucose homeostasis or indirect effects through improved body composition and weight management. This comprehensive narrative review aims to explore the significance of nutrition, with a focus on the critical evaluation of GI and GL in the dietary management of women with GDM.

Comparative Evaluation of Adipokine Metrics for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical disorders in pregnancy. Adipokines, predominantly secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in numerous metabolic processes. The exact role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of GDM is still not well known, and numerous adipokines have been analysed throughout pregnancy and proposed as biomarkers of GDM. This study aimed to evaluate serum adiponectin, chemerin, lipocalin and apelin levels in GDM and non-GDM women, to assess them as clinically useful biomarkers of the occurrence of GDM and to demonstrate the correlation between the levels of the above adipokines in the blood serum and the increased risk of the development of GDM. The role of these adipokines in the pathogenesis of GDM was also analysed. The statistically significant differences between the levels of adiponectin (7234.6 vs. 9837.5 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), chemerin (264.0 vs. 206.7 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) and lipocalin (39.5 vs. 19.4 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) were observed between pregnant women with GDM and healthy ones. The diagnostic usefulness of the tested adipokines in detecting GDM was also assessed. The research results confirm the hypothesis on the significance of adiponectin, chemerin, lipocalin and apelin in the pathophysiological mechanisms of GDM. We speculate that these adipokines could potentially be established as novel biomarkers for the prediction and early diagnosis of GDM.

Excessive Pregestational Weight and Maternal Obstetric Complications: The Role of Adipokines

There is a high frequency of overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age. Women who start pregnancy with overweight or obesity have an increased risk of developing maternal obstetric complications such as gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, postpartum hemorrhage, and requiring C-section to resolve the pregnancy with a higher risk of C-section surgical site infection. Excessive weight in pregnancy is characterized by dysregulation of adipokines, the functions of which partly explain the predisposition of pregnant women with overweight or obesity to these maternal obstetric complications. This review compiles, organizes, and analyzes the most recent studies on adipokines in pregnant women with excess weight and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms favoring the development of maternal pregnancy complications.

The Mother-Child Dyad Adipokine Pattern: A Review of Current Knowledge

An important role in the network of interconnections between the mother and child is played by adipokines, which are adipose tissue hormones engaged in the regulation of metabolism. Alternations of maternal adipokines translate to the worsening of maternal insulin resistance as well as metabolic stress, altered placenta functions, and fetal development, which finally contribute to long-term metabolic unfavorable conditions. This paper is the first to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the concentrations of individual adipokines in different biological fluids of maternal and cord plasma, newborn/infant plasma, milk, and the placenta, where it highlights the impact of adverse perinatal risk factors, including gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and maternal obesity on the adipokine patterns in maternal-infant dyads. The importance of adipokine measurement and relationships in biological fluids during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for public health in the area of prevention of most diet-related metabolic diseases. The review highlights the huge knowledge gap in the field of hormones participating in the energy homeostasis and metabolic pathways during perinatal and postnatal periods in the mother-child dyad. An in-depth characterization is needed to confirm if the adverse outcomes of early developmental programming might be modulated via maternal lifestyle intervention.

Role of adipokines in sarcopenia

ABSTRACT

Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that mainly involves decreases in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function. At the same time, the body fat content increases with aging, especially the visceral fat content. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes biologically active factors called adipokines, which act on local and distant tissues. Studies have revealed that some adipokines exert regulatory effects on muscle, such as higher serum leptin levels causing a decrease in muscle function and adiponectin inhibits the transcriptional activity of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) by activating peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) and sensitizing cells to insulin, thereby repressing atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1 [MuRF1]) to prevent the loss of muscle mass. Here, we describe the effects on muscle of adipokines produced by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, mucin and lipocalin-2, and discuss the importance of these adipokines for understanding the development of sarcopenia.

Is Chemerin Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? A Case-Control Study

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and Chemerin by analyzing chemerin levels in peripheral blood and cord blood, and chemerin mRNA and its protein expression in placenta and adipose tissue.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted in 110 women with GDM and 110 controls without GDM who received regular prenatal services and delivered at Shanghai Pudong New Area Healthcare Hospital for Women and Children from June 2019 to December 2020.

Results

The age, pre-pregnancy weight, pre-pregnancy BMI, antepartum BMI, TG/HDL ratio and TG levels in pregnant women with GDM were significantly higher than those in women without GDM, and HDL levels were significantly lower than those in the normal group. Chemerin in the umbilical cord blood of the GDM group was significantly higher than in that of the normal group, but there was no difference in chemerin levels in peripheral blood. In the two groups, the chemerin concentration in peripheral blood was significantly higher than that in umbilical cord blood (P<0.001). The Chemerin mRNA and protein expression levels in the placenta and adipose tissue of pregnant women in the GDM group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P <0.001). In the GDM group, the expression of chemerin protein in adipose tissue was significantly higher than that in placental tissue. Regression analysis showed that the expression level of chemerin protein in placental tissue and adipose tissue was positively correlated with the risk of GDM.

Conclusion

Elevated chemerin is closely related to the risk of GDM, and the placenta may be an important secretion of chemotactic factor sources in addition to adipose tissue and participate in the development of GDM.

The impact of maternal diabetes on the future health and neurodevelopment of the offspring: a review of the evidence

Maternal health during gestational period is undoubtedly critical in shaping optimal fetal development and future health of the offspring. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder occurring in pregnancy with an alarming increasing incidence worldwide during recent years. Over the years, there is a growing body of evidence that uncontrolled maternal hyperglycaemia during pregnancy can potentially have detrimental effect on the neurodevelopment of the offspring. Both human and animal data have linked maternal diabetes with motor and cognitive impairment, as well as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning abilities and psychiatric disorders. This review presents the available data from current literature investigating the relationship between maternal diabetes and offspring neurodevelopmental impairment. Moreover, possible mechanisms accounting for the detrimental effects of maternal diabetes on fetal brain like fetal neuroinflammation, iron deficiency, epigenetic alterations, disordered lipid metabolism and structural brain abnormalities are also highlighted. On the basis of the evidence demonstrated in the literature, it is mandatory that hyperglycaemia during pregnancy will be optimally controlled and the impact of maternal diabetes on offspring neurodevelopment will be more thoroughly investigated.

Do Serum Galectin-9 Levels in Women with Gestational Diabetes and Healthy Ones Differ before or after Delivery? A Pilot Study

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disease that occurs during pregnancy, with the placenta playing an important role in its pathophysiology. Currently, the role of galectin-9 in the development of GDM is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare galectin-9 concentrations in healthy pregnant women and those with GDM. Galectin-9 levels were assessed in serum samples taken both just before and after delivery, as well as in urine samples collected in the postpartum period. Maternal body composition and hydration status were evaluated using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. There were no statistically significant differences in the concentration of galectin-9 in women with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women in their serum samples taken just before delivery, nor in their serum and urine samples collected in the early postpartum period. However, serum galectin-9 concentrations taken before delivery were positively correlated with BMI and parameters related to the amount of adipose tissue assessed in the early postpartum period. Additionally, there was a correlation between serum galectin-9 concentrations taken before and after delivery. Galectin-9 is unlikely to become a diagnostic marker for GDM. However, this subject requires further clinical research in larger groups.

Visnagin Attenuates Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Pregnant Rats via Regulating Dyslipidemia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Response

Background:

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance only diagnosed during pregnancy. GDM has exhibited several adverse effects on both mother and offspring. The current research focuses on discovering visnagin’s beneficial properties against the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced GDM in rats via alleviating the inflammation and oxidative stress.

Materials and Methods:

GDM was caused in the pregnant rats by the administration of 25 mg/kg of STZ by the intraperitoneal route and then treated with 20 mg/kg of visnagin for 20 consecutive days. The rats’ body weight was measured, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) status was determined using a standard glucometer. The contents of total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assessed using kits. The MDA level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) status, and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined using assay kits. Kits also assessed the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β. The contents of TNF-α and IL-1β effectively improved the body weight and decreased the FBG status in the GDM rats. The visnagin also decreased the TCh, TG, and LDL, and elevated the HDL content. The content of MDA was decreased and the visnagin treatment increased SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx, and the visnagin treatment increased SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx activities SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx activities. The visnagin effectively decreased the STZ-induced histopathological alterations in the pancreas.

Conclusion:

Altogether, our investigation results suggest a beneficial role visnagin against STZ-induced GDM in rats via inhibiting the inflammatory responses. Hence, it can be a talented therapeutic candidate for the successful management of GDM.

The role of chemerin in the regulation of cGAS-STING pathway in gestational diabetes mellitus placenta

Recent studies already confirmed that placenta mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the progression of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Besides, a possible relationship between adipokine chemerin and disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) had been revealed, whereas the potential interaction remains unclear. In addition, very little is still known about the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway and its mechanisms of action in the context of GDM. The present study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of cGAS-STING pathway and its regulatory relationship with chemerin in GDM. A total of 50 participants, including 25 cases of GDM patients and 25 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance, were enrolled, and their placenta tissues at term labor were collected. Besides, an insulin resistance cell model was established on the human trophoblastic cell line to explore the molecular mechanism of chemerin on cGAS-STING pathway. Results showed that there were mitochondrial pathological changes in GDM placenta, accompanied by the decreased expression of DsbA-L, increased level of chemerin, and the activation of cGAS-STING pathway. In the insulin resistant cell model, overexpression of chemerin upregulated protein expression of DsbA-L, and recombinant chemerin presented time-dependent inhibition on the cGAS-STING pathway, but this effect was not dependent on DsbA-L. In conclusion, elevated chemerin is probably a protective mechanism, which may be a potential therapeutic strategy for GDM.

Incretins as a Potential Treatment Option for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease affecting an increasing number of pregnant women around the world. It is not only associated with numerous perinatal complications but also has long-term consequences impacting maternal health and fetal development. To prevent them, it is important to keep glucose levels under control. As much as 15-30% of GDM patients will require treatment with insulin, metformin, or glyburide. With that in mind, it is crucial to keep searching for novel and improved pharmacotherapies. Nowadays, there are ongoing studies investigating the use of other groups of drugs that have proven successful in the treatment of T2DM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor are among the drugs targeting the incretin system and are currently receiving significant attention. The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of these medications in treating GDM and preventing its later complications. It seems that both groups may be successful in the GDM management used alone or as an addition to better-known drugs, including metformin and glyburide. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm their importance in GDM treatment and to demonstrate effective therapeutic strategies.

Effects of Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy on the Future Maternal Risk of Metabolic Syndrome

Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits in the host. Taking probiotics is generally safe and well tolerated by pregnant women and their children. Consumption of probiotics can result in both prophylactic and therapeutic effects. In healthy adult humans, the gut microbiome is stable at the level of the dominant taxa: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and has a higher presence of Verrucomicrobia. During pregnancy, an increase in the number of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla and a decrease in the beneficial species Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are observed. Pregnancy is a "window" to the mother's future health. The aim of this paper is to review studies assessing the potentially beneficial effects of probiotics in preventing the development of diseases that appear during pregnancy, which are currently considered as risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome, and consequently, reducing the risk of developing maternal metabolic syndrome in the future. The use of probiotics in gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and excessive gestational weight gain is reviewed. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention that can prevent the development of these disorders during pregnancy, and thus, would reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome resulting from these disorders in the mother's future.

New Insights into Adipokines in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder of pregnancy and has considerable short- and long-term consequences for the health of both the mother and the newborn. Within its pathophysiology, genetic, nutritional, epigenetic, immunological, and hormonal components have been described. Within the last two items, it is known that different hormones and cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, known collectively as adipokines, are involved in the metabolic alterations underlying GDM. Although the maternal circulating profile of adipokines in GDM has been extensively studied, and there are excellent reviews on the subject, it is in recent years that more progress has been made in the study of their expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), placenta, and their concentrations in the umbilical circulation. Thus, this review compiles and organizes the most recent findings on the maternal and umbilical circulating profile and the levels of expression of adipokines in VAT, SAT, and placenta in GDM.

Novel Biomolecules in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 2.0

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become a major public health problem and one of the most discussed issues in modern obstetrics. GDM is associated with serious adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term health consequences for both the mother and child. Currently, the importance and purposefulness of finding a biopredictor that will enable the identification of women with an increased risk of developing GDM as early as the beginning of pregnancy are highly emphasized. Both “older” molecules, such as adiponectin and leptin, and “newer” adipokines, including fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), have proven to be of pathophysiological importance in GDM. Therefore, in our previous review, we presented 13 novel biomolecules, i.e., galectins, growth differentiation factor-15, chemerin, omentin-1, osteocalcin, resistin, visfatin, vaspin, irisin, apelin, FABP4, fibroblast growth factor 21, and lipocalin-2. The purpose of this review is to present the potential and importance of another nine lesser known molecules in the pathogenesis of GDM, i.e., 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), angiopoietin-like protein-8 (ANGPTL-8), nesfatin-1, afamin, adropin, fetuin-A, zonulin, secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs), and amylin. It seems that two of them, fetuin-A and zonulin in high serum levels, may be applied as biopredictors of GDM.

The WWOX/HIF1A Axis Downregulation Alters Glucose Metabolism and Predispose to Metabolic Disorders

Recent reports indicate that the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF1α) and the Warburg effect play an initiating role in glucotoxicity, which underlies disorders in metabolic diseases. WWOX has been identified as a HIF1α regulator. WWOX downregulation leads to an increased expression of HIF1α target genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolysis’ enzymes. It has been proven in the normoglycemic mice cells and in gestational diabetes patients. The aim of the study was to determine WWOX’s role in glucose metabolism regulation in hyperglycemia and hypoxia to confirm its importance in the development of metabolic disorders. For this purpose, the WWOX gene was silenced in human normal fibroblasts, and then cells were cultured under different sugar and oxygen levels. Thereafter, it was investigated how WWOX silencing alters the genes and proteins expression profile of glucose transporters and glycolysis pathway enzymes, and their activity. In normoxia normoglycemia, higher glycolysis genes expression, their activity, and the lactate concentration were observed in WWOX KO fibroblasts in comparison to control cells. In normoxia hyperglycemia, it was observed a decrease of insulin-dependent glucose uptake and a further increase of lactate. It likely intensifies hyperglycemia condition, which deepen the glucose toxic effect. Then, in hypoxia hyperglycemia, WWOX KO caused weaker glucose uptake and elevated lactate production. In conclusion, the WWOX/HIF1A axis downregulation alters glucose metabolism and probably predispose to metabolic disorders.

Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications 1.0 and 2.0

These Special Issue IJMS were dedicated to the major complications responsible for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, such as gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm birth, and chronic venous disease [...]